Whoops! What I meant to say is: Don't listen to the negative comments. There is a lot of good information here about real world particle interactions that you don't usually get. This video is well worth a listen.

It really blows my mind how we can come up with such perfect models to explain a part of our universe we can't even see. All the universe is, is particles reacting with each other in different ways, and we've been able to map that without any help or inspiration (other than our own curiosity) and all the pieces can fit together perfectly. It's almost as mind blowing as how we can also create our own mathematical system and implement it in the world and it makes perfect sense.

Long time ago I went to a concert. As there was a delay and the concert did not start on time; people got anxious and upset, and started gathering towards the main doors of the venue. After almost an hour or so there were hundreds of people, may be thousands of people I would say, gathered at the doors. As people got very desperate to get in, they started to push. Everybody pushed on everybody from all directions. Since I was almost at the middle of the crowd, all of a sudden I started to feel a very strong force pulling me down; I felt I could not stand on my feet any longer. I've never felt anything like that before that experience. Because I'm taller than average I manage to stay up by holding onto other people's shoulders. After a few minutes, the doors open and as the people moved in, the pulling force disappeared! Maybe something similar to that could be the beginning of Black holes. Matter gather in a point where every bit of matter pushes on every other bit of matter; from all directions, until the center collapses in a black hole.

To me, this was one of the best and clear explanations of the basic forces and the making of our universe that I've come upon. It included actual scientific explainations and absolutely no apples or documentary-style drama. I was utterly entertained throughout and cried out when the sound was occationally cut. Top knotch presentation. Is there any more coming?

Don't forget Mr. Murray Gell-Mann, one of the greatest physicists of his time, who quoted James Joyce and gave us the name! And yes, Andre Walker-Loud speaking. Cheers!

I love stuff like this! You couldn't have more possibilities for the right conditions for the fine tuning aspect inside a huge ball of gas so massive it fuses atoms. Its all very well speculating what might happen if things were different and how close things are to not happening but they have, look around. It's full of stars and we're all made from Stardust. Sweet!!!

Dear g24417, In contemporary physics research, finely tuned does not imply there is some "behind the scenes" tuner. It is the observation that slight changes in fundamental parameters leads to significant changes in physical phenomena. In the Standard Model of Physics, we can quantitatively determine how interdependent the parameters are, and the interdependent corrections are perturbatively small. Finely-tuned systems are mysterious to us as they are not thought of as natural. Regards Andre

A tokamak (like the future ITER, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is doughnut shaped (and not sphere shaped) because of the hairy ball theorem (aka the Poincare-Brouwer theorem). The theorem says that you can not comb a hairy sphere, but you can comb a hairy doughnut. This is why we can get magnetic confinement in a torus, but not in a sphere.

Dear g24417, I agree that my explanation of fine tuning was lacking. However, the concept is spot on. There are a few things we observe in our universe that are finely tuned in the sense that if you change slightly fundamental parameters of our physical theory, the resulting system changes significantly. Regards, Andre

There is something about physics videos on youtube that attracts a disturbingly large amount of cranks in the comments. Kind of depressing.

Dear Raj, Yes, you are correct, Bosons are named after Dr. S.N. Bose, who was an outstanding physicist (among other things) in the early 20th century. If my knowledge is correct, he was largely self taught (even more impressive). Regards, André

Thank.i..this is clear and very interesting...

very good !

It's nice that he hardly mentioned gravity in his hour-long lecture on gravity. I really learned a lot about how gravity fits into the standard model. Thanks.

......or an irrational fear to take responsibility for their own existences. I agree with you Anon, I guess our true strength as a species resides in the fact that we choose what to believe on or what to trust, when to ask for evidence and to when to follow our instincts.It makes our lives more diverse and consequently more interesting.

Dear Andre' Last week I reply your comment indirect. Today I am replying direct,I never study the theory of inflation of the universe and General Relativity,but from what I read and heard I do not accept the General Relativity, because I have my own theory and I called it "I theory" nobody know my theory except seven people heard of it. I am aware about strig theory and M theory.Unlike in General Relativity in my theory there is straight-line (not just short distance but longer)

Dear SurvivalOfTheFishest, Thank you for the complement. I was just a guest lecture for this summer school (listed in the info). At this time, I don't have any other lectures planned. I am sorry about the sound quality, that was also out of my control. Regards, André

As already stated before to all those out there arguing about the value for other fields such as biology for example of pursuing the dream of linking all the 4 known forces (Electromagnetism, Gravity, weak & strong force) in a single unified theory, i say this is good from a conceptual framework (and not limited to), but from a practical point of view it's pretty rare that biologists will really go down all the way to that level and start to do Chromodynamics since they will not need it.

Yes, helpful, thanks. In the process of fusion, an enormous amount of energy is released. As you say, a photon (light energy) is emitted, but there is also a huge amount of heat energy also released. As the elements get heavier and heavier inside a star, the protons/neutrons must release ever more energy until they reach iron, when fusion loses the battle to gravity. The amount of energy stored in sub-atomic particles must be staggering.

protons (uud) and neutrons (udd) are given these quark assignments from their valence quark quantum numbers. They both also have an overwhelming sea of quark/anti-quark pairs along with lots of gluons (the photon of QCD) that holds them all together.

The ether-vortex model allows a visualize-able schema of interacting sink-sources capable of both translation and vibration or scalar modes of activity. Gravity in this approach can be seen as an attenuation of the same effects holding the atom together. Similarly, the rules of vortex motion being similar to weather patterns, allows an understanding as to why an electron doesn't fall into a proton-neutron attractor by showing how complex flows of ether interact as attraction and repulsion.

Not sure why people are so put off by this vid, It follows the standard model and modern cosmology well enough. Yes, the universe is expanding so that some distant points are receding from one another faster than light. Yes, Gell-Mann used a name from James Joyce for fundamental particles. Yes, sometimes an atom's nucleus is depicted as a quark-gluon soup...

great statement

Are there quarks and glucons in electrons? If not, please explain....

I add, the theory which helps describe the early universe, is the exact same theory that we use to understand how for example transiters work, and hence all modern electronics. Meaning - it is our precise understanding of the fundamental laws of nature which allow us to communicate electronically, and share videos on the internet, that also helps us understand the universe. We can not say that physics correctly describes transiters, but fails in other regards - it is the same theory.

i hope i'm smart enough, that when my education takes me to this point, to take this class and perform well. i'm a mechanical engineering/material sciences major. i'd like to take this just for the pleasure of understanding some of the most abstract ideas i have ever heard communicated.

Nice video! This is an invitation to see an artist theory on the physics of light and time! This can be based on just two postulates 1. Is that the quantum wave particle function Ψ or probability function represents the forward passage of time itself 2. Is that Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle ∆×∆p×≥h/4π that is formed by the w-function is the same uncertainty we have with any future event within our own ref-frame that we can interact with turning the possible into the actual!

Hey, What do you mean by space expanding? Do you mean a decrease in overall density?

yes, you are correct.

I've often wondered the same thing. While gravity is a result of particles with mass, massless particles are still effected by it, while they do not create their own gravitational field. This leads me to assume gravity is strictly a result of particles moving through a curved space-time. Since we cannot achieve absolute zero, all particles are vibrating at some rate. This motion through a curved space time would alter the particles trajectory causing accelleration in a specific direction.

what force is responsible for the fusion in the stars?

Dear brabanthallen, When a proton and neutron fuse into deuterium, there is also an attractive interaction energy between them, such that when they fuse, the total energy of the proton and neutron becomes smaller. Since total energy is conserved, to produce the deuteron, the interaction must also release energy, which it does by emitting a photon. The energy of the photon is exactly equal to mass(p) + mass(n) - binding energy deuterium. Does this help? Regards, André

Dear Ev0clipse, Yes, you are correct. However, this is precisely the analogy I was making - the photon is the force carrier of the quantum electromagnetic (QED) force, while the gluon is the force carrier of the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) force, and hence, the gluon is the photon of QCD.

I agree - but I had no control of the title - it was given to me. But I was given a broad range of topics to discuss that fit in the general category of particle physics and the standard model.

Its not my quote, I cant remember where I first heard it, but I agree, it does sum it all up quite simply.

stick a pin in that because i think its the best explanation ive seen religion wise

Yes, all space is expanding. However, matter within that space is subject to gravity and the other 3 forces of nature, that keep the matter localized, and "held together". So, its easier to think of it as "all empty space is expanding". Think of taking a balloon and marking dots all over it with a marker before you blow it up, and then blow it up. The dots themselves don't actually move relative to the balloon, but the "empty space" between the dots has gotten larger.

awesome

just to clarify - dark matter is a source of gravity. It is also influenced by gravity (in both cases, just like matter) which is why it seems to clump in galaxies. We do know dark matter is very weakly interacting with both matter and dark matter.

Yes. The volume of space is getting larger. However there is a finite amount of matter in that space, so it is becoming less and less dense.

Dear Powertripp23, Dark matter is not a new force, rather it is a form of matter that we do not understand. Dark matter, like all forms of mass and energy, creates a gravitational field. We know there must be dark matter to hold the galaxies together from there observed rotational speeds. One of the best observations of the influence of dark matter is through gravitational lensing - google "dark matter lensing" and find the (2nd) entry from scienceblogs. Regards, Andre

And that IS the science, all you managers and doctors.

In EVERY respect, except for the awe reflected off the sheer perfection of their ignorance ofc...

Is the audio cutting normal or is it just me?

I once observed a pigeon pooping onto the head of a second pigeon -- and was pleased to know that justice could be found in nature.

I suppose then that it depends on what you mean by "due to". Why should gravity be "due to" energy and momentum? Perhaps it's vice versa. Certainly it is a component of momentum and energy mathematically, but there are other phenomena besides those two that demonstrate it; circular motion in orbit, the torsion experiment, permanent stretching of a spring. DO you have a source for your interpretation?

Gravity is the bent space time done in the presence of a mass according to general theory of relativity. Only impressive math skills you have to have. Tensors, derivatives, fields. Imagine a rubber sheet the Sun a cannon ball and the Earth like a marble rotating around it. There is not an attraction force per say like Newton thought although is very intuitive, but rather the Earth moves on curved space-time geodetic lines that Sun bends. It’s like it always chasing a valley.

As most celestial bodies have a magnetic charge, could magnetism have more of an impact on orbits (i.e. how galaxies spin rather than dark matter) than gravity?

If e=mc2, matter and energy are interchangable. If protons and neutrons fuse by the strong nuclear force and energy is realeased, where does that energy come from? Would not some of that matter (protons, neutrons, deuterium, etc) have to be converted to energy during the process of fusing into ever heavier elements? And for some reason, once that matter reaches an iron state, it consumes more energy than it releases in order to fuse to a heavier element. Can someone answer this for me?

the proton is comprised of two valence up and 1 valence down quark (determined by the quantum numbers of the proton and quarks). But it also is comprised of sea quark/anti-quark pairs and gluons - hence the soup.

Dear Ibrahim Said Ali, I am glad you are thinking about physics. But let me ask you a question. Do you ever use a Global Positioning System (GPS)? GPS works because of our understanding of General Relativity (GR), not just Newtonian Gravity, but Einsetein's GR. Any theory of gravity must contain GR as a limit, otherwise it is incorrect, as it would not be able to predict the accuracy of GPS. There are a few other predictions from GR as well, like the behavior of Mercury. Regards, Andre

Standard model for what? for technology or for knowing how the universe is created? if it is for the latter that is delusion? right?thanks.

The space between galaxies is expanding but no the space between the atoms in individual stars or the space between the molecules in my leg?

35:26 Why is there matter?

(continuing...) Effects of dark matter can be observed through gravitational lensing by observing quasars (or other bright distant galaxies) as they pass through galaxies to us. Just as a prism distorts visible light, the gravitational field of dark matter distorts light on its journey to us. In this way, its presence can be detected through this gravitational effect. Beyond that, we don't know much about dark matter. We know lots of things it isn't, but have not directly observed it yet.

Those are channels of electric fields (currently dark matter). there's more to electric field than currently known. mass exponential accumulative influence. electric force is elastic and is expressed in its different gradients over space, in its different wavelengths of attraction and repellence, gravity, dark matter, magnetism, all one force - electric force, The force...

@BlueCosmology Well let me then explain my point: i didn't say that biologists won't/don't need physics (after all at some point or an other all the branch of science are linked here, there and there, for example fluid dynamics which is a discipline of fluid mechanics, think of blood cells and other substances which have a fluid state), i was talking about Quantum Chromodynamics which is the theory that explains the strong nuclear force, i hope this will help.

And about the Van der Waals forces? They´re inversely proportional to the seventh pontency of distance, while gravity is to its square. So,why consider gravity the weakest force ? Thanks.

What then curves the space, and in just such a way that Newton's classical equation defines the effect for "normal" speeds?

Is it possible for the universe to be cooling infinitely as it expands and the contraction due to the cooling temperature may turn the recombination into another big bang... then the cycle goes on.

Not sure what you mean. The Higgs field, since it has mass/energy, acts as a source of gravity. But on the scale of things relevant to describe the Higgs boson and other standard model particles, gravity is so weak it can be ignored. Only in large amounts does matter create a strong enough gravitational field to be relevant.

In addition, may be the fact that things fall towards the Earth has to do more with the centrifugal forces created as the planet, not only moves around the Sun but also on its own axis at the same time, and at huge speeds. Something similar to debris tracing a large truck cruising at very high speeds in a highway!

Dear TheNoudio, You are choosing to interpret more meaning from my words than I intend by them. In physics, to state something is finely tuned does not suggest there was something to do the tuning. It is merely an observation that if you were to slightly change parameters of the theory, the physical states would be dramatically different. Regards, André

how is it possible to measure the size of the universe in the first place?

matter (like the sun and other stars) emits light, and is described by the Standard Model of physics. Dark matter is called dark, as it does not generate its own light (it is cold). Also, the matter part implies it is non-relativistic (slowly moving). Dark matter, like all forms of mass/energy, acts as a source of gravitation. Dark matter was postulated as necessary to hold our galaxies together, as we observe there is not enough (visible) matter to do so.

@ladicius While smarts help, hard work and patience will get you there. For me, it was just like you, I was completely fascinated by these ideas, even though, before classes, I had no idea what I was getting into. Take classes on quantum mechanics - that is the first introduction to the really fascinating physics of last century. All you need to know are a few integrals, linear algebra, and have an open mind.

@Ms Hancock>If you are saying that I have renounced reason, I will respond by saying that I have totally discredited the premise of your argument. To abandon your argument with an ad hominem attack demonstrates a total lack of intellectual integrity and, further demonstrates that "your disbelief is not based on evidence, but rather, on a deep seated need to disbelieve" to quote your own argument. I will, however, respond the remainder of your post in coming days. And Good day to you as well.

Oh? Whay does it act as if it does? How can it tell?

Dear Ibrahim Said Ali, If you accept our current theory of inflation of the universe and General Relativity, then you can precisely determine the age of the universe which according to the latest wikipedia entry is 13.75 +- 0.11 billion years. We in fact, can explain the universe from our current theory, back to about 0.00003 seconds after the big bang. So, without a radically different explanation for the first few moments, the age of the universe will be measured as above. Regards, André

I agree. Although people who do not view consciousness this way will never really understand what that means. While you are not demeaning science in ANY way, strict philosophical materialists will see your statement that way. Unfortunate.

Because general relativity shows that gravity is actually caused by energy and momentum, both of which can be related to mass. At low energies and momentum it is possible to model gravity very accurately as just being due to mass as the momentum and energy do not vary much from just mass multiplied by a constant if the energy is low.

Those particles weren't moving; space was expanding between them. Einstein said nothing can move fast than the SoL. It sounds like I'm playing with definitions but there is a basic difference between something moving through space and the space expanding, carrying them farther apart.

I realize I should not have said massless particles are affected by gravity, but they do tend to curve toward particles toward mass.

Van der Waals forces aren't a force in the same since as gravity. It is really just electromagnetism applied throughout a molecule. Also your confused on the inverse parts of the equations. Remember electromagnetism is also squared. It's not the inverse distance, it's the potency covering that distance. When is why gravity requires something massive like earth to matter and magnetism does not.

The speed of light in a vacuum is constant. The speed of light only "changes" when moving between two different mediums.

Prof Andre Walker-Loud, are Bosons named after Dr. Bose?

Ah, James Joyce... Thank you Mr... Andre Walker-Loud? :)

To argue with a person who has renounced the use of reason is like administering medicine to the dead. Good day sir.

Yes it does :).

Range and volume. There is simplely more things that cause gravity (mass) then electromagnetism especially since electromagnetism can be canceled out on the large scale by opposite changes. Gravity on the other hand has no known counter. Also, nearly all things with charge also have mass. So on the large scale gravity just simply wins.

Could gravitational potential and electrical potential be linked together? They both use the inverse square law! In this theory gravity is a secondary force to the EM force. Objects just free-fall towards the greatest energy because it has the greatest time dilation! In this theory ‘time’ is an emergent property formed by each new photon oscillation of vibration. By the way this is an invitation to see an artist theory of the physics of ‘time’ as a physical process!

What's to say that light doesn't change speed?

( at the beginning ) so the electromagnetic force is responsible for all energy forces

Damn. Good metaphor.

how do you know?

Great comment! This is an invitation to see an artist theory on the physics of light and time! This is based on one equation (E= ˠ M˳C²) ∞ the Lorentz contraction of space and time is between the energy and mass. The greater the energy the greater the contraction of space and the slower time will run. Mass will increase relative to this and each ref-frame can be seen as a vortex in space formed by the rate that time flows. The brackets, the boundary condition of the ref-frame within infinity!

the gluon is not "the photon of QCD", the gluon is the force carrier particle of the strong force while the photon is the force carrier particle of the electromagnetic force.

i should be studying but this is much more interesting/building :D

Im talking about force strength , not about its particular nature. The speaker said gravity is stronger than all kind of forces...

for function amp- o ------amp infinity = delta p ( H/plancks constant)

All sciences are interrelated and this is the Law of Epistemic Correlation.

Light has mass? Do explain please.

I came up with the notion that it might take just as much energy to make something 10 degs colder as it does to make it 10 degs hotter. might all ready be known but I just started wondering if its true

Light is composed of 3D particles called photons which have a very tiny (but existing) mass. But I agree with you in questioning some of what Einstein said so keep up the good fight.

I wish I could say it was my own, but I read that quote somewhere in the past. Can't remember who said it, to give the proper credit. It does seem to sum up the religious "debate" quite well, doesn't it?

At the very end, humans (people) themselves are the buildingblocks, standardmodel...(you will know/understand that, decades from now on)

Actually no. "Tuning" implies some purpose from "behind the scenes". E.g. it is possible (likely) that the parameters are interdependent and the result is perfectly balanced (no hidden purpose in "balanced", simply a fine precision). Additionally, I would argue its possible they are not even static - they can only be measured against each other. They could be fluctuating widely, but as long as they stay in proportion to each other, there is no way for us to know. Balanced then, not tuned.

it's weird how scientists able to probe the deepest mysteries of the universe with the most complex machines ever devised can't manage basic microphone or recording technique.

no resting mass, but measurable mass at velocity c

All “forces” are just differing levels of coherence to the field that they are born of. Magnets are point source (very coherent to the field) gravity is incoherent mutual mass acceleration. Magnetism is a true force but the “attracting” phenomenon we observe is dielectric acceleration. Matter is due to magnetism, black holes are due to the dielectric component overthrowing the magnetic. Magnetism as an analogy is the dielectric field herniated into our universe as matter. Black holes are the sink hole back into non Euclidean “counterspace” dimensionless and pure potential. Black holes also spew matter back out into the universe. Matter is the waves as described by quantum mechanics, matter is “hard light” it’s about as high a wavelength as is possible. This light is condensed in the pressure of the black hole. 🤔