Since Azerbaijan’s September 19-20, 2023 military offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, which resulted in the region’s de facto government surrendering to Azerbaijan, many observers have declared the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict to be over. However, tensions remain high on both sides. Verbally committed to achieving lasting peace, Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders have expressed optimism that a peace agreement will be reached in early 2024. A peace agreement, however, is different from lasting peace on the ground. This moderated panel discussion will examine peacebuilding in the South Caucasus from both an academic and a practitioner perspective.