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Junction is used in reference electrode since it allows movement of electrons from reference electrode to solution to glass electrode to complete the circuit.

@@VoiceofMalinki Thank you. But you mentioned the glass bottom only allows passage of positive ion exchange, then it must also allow the passage of negative electrons?

@@zl7650 Yes absolutely. The glass bottom is porous, and it only allows exchange of positive ions. Although electrons are negatively charged, but these are not negative ions, and electrons are very small, so indeed electrons can cross the glass bottom.

​@@zl7650 Small ion exchange through the junction of the reference electrode completes the circuit. The glass bottom doesn't allow exchange of ions or electrons, instead it senses the difference in ion concentration of the inner neutral buffer (0.1 M HCl) and the test solution. This difference is recorded by the sensitive electrode as milivolts and reflected in voltmeter as pH. If the solution has more ions than inner buffer it is sensed as acidic and if it has lesser ions, it is sensed as alkaline compared to the inner neutral pH buffer. Hope it helped.

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Hi Rahul, actually the glass bottom is specifically designed in a manner so that positive ion exchange takes place through that part only. It is selectively permeable.

Nice lecture mam 😊👍

@@VoiceofMalinki thanks

@@mohitgupta4801 You are welcome

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Beta, here no attraction between H+ ions and positively charged ions is going on. What actually happening is, glass electrode has a bulb in bottom, which is specially designed chemically, so that it attracts only positively charged ions. Hence, from both sides (inside bulb and outside bulb) positively charged ions are getting attracted toward the glass bulb. This allows exchange of ions from both sides.

U need salt bridge but i think HCl will act as strong acid so u can't use HCl as it will have very low pH

​modern days glass electrode contain 0.1 m hcl to provide H+ IONS to balance the porous membrane H+ ion equilibrium

Yes. Although now a days lots of modifications are going on in making different types of pH meter.

The pH meter works on potentiometric principle. As the acidic solution has more positive charge (H+ ion) than alkaline solution, and the acidic solution has greater potential to produce current than alkaline solution.

But mam basic solution have only Oh- ions?? How can we measure basic city??

@@jpgnt5721 Basic solution also contains H+ ions, but in less amount. This is the function of pH meter that it measures the amount of H+ ions.

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Bio-Rad is good

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You can download this video

Yes 🙂

Hi dear. I am Indian.