How are the different frequencies or colours of light translated to the nerve cells? As it appears that only a black and white image would be produced from this set-up. Great video series by the way, keep making them and the views will come.

just discovered your channel , i hope you keep going man this is truly mind blowing

@@simonpeggboard4004 This video demonstrate the working of a rod cell, indeed it produce black and white image. To detect color we need signal from 3 different kind of cone cell each sensitive to a range of frequency.

I think if you were to do more animations like these in the future, simplification when dealing with areas affected by compression may be a good idea. Things like showing the rhodopsin, transducin, and phosphodiesterase as simple spheres might make the whole thing a bit less artifacted! Nevertheless, thank you, this video was great!

How can this biology be used to sequence electrical charge for OGM, Saphyr $BNGO $27 Call options for 22 Jan. currently $5.42

=== How is this by accident Mr. Pinata Oblongata? ==== Evolution = Self Assembling Atoms = Impossible ======

@@kennethbransford820 Hi Ken. First, let's take a look at the motivation for your question: You are likely a theist of some description who has decided to believe, at face value and without evidence, in some god myth or other, most likely of Judeo-Christian origin. Now, believing something with no evidence and then finding that evidenced reality conflicts with those beliefs is not a good reason to criticise the evidenced reality. It's also not logically sound to go about denying or trying to argue with evidence reality because you don't like it or wish it was different. The proper way to investigate and understand the world is simply to form hypotheses based on observations and then test them - that is the scientific method. Nothing you could ever observe would ever require you to hypothesise wildly about the existence of a god, and cultural god concepts are not testable hypotheses. Secondly, atoms are "self-assembling" all the time. Oxygen atoms in the air come in the form of O2 - two oxygen atoms "self-assembled" together. Basic chemistry tells us that their arrangement of electron orbitals are such that they tend to form covalent double bonds when coming into contact, much like two magnets with opposite polarity will attract. Hydrogen likes to bod with itself and another oxygen atom, you may have heard of the compound that produces, we call it "water". Now, what I think you meant was that amino acids supposedly can't self-assemble into proteins or that nucleotides can't self-assemble into nucleic acids, but you're out of luck, because both of those things happen all the time, too. In living organisms, however, mechanisms have evolved over time to make these processes more efficient so that the genes of the organism will be protected and replicated by the organisms surviving to reproduce, perhaps many times over. This is because the very first self-assembly of proteins or nucleic acids that were more successful than others were those that were shaped in such a way that they made copies of themselves - and all life since has just been ever more complex ways of continuing to do that. We know this happened because we can use genetics to trace the evolutionary relationships of different organisms and see where they are genetically the same and where they differ. All living organisms have 1 or more HOX genes that control the developmental layout of the organism. They are very old genes that we all share, going right back to simple sponges. We also see mountains of other evidence for evolution from numerous fields all adding up to so much that now we call it a theory, meaning an over-arching and undisputable framework for how reality works, akin to a law in mathematics. So even though it's impossible to have fossil evidence of the very first self-replicating molecules, we know they had to exist. If you think assuming gods and creation myths is somehow more reasonable than simply following the empirical evidence to see what it tells us, you're just wrong, like you are probably wrong about most of what you think you know, because you've been indoctrinated with bad ideas with no supporting evidence and haven't spent enough time trying to understand sound ideas with tons of supporting evidence. You probably don't even understand the requirement for evidence or what constitutes acceptable evidence.

@@PinataOblongata === Thank you Mr. Pinata Oblongata for replying to me. I hope you don't mind as I will answer you using both of your comments here on this You Tube thread. The vibrating of atoms firstly is astoundingly fast as I have just found out. 8 THz = 8 000 000 000 000 vibrations per second. This takes me aback very badly. I had no idea. Also you failed to mention not all atoms can self assemble and create living systems or life. This is so much more complicated then methane or water forming since these are based on the natural energy levels based on the laws of physics. What laws are involved for the existence of your organic computer brain? The abilities that you are now in possession of allowing you to think, and to have consciousness, using complex formulaic chemical equations that so-called happened from dirt is? IMPOSSIBLE. The folding protein molecule is just one example that design did it. This universe didn't just happen with all of the laws of physics and chemistry originated from. You also have our planet earth that once was a ball of rock floating through space. How did the correct ratios of gasses and atmospheric pressures happen? Our oceans were at on time toxic. Photosynthesis didn't exist. How did the chlorophyll molecule come into existence? Like that brain of yours. How did an organic solar panel able to split atoms using energy from the sun happen by so-called accident? How did the fine tuning of the universe happen, where if the electromagnetic forces for bonding were a trillionth stronger or weaker, we wouldn't be here. If the laws of quantum mechanics responsible for quantum tunneling didn't exist, our sun would stop shining. There are so many combinatorial numbers and mathematics needed for your existence that DESIGN, is the only ANSWER for your existence. You just don't know any better in that you were not by an accident, or accidents. Self replicating organisms can not happen with so-called self assembling atoms. Self replication is very, very complicated. This too doesn't just happen willy nilly. The sequencing of amino acids is beyond explanation. You do know that misfolding proteins, or amino acids in the wrong position of wrong slot causes CANCER. Also, why didn't the folding proteins for so-called first life, not decay right after they were formed at the molecular levels? You didn't know? There is no frame work in existence to where life can be traced back to dirt. This is the great lie being told. It doesn't exist. If you enjoy letting these men or pseudoscience evolutionists priests lie to you, and to do your thinking for you. Then that is your fault in allowing these men to hijack your mind. That is your choice. You can be a lemming and a follower of men if you want to. Not me. I am to smart for that. === Evolution = Self Assembling Atoms = Impossible ====

@@PinataOblongata Check your shoe size... add your age and you will find your IQ. Everything you said above is nonsense. You have not seen any of it yourself and are just a parrot babbling away in your Fallen State of ignorant intellectualism.

@@kwimms sorry you're emotionally upset about what the evidence shows, but reality doesn't care about your feelings. If you don't understand the evidence, perhaps avail yourself of it.

Aaaaand its dead

He is likely quite busy. He works for a company called Simbiotic Software, where he develops and designs interactive simulations and content for electronic biology textbooks. This software is used in universities worldwide. As much as I would love to have him publishing world class content here on youtube for my consumption, his genius for quantitatively understanding molecular interactions is needed more in academia, where it can be applied to rigorous curriculum.

@@tiberiusG I was going to say, "who would master such beautiful graphic presentation and then stop after two videos?" It makes sense if such mastery is his job, but he's doing so much more here than mere images in textbooks or papers. This should be part of a educational series on blu-ray

Thank you!

​@@KerryKim should we expect more videos? (It's a masterpiece, thank you so much!)

Yeah... just like a cartoon. Just like a cartoon.

The story telling. I am astounded about the storytelling. Amazing.

It speaks to the power of natural selection.

i am astounded that we work at all - the complication is immense

@@28704joe === Not natural selection, but design is the reason for your existence. There is no other way that it could have happened. === Evolution = Self Assembling Atoms = Impossible ====

@@kennethbransford820 "design is the reason for your existence" sorry the answer is not that easy, seems like you are looking for a God. Go back and do some reading on the evolution of life. Read up on a guy named Charles Darwin.

Agreed! I loved working on the visual system as it is mindbogglingly optimized and well evolved to the task of detecting light over an enormous dynamic range.

yeah, the bruteforce method never fails, even if it took million of years to develop a complex living organism

@@dean-alex-bolton4928 hah, i almost fell for it! You should really specify when you make a joke

@@dean-alex-bolton4928 Whether or not you call the forces of nature "God" doesn't hinder our ability to study and understand them/it. If anything, it's just a lazy cop-out; people are figuring the universe out, whether it's "Natural" or "God" makes almost no difference (in my mind they're one and the same)

@@dean-alex-bolton4928 Look, it's a non issue. If the greatest minds in theology, philosophy, and all branches of science couldn't reach a consensus after thousands of years, I don't see how it's even feasible for you to make such a claim. It's conjecture and you aren't even aware that it is.

Also I think you would get more traffic to your videos if you try to make the title and thumbnail more accessible and clickbait-y, but in a good way. For example, this video's title "Phototransduction: Amplification from molecule to cell" is a bit too technical ... Checkout Veritasium's videos on clickbait and taking advantage of the youtube algorithm.

Thank you! Good points. I've changed the title and thumbnail to be (hopefully) a little more welcoming and less technical.

@@KerryKim the point is, you truly deserve millions of subacribers. I'm on KZfaq for mabe 7 8 years now (consumer) and I know a lot of channels. Your content is worthy. The key is, continuity + welcoming titles.

Life is a sentimental journey.

Thank you! This is a new channel, so it doesn't get much traffic. Hopefully things will pick up after school starts for more students.

I am not a biologist, but one can speculate that the distance between the "plates" seen in the animation (surfaces where rhodopsin were floating) is crucial. Keep in mind that light is an EM wave, so the described distance may affect which wavelengths are absorbed and which are not. Maybe someone can confirm this hypothesis.

I just noticed this 😢 yeah it is a shame! I'm studying neurobiology and this video did a fantastic job explaining. Much better than anything else I've seen/heard. I was really hoping he had a whole series!

Thank you! I hope you continue to make videos as well!

@@KerryKim I made another one and want to invite you. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jrGokth2nqe-fWQ.html

Thank you very much!