Physics Nobel Prize 2011

Physics Nobel Prize 2011 - Brian Schmidt

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12 жыл бұрын

The Nobel Prize for physics in 2011 was awarded to Brian Schmidt, Adam Riess, and Saul Perlmutter for discovering that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. This finding was completely unexpected because it was thought that gravity should slow the expansion of the cosmos. The best current explanation of why the universe is accelerating is that there is some energy tied to empty space which pushes matter apart. This 'Dark Energy' makes up 73% of the universe but is very difficult to detect. Images courtesy of NASA/NASAimages.org and Maritza A. Lara-Lopez

Пікірлер: 343

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

blueshift occurs when objects are moving fast through space towards you. Space is expanding so most galaxies are redshifted, but some objects happen to be coming towards us, hence the blue shift.

@scot0129 12 жыл бұрын

"I wanted to do an experiment, which I thought I could explain to my grandmother..." xD

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

"Although careful writers will try to stick with the distinction between “further” and “farther,” the Oxford English Dictionary, Fowler's Modern English Usage, and a number of other sources say that, in most cases, it's fine to use “further” and “farther” interchangeably, especially when the distinction isn't clear. People have been using them interchangeably for hundreds of years, and a few experts don't even follow the distinction."

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@ColorsMercurial We have to be careful - I didn't mention the Doppler Effect because this redshift is due to the expanding space between us and the galaxy (called cosmological redshift) rather than a true velocity that the galaxy has away from us. Prof. Schmidt told me the visible universe (13.7 billion light years in either direction) represents at most 1% of the whole universe because space expands faster than light can catch up.

@coffeeabernethy2823 8 жыл бұрын

You blew up the universe mate!

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@ZackMeyer1 Dark matter. Prof Schmidt said dark energy is tied to space so the more space there is, the more dark energy there is. Troubling for the law of conservation of (mass)energy, which perhaps doesn't hold on the scale of the universe.

@vankry2682 2 жыл бұрын

Hey Derek. This is a viewer from... the future! 🤭

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@RedYr93 sure it can - blueshift is only indicating the direction of the shift (towards shorter wavelengths) not the limit of the shift

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@mzallocc You're right, what you discuss is what Hubble found in 1929. But, Prof. Schmidt took the experiment a step further and looked deep into space (further back in time) finding that the rate of expansion back then was less than now. This is pretty convincing evidence, hence the Nobel Prize.

@premanshusingh9580 3 жыл бұрын

Ohk now I get this ... Watching ur past videos .... Thx for making .... 👌🏾

@dlghwns 12 жыл бұрын

I don't understand most of the information they're talking about.... but I love this channel so much.

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@tubester4567 We are able to measure the expansion in the past and compare it with the expansion recently (by looking nearby). What we see is that the rate of expansion has increased in recent times.

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@chaos850 if deceleration BEGINS when we reach maximum size, we would still be getting bigger, wouldn't we? So in fact we wouldn't be at maximum size. After the big bang, it seems difficult to explain why the galaxies should be doing anything but slowing down since they are all attracted to each other. The fact that galaxies are moving away at an accelerating rate makes it unlikely we will ever reach a max size.

@CodyVickroy 12 жыл бұрын

Thank you for responding, I absolutely love your videos, and your approach to education, and I got my high school physics teacher to show your mass video in front of my class. This idea of the spaces between galaxies accelerating, yet not the galaxies themselves accelerating does not make full sense to me, if for example you had a earthquake and the faults were separating apart from each other at an accelerating pace, and there were cars on both sides wouldn't they still feel the inertia?

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@JamesPatrickMartin Yep, Eng Phys from Queen's University, Canada

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

You mean measure the acceleration of the universe using inertia locally? The trouble is we are not accelerating through space but space is expanding around us at an accelerating rate. To put it another way, if you look at galaxies, they are not getting broken apart because they are held together by gravity. So the space between galaxies is expanding at an accelerating rate but not the galaxies themselves.

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@TechXMarine The sun should become a Red GIant and then a White Dwarf. Red Dwarves are stars that barely achieved star status - they were very low mass from the beginning and so could barely perform fusion in their cores. White dwarves are the cores of former main sequence stars that glow white hot due to their temp.

@zuber1995 12 жыл бұрын

keep up the awesome vids! :D

@Vokaynroks 11 жыл бұрын

Insightful.

@elwido 12 жыл бұрын

This is awesome!

@The0Burger0King 9 жыл бұрын

Andromeda is blue shifting!

@samwitwickynova 9 жыл бұрын

true

@GrimReaper5041 9 жыл бұрын

The0Burger0King yea but that's coming towards us at a faster rate that the universe is expanding - or the universe's expansion might be accelerating it towards our galaxy

@jazzling Жыл бұрын

@@GrimReaper5041 just the former

@clansman89 11 жыл бұрын

Thanks

@spicycatproductions 12 жыл бұрын

awesome stuff

@GetOutsideYourself 11 жыл бұрын

More like this please! Actually, current thinking says the universe won't expand until it pops, but rather until it reaches uniform density, where even the atoms are torn apart in a zero-energy, super-diffuse space . . . and then maybe begin again. This iteration could be just one "breath" in an infinite regression of creation. Turtles all the way down.

@atong1294 11 жыл бұрын

his eyes are amazing...

@Dorkus89Malorkus 11 жыл бұрын

Time is usually not counted among the dimensions because we cannot "point at it" so to speak. We can only travel forward in time, it's not what in physics is called spatial dimension. Time is not included in Euclidean spaces so the 4D universe is only really studied in mathematics. In physics we treat the universe as a 3D model.

@DelphianSociety 12 жыл бұрын

@ThoumasTube makes sense, thanks!

@IlyaPavlenkov 11 жыл бұрын

There is actually a way to perceive a red/blue-shift with our senses. When you stand at the side of the road and a race car passes by when it is coming towards you you can hear that pitch is higher than when it is going away from you. It's actually called a Doppler effect of which redshift is a particular case.

@meucunt1 11 жыл бұрын

We are on a collision course with Andromeda, it is simply a local event. There is not enough distance between us and Andromeda for the expansion of space to have an effect.

@massivesovietunion 11 жыл бұрын

You're correct, but Time as a dimension affects the other normal spatial dimensions even though we can't really "point at it" moreover even though Euclidean space doesn't have a time included in it as a spatial dimension, Minkowski spaces it is.

@sjovmaiin 12 жыл бұрын

nice study

@MCPOTOTE 12 жыл бұрын

oh i forgot, if you can take a look to the article is called "a cosmological mirage" (or ilusion i cant remember), the name of the physiscist is herman mosquera from colombia.

@Regi11student115 11 жыл бұрын

If Hubble discover this counter intuitive nature of the expanding universe 80 or so years ago, then how is this such a surprise?I've found this puzzling ever since these guys won the Physics Nobel Prize last year,

@gwamhurt 12 жыл бұрын

The problem with that is we havent seen the edge of the universe. Without that there's not reference point, and because it was space-time itself that expanded from the big bang basically everything can be considered the center.

@sahanpslv2754 8 жыл бұрын

If any one is interested with Brian Schmidt study then they can go to edx and search for Greatest Unsolved Mysteries of the Universe ANUx - ANU-ASTRO1x course

@dhruvtiwari6828 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you

@msms47 12 жыл бұрын

@1veritasium hey u added effects at 1:02 for the candel right ?

@Arghira 12 жыл бұрын

It's fun to have an explosion with sound but I think it's worth mentioning that sound needs a medium to travel

@SuperViten 12 жыл бұрын

Great! Don't need to revise for my astrophysics test now.

@bjf5027 10 жыл бұрын

Wait, at 2:04 he says that the stars farther away are moving faster. Then later he says that looking farther away is looking back in time. So doesnt that mean that they WERE moving faster and now they are moving slower? But then at the end he said the universe is slowing down. Can someone explain why he is contradicting himself?

@kght222 12 жыл бұрын

the universe isn't just expanding on the large scale (galaxies moving away from the milky way) but on the small scale (you are moving away from yourself). the fact that the universe is expanding doesn't effect the fact that andromeda will some day collide with the milky way. everything is expanding, so trajectory isn't effected, just how large/expansive something will be at any point in time.

@WOGI5M 12 жыл бұрын

@1veritasium Hi, awesome videos. Can you please make a video on light, discussing what it is?

@craigharkey3459 11 жыл бұрын

From what I understand the universe is technically 2D but gravity emitted from normal matter bends space and time (like a black hole) thus making those areas with other mass like a spaceship 3D.

@SethShivang Жыл бұрын

Watching it after 11 years

@cparrish9224 10 жыл бұрын

I would like to clarify Jean's response, first light travels at a finite speed, which means it takes light time to travel through space. And since many stars and galaxies are millions and billions of light years away we will see them at the time of the first light to reach us.And the universe as a whole is speeding up in its expansion to along with our galaxies speeding up away from eachother.

@lydianlights 11 жыл бұрын

They found that the *rate* of expansion was increasing, not just that the universe was expanding in the first place. It was known that the universe was expanding, but it was generally assumed that the rate of expansion was slowing down (either leading to an infinitely expanding universe approaching some limiting size, or an eventual collapse). The discovery that the universe isn't slowing down but *speeding up* is what really shook the foundations of what we thought we knew.

@pinkd0g145 12 жыл бұрын

@VMFehr Well it matters if you're talking about intergalactic travel, which would be affected by the universe expanding, or intragalactic travel. Most "space travel" that is discussed would be within our galaxy, so therefore the expansion of the universe, which is mostly galaxies moving away from other galaxies, would not affect this. So the reason you may not be getting much is because travel within between galaxies is not as reasonable as travel within the galaxy.

@jeffmcjefferson3793 10 жыл бұрын

I tough that when people were talking about dark energy, it was the force of the galaxies moving away that could create a distance. Between other ones quicker than the gravity slowed them down to then weaken gravitation by creating this distance and continue moving.

@veritasium 12 жыл бұрын

@msms47 haha, yes

@theQuickRundown 12 жыл бұрын

How does the cosmological constant account for dark matter which in turn explains the expansion of the universe, if Einstein made the constant to "adjust" for a static universe? Do Einsteins constant and dark matter have the same value? Explanation would be nice.

@MrScruffey 11 жыл бұрын

you are absolutly right. because what if there more stuff? and if we "rewind the film" so to speak the more we rewind the more stuff we can see and therefore the longer it would take :)

@edtolputt 12 жыл бұрын

Colors mercurial. Yes - that is absolutely correct. Redshift is the Doppler effect.

@JOJOKYRA 12 жыл бұрын

"Big Bag" will initially accelerate matter into friction free space and the only glue-like force will be gravity. First matter to expand will be affected by gravity mostly toward the centre of BB, unlike the matter in the middle for comparison which will be pulled from all sides. Soon If "gravitational falloff" indeed exists "vanguard matter" will disperse drifting with speeds initially greater than ours not accelerating by itself, but because we are actually slowing down because of gravity.

@CcanCcaglar 12 жыл бұрын

so the faster something is moving away from an observer, it looks red. so does that mean if it's moving at extreme speeds, then it would release infared, or even microwaves??

@waddy5000 12 жыл бұрын

@schr4nz what if they are moving faster towards the centre than we are? and the galaxies behind us are moving slower? i know its hardly possible but im just stirring conversation :)

@kayvee256 11 жыл бұрын

From my highschool advanced math class, introduction to vectors: Teacher: But we won't be modelling time with vectors because you can only go in one direction with time. Me: Miss? Future-to-past or past-to-future? Teacher: *beat* Teacher: Look, I have a lesson plan to follow here, go bug your physics teacher instead. (with a big grin - it was teasing, not discouragement)

@ThemCubes 12 жыл бұрын

A longer video :D

@Pvjungco 11 жыл бұрын

When we were doing astrophysics at school we did a prac work with measuring the brightness of the start at something to do with Hubble's constant and it never clicked to me and I went on and had a discussion of whether or not Hubble's constant is a constant Someone please explain?

@felipe970421 10 жыл бұрын

That "balloon explosion" represents the big rip, at that point space expands so quickly that the strong nuclear force cannot keep up and thus the quarks that make up the fundamental particles will separate, leading to the end of matter itself (before that the same will happen to fundamental particles (protons, neutrons, etc, before that to molecules, before that to atoms, before that to planets, before that to solar systems, and we're at the point where it has happened to galaxies.

@Anonymousg64 11 жыл бұрын

so how is diffraction, refraction, reflection, interference, radiation and shifting all accounted for in the distance and speed calculation? because they are all at play with different radiation sources, large distances, other sources closer and farther, matter in between and gravity also bending light. how can we be sure of anything with so many variables at play?

@DanielPCline 11 жыл бұрын

If that were the case then we would be moving in unequal quantities. If we are moving then we have to have a velocity hence a direction. If we had a direction then one area would be moving away while another is getting closer, and thats not what we observe we see that everyplace is moving away equally in the same quantity in all directions.

@srinagrao1 10 жыл бұрын

andruameter is gonna collide with milky way in 4bn years right? if space is expanding will it ever collide at just 3000km/s? or was its speed 300km/s?

@takumi2023 10 жыл бұрын

they are moving away faster in relative to each other (the stars) but when they look into the past they will compare the stars they see with the stars around the starts from the past. think of it this way there's two highway going in the same direction in front of you and you're in an airplane. the highway has 2 car on the right that travels at 60km/h while the highway on the left they traveling at 40km/h. as they move away from each other they accelerate. (to be continue)

@OriginalityFail 12 жыл бұрын

@1veritasium What I don't get is that the universe is everything, so what are we expanding into?

@JOJOKYRA 12 жыл бұрын

Can "dark mater" be just misunderstood falloff of gravitational force? In such big scale gravity may just fade away? Gravitational dispersion?

@daniallegacy 9 жыл бұрын

Every galaxy is, but Andromeda.

@FLYINGDUTCHM331 11 жыл бұрын

That pie chart at the end 6:55 has a blue section, what percentage of the universe is that? space? vacuum maybe?

@schr4nz 12 жыл бұрын

@waddy5000 that would imply that all the galaxies would be moving toward eachother, and in that case, we would be seeing a blue shift instead of a red one.

@Essemify 11 жыл бұрын

Well, BlueRavenGT is correct, the surface of the balloon is a good representation of the universe because the universe has no end (as far as we know). The observable universe has one, but not the whole universe. At least not in "our" dimensions, that being the three spatial dimensions and time.

@sieyk 12 жыл бұрын

When he said about the red and blue light, I stared right at a light-bulb and bobbed my head back and forth thinking it would do something. Now i just can't see very well :(

@RedYr93 12 жыл бұрын

Can an object be traveling towards an observer so quickly that the light is not only blue-shifted, but actually become entirely ultra-violet? Not quite sure of the limitations of the Doppler effect but just curious. :)

@Gytax0 12 жыл бұрын

Why did I hear about the accelerating rate of expansion before the Nobel ceremony? Like a year or more ago?

@takumi2023 10 жыл бұрын

you're not comparing car 1 on highway R(ight) to car 3 on highway L(eft). because you're comparing the rate of change and to calculate rate of change u need a difference so at least 2 points. hence why you dont compare just the speed of a car to the speed of the other car. (not sure if i made sense)

@GreenistheColour22 12 жыл бұрын

That pie chart had red to represent dark energy and white to represent ordinary matter, but what did the blue represent?

@ZackMeyer1 12 жыл бұрын

In order for dark energy to cause the universe to expand at an increasing rate, wouldn't that mean that it has to be gaining energy as it goes on? Or at least not losing energy? And also, when you put up that chart, one section was labeled ordinary matter, and another was labeled dark energy. Was the third section dark matter or antimatter and where does the other fit into the chart?

@JimClass-ique 12 жыл бұрын

Hey, is that the iron ring for engineers you're wearing?

@Alfalotter 12 жыл бұрын

I heard a bit about this on sixtysymbols

@tryhardofdoom7682 10 жыл бұрын

I was so scared of the moment the ballon popps:D its always so fun and unpredictable!

@saugatghimire7379 11 жыл бұрын

are you making the flame animated to show us (blue/red) or is it real??

@ragnkja 11 жыл бұрын

Indeed. I presume you've seen the Sixty Symbols video about the 2011 physics Nobel prize, then?

@peter_castle 3 жыл бұрын

0:41 spanish subtitles: It should say "1916", not "1960"

@cmbdragon666 12 жыл бұрын

your face at the end= every living being when everything just suddenly vanishes.....

@Marios5556 12 жыл бұрын

Does the blue shifting of the candle at 1:07 is real? Because it would be very cool if it is :D

@MightySuki 12 жыл бұрын

@danielcarmi305 thanks :)

@MCPOTOTE 12 жыл бұрын

I am pretty ignoran about al thiss stuff, but i went to a conference an d the physisict that was eplining say that he cuold explicate the "acceleration" using non-linear electrodynamics to explain differently the redshift. Can you explain to me that a litlle bit please? excuse my english, im still learning

@Dorkus89Malorkus 11 жыл бұрын

I never took relativistic physics so I don't know what you're talking about. I'll take your word for it. In our theoretical math class, however, we did do vectors in 4D.

@tannershallahamer2977 3 жыл бұрын

If gravity bends light, and objects with large amounts of mass have a gravitational pull, couldn’t it be possible that the light we look at from distant stars is deceiving and could appear brighter or fainter depending on the gravitational fields the light travels through before it reaches our telescope?

@herp_derpingson 11 жыл бұрын

There was a good explanation in string theory video where they put that a higher dimension can be represented as cross sections of lower dimensions. eg A 3D animation is basically crossections(frames) of a 4D space. A 3D image in a 2D paper is a crossectional view of the 3D object projected on the 2D space. /watch?v=JkxieS-6WuA

@robert13605 11 жыл бұрын

no that's what most people thing , along with quantum mechanics , but they both in fact operate on the macro scale too , it's just hard to see quantum evens because we aren't at that low of an energy level.

@TechXMarine 12 жыл бұрын

@MrBaldenegro In its later stages, Red Giant is just another stage not the end I think you meant Red Dwarf. But i have a feeling the stance on Our Sun becoming a Red Giant then Red dwarf has changed, not sure.

@MojatoGaming 11 жыл бұрын

3:19 notice how he says "in about five million years" lol

@christiaan81music 5 жыл бұрын

Big Bang vs Gnab Gib. Nice

@RetroTeamStudios 12 жыл бұрын

in the end when you said how our universe is going to end wouldn't that mean our universe could potentially create another big bang in a different way? starting the universe over again? could this be the answer to how the universe started?

@rickypandey 12 жыл бұрын

cosmology was the reason i studied science in school..fees were so massive then i had to settle with engineering :(

@shredded_lettuce 12 жыл бұрын

So what ever happened to that other team that found that the universe was slowing down? How did that contradiction get resolved?

@cparrish9224 10 жыл бұрын

That is true but it is actually a theory that came out in the 1900's, the big bang model won between the two as it was able to explain more about the universe than the static universe.

@Hejzwej 12 жыл бұрын

@1veritasium "Prof. Schmidt told me the visible universe (13.7 billion light years in either direction) represents at most 1% of the whole universe because space expands faster than light can catch up." So that means the visible universe is getting smaller as it expands, am I right?

@babis8142 10 жыл бұрын

Or could there have been a universe before our own? One that blew up and created ours? Mind-blown?

@ThoumasTube 12 жыл бұрын

@DelphianSociety No, it wasn`t discovered in 2011, in that year the theory of the accelerating was deffinitly conffirmed.

@JimClass-ique 12 жыл бұрын

@1veritasium Nice!

@BlueRavenGT 11 жыл бұрын

It won't necessarily explode, it will just be expanding so fast that nothing will be able to get to anything else. The space between subatomic particles will be expanding faster than the speed of light. Think of trying to walk to the corner of the block with the sidewalk getting a mile longer every second.

@DanielPCline 11 жыл бұрын

everywhere is the centre of the universe at the same time. If every place is expanding away equally, as the data shows, then anyplace can be used to collapse back to that point. So we are just as much the centre of the universe here as is some star in the Andromeda galaxy. Its important to understand that if we look 13 billion lightyears and see a young star... if we could be at that star now, we could look another 13 billion years beyond that. What we can see is just a portion of the universe.