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According to Bontrager 8th Edition.
CALDWELL method:
*Technical Factors:
• Minimum DFR − 102 cm
• RI size − 24 × 30 cm, across
• Grid
• Analog - range from 70 to 80 kV
• Digital systems − range from 80 to 85 kV
*Patient Positioning:
Remove all metal or plastic objects from the patient's head and neck. perform the
radiograph with the patient in the upright or prone position.
*Party Position:
• Support the patient's nose and forehead against the table/surface of the imaging device.
• Flex the neck as needed to align the LOM perpendicular to the RI.
• Align the PSM perpendicularly to the midline of the grid or image table/surface to
prevent head rotation or tilt.
• Centralize RI to RC.
*RC:
• RC angle of 15° caudal, and a center exiting at the nasion.
• Alternative with RC from 25° to 30° caudal, and a center exiting at the nasion.
*WATERS method:
*Patient Positioning:
Remove all metal or plastic objects from the patient's head and neck. patient at
upright or prone position (upright is preferable if the patient's condition permits).
*Party Position:
• Extend your neck, resting your chin against the table/vertical surface of the imaging device.
• Adjust the head until the LMM is perpendicular to the RI plane. The LOM forms an angle of
37° with the surface of the table/imaging device.
• Position the PSM perpendicularly to the midline of the grid surface or table/device
image, avoiding rotation or tilt of the head. (One way to check rotation is to feel the
mastoid processes on each side and the lateral orbital margins with the thumb and fingers to
ensure the lines are equidistant from the table top.)
*RC:
• Align the RC perpendicular to the RI to exit the canton.
• Centralize the RI to the RC.
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