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A buffer functions to resist changes in hydrogen ion concentration as a result of internal and environmental factors.
Buffers consist of a weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A--) or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Weak acids and bases do not completely dissociate in water, and instead exist in solution as an equilibrium of dissociated and undissociated species. All buffers have an optimal pH range over which they are able to moderate changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
Factors like temperature and concentration can greatly influence the pKa, and therefore, the pH range over which a buffer system is most effective. Careful preparation of buffers is important for successful and reproducible experiments.
TAE buffer is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA.
TBE or Tris/Borate/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, boric acid and EDTA.
TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology, especially in procedures involving DNA, cDNA or RNA
In molecular biology, TBE and TAE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids, the most common being electrophoresis.