The names of some organs it's used as the suffix for nouns, “Ak”= ~each of both (Yan= side) Yan-ak= each of both sides (of the face) >Yanak= cheek (Gül= rose) Kül-ak = each of both the roses >Kulak= Ear (Şek=facet) Şek-ak = each of both sides (of forehead) >Şakak= temple (Dal=subsection, branch) Dal-ak=dalak= Spleen (Böbür=scarlet fleck) Böbür-ak=böbrek= Kidney = each of both red-spots / blodfleck Bağça-ak>(Paça-ak)>bacak= Leg (ankle) (Pati = paw) Batı-ak>pathiak>phatyak>hadyak>adyak)=Ayak= the foot > each of the feet (Taş=stone) Taş-ak=testicle Akciğer=~(each of) both lungs Bacı-yan-ak > Bacanak= each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife >> just for men TÜL-KARN-AK =that obscures/ shadowing each of both dark/ covert periods= Karanlık (batıni) çağların her birini örten tül ZHU'L-KARN-EYN=the (shader) owner of each of both times DU’AL-CHORN-EIN=double-horned-one=(the horned hunter)Herne the hunter> Cernunnos> Karneios it's used as the suffix for verbs, “Ak /ek“=a-qa ~which thing to / what’s to… Er-mek = to get / to reach Bar-mak (Varmak)= to arrive / to achieve Er-en-mek > erinmek / Bar-an-mak > barınmak =to arrive on one's own Erin-ek / barın-ak = what’s there to arrive at oneself Ernek / Barnak > Parmak = Finger Çiğ=uncooked, raw Çiğne-mek =to chew Çiğne-ek>Çiğneh> Çene = Chin Tut-mak = to hold / to keep Tut-ak=Dudak= Lip Tara-mak = to comb/ ~to rake Tara-ak > Tarak =(what’s there to comb)> the comb Tara-en-mak > taranmak = to comb oneself Taran-ak > Tırnak =(what’s there to comb oneself)> fingernail

Ba Ba = Baba / Apa / eba / abu /爸爸= Papa ( Pater > Father) Na Na = Ana / Anne = 妈妈/ Ma Ma / Mom ( Mater > Mother) Ne Ne = Nene / Nine = 奶奶/ Nanny (Grandmother) Ta Ta = Ata / Dede =爷爷/ Grandfather / Bög baba = big father Ka Ga = Aga / Keke (~steerer /beak) 哥哥/ aga bög > ağabey = big brother Bir-ol-diger> Birader = (per-alter /pre-other > one other) =兄弟/ Brother Ba ba la =Baba-la /apa-la /abula > Abla = older sister ( ~with father) Ba ba chui = Bavoji > Bacı = younger sister ( ~loves father) Ba ba cha = Apa-ça /abuja > emijae > Emmi / Amca =舅舅/ paternal uncle (~fatherly) Tai U = Dayı = 叔叔/ maternal uncle ( nearest’s he ) Tai Thu =Taitsu> Teyze = maternal aunt / Dasy ( nearest’s that ) Çe Çe = Ece / Cece / 姐姐 / older sister Mi Mi = Ümmü / Mimi / 妹妹 / younger sister or young aunt Bi Bi = Bibi / Hala = 姑姑/ paternal aunt Pe Pe = Bebe / bebek =宝宝 / baby >>( sweetie > balak / bala ) Kayın ağacı = Beech tree >>>difficult pedigree = different family tree Kayın peder / Kayın baba / Kaynata = father-in-law /公公 Kayın valide / Kayın anne / Kaynana = mother-in-law /婆婆 Kayın / Kayınçı / Kayınço = brother in-law Baldız = sister-in-law /嫂子 ( honey- salt) wife's sister for men Görümce = sister-in-law (~observer) husband's sister for women Elti = Brother in-law's wife > just for women Gelin = bride / 新娘 (~newcomer) Yenge = Brother's wife (~came over marriage) Dünür= parents who are related to each other through their children's marriages (~ later relative) Güvey /Damat = groom /倌 / 马夫 Bacanak = sister-in-law's husband (each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife) just for men Enişte = sisters or aunts husbands

Od >> hot Odun >> wooden >> wood Oğuz kağan> oğuzhan > owodhan >wuothan> wõden > Odin Tuz = Salt >> sodium chloride CRYSTAL TH > T / D TH > TS > S / Ş / Z Thuith >Tuits > Tiss / Diş = tooth (dental) Thuıth > Thuıts > Tuıss / Dış = out ( outer) Thuss > - Suz = (- Less) >>without it / free from it / has got rid of it Tış-yer-i > Dışarı / Dış taraf = outside Dışsal = external Dışı = out of… / de- / dis- Suz > sız/siz & suz/süz = without / -less Kanat = Wing /Kanatsız = Wingless Su= water > Su-suz = water-less / anhydrous Suç =crime > Suçsuz=innocent (freed from blame) Şeker= Sugar > Şekersiz= without sugar / sugar free Kitap= book / Kitapsız = without books / free from books Ücret = fee / ücret dışı =out of fee / ücretsiz =~free - exempt from fee Gereksiz = needless / İhtiyaç dışı- lüzumsuzca =unnecessary Kanunsuz/hukuksuz = unlawful / Kanun dışı = outside the law Hukuk-yasa =law > Yasal =legal / Yasadışı = illegal Görüş = sight / görüş dışı = out of sight Sadık -vefalı-vefakar= loyal / sadakatsiz-vefasız= disloyal Beğeni = like / beğeni dışı= dislike Bağlantı = connect / bağlantı dışı=disconnect Evirmek= to make it to turn around itself or transform into another shape over time İç = inside > ÇE Çe-evir-mek =(içe evirmek) = çevirmek = (turn-into) / encircle / convert / slew round Dış =outside > DE De-evirmek =(dışa evirmek) = devirmek =(turn-outer) / overturn / overthrow De-monte=démonté= dis-assembled (LIĞ-LUĞ) (aluk=has got) LI- Li-Lu-Lü ekleri sahiplik ve dahiliyet ekleridir... (Have)(~With) (Dış- Thuıss) Siz-Sız-Suz-Süz ekleri “İçermemek” , "sahip olmamak" , “ondan azade olmak” veya "mahrumiyet" anlamına gelen bu ekler, bir şeyin dahilinde olmayışı ifade eder. (Have no)( ~without) (...less) O benim sevgi-li-m = (~s/he has my love)= s/he is my lover İki çocuk-lu kadın= (which) the woman has two children > woman with two children Çocuksuz adam = (which) the man has no child > childless man Şekerli =(it has sugar) = with sugar Şekersiz= (it has no sugar) = without sugar = ~sugar free= şekerden azade Tuzlu =it has salt =salty Tuzsuz= it has no salt = without salt = saltless Gitmelisin (get-mek-liğ-sen)= you have to go Gitmen gerekli (get-meg-in gerek-liğ) = you have need to go Gitmen gerekir (get-meg-in gerek-e-er) = you (getta) need to go

NATURAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS (akar-eser / eser-eger) (su AKAR- yel ESER) = water flows - wind blows EĞER / ISE = (EVEN / IF) (yel ESER- ekin EĞER)= the wind blows and bows the crops ISE / EĞER = (IF / EVER) EĞER / İSE and İSE / EĞER constructs are used to specify "conditions" and are often used interchangeably. ISE EĞER: means "If ever" and indicates a condition that is more likely to occur. "If ever you need any help, just let me know." (Yardıma ihtiyacın olursa eğer, sadece haberim olsun) or (Herhangi bir yardıma ihtiyaç duyarsan, bana haber vermen yeterli) “If I'm not tired, we can visit them in the evening.” = “Yorgun değilsem eğer, akşamleyin onları ziyaret edebiliriz” EĞER ISE: means "Even if" and indicates a condition that is less likely to occur. "Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go for a walk." (Yarın yürüyüşe çıkacağım, eğer yağmur yağıyor olsa da ) or (Yarın yağmur yağsa bile yürüyüşe çıkacağım.) “Why should i go to work, (even) if I'm not getting my salary” = (Eğer) maaşımı alamıyorsam, neden işe gideyim ki.

And thank you for the kind words!

So true! Channels like this are precious jewels of knowledge themselves!❤🎉

Much appreciated bro, the kind words keep me motivated!

Glad you liked it!

Thank you bro, I appreciate the support!

Cheers! Positive words are always motivating 💪

Cheers and thank you for the kind words!

Thank you so so much for your kind words! I might do a second version of this video because my editing skills have gotten a little better. PIE is a fascinating subject!

@@LearnHittite Aw, thank YOU for such a kind feedback!😍😍Yes, Indo-European studies in general have always fascinated me too!

It's excellent! I don't have the encyclopedia but do have the handbook series which derived from it. Great stuff

Yeah I keep it on my desk for nostalgia purposes. Is there a more up to date version of something similar in Polish language though? Recently I just recommend people to buy the Oxford introduction if they need something general on PIE.

@@LearnHittite Not that I know of. Since I have studied comparative linguistics for over forty years I am not looking for such books, let alone in Polish. Nowadays I am more interested in solving the laryngeal problem. I don't have the answers but in my view unpronounceable reconstructions and laryngeals in almost every word cannot reflect a spoken language even though the reconstructors stress that the phonological representations of the laryngeals are unknown.

@@Pepijn_a.k.a._Akikaze that's one of the issues with any modern Polish book. The western world pretty much accepted laryngeals as a fact but Polish researchers barely even mention them in their publications - because of over-reliance on them to explain too much of the stuff so far unexplained and the impossibility of phonetic realisation. Maybe there is some good stuff to read out there, but people tend to study P.I.E. in English anyway.

Yes you are right, I made a video about it here kzfaq.info/get/bejne/o5yqdaiBqLiZmIE.htmlsi=igEU20aN1Ul7MTQ5

But how come the Czech language still have the distinction between animate and inanimate nouns only in the masculine gender? They also have feminine and neuter, but they don't have this split. @@LearnHittite

They do have this distinction yes, in fact most slavic languages do, and I believe at least in the case of Russian, the animacy/inanimacy distinction isn't limited to the masculine. In 'The Slavonic Languages' by Comrie and Corbett, 2002, they state that the distinction developed in proto-slavic from -o and -i-o, they call the different forms 'sub-genders'. One of the authors (Corbett, 1988, Gender in Slavonic...) did a deeper investigation, it's worth checking out that article if you're interested (it's free to access on jstor). I'm not sure if there are any other theories amongst other Slavic linguists though.

Thank you, I will check it out! @@LearnHittite

🤣

dudos? dudas?

Tocharian A had two forms declined for gender 'wu' and 'we' so I presume a similar paradigm exisited in Tocharian B. Meaning that it was likely PIE 'dwoh3' plus extension for gender markers followed by dropping 'd'. Thats the idea presented in the Oxford intro to PIE by Mallory and Adams anyway. And thanks for your positive feedback! I was thinking of putting together a video on either proto-celtic or Tocharian - which would you like to see?

@@LearnHittite I would definitely like to see a video on Tocharian. Thanks for the explanation!

@@reeb3687 👍

For reference, Tocharian A was apparently called _ārśi_ while Tocharian B was called _kuśiññe;_ the _actual_ Tocharian language may have been an Iranian language which was used by the Kushan Empire and only recently (as recently as last October) was finally identified as being encoded in the so-called Unknown Script from that area (Bactria and Ferghana).

You're 100% right on the endonyms, these terms (at least kuśiññe) are used in texts from their neighbours too so they seem legit. I had no idea about the other discovery though, but it seems exciting! www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-unknown-script-is-finally-deciphered/

I had a big typo in my recent Amazigh video that is haunting me. However, I believe the chapter names are auto-generated so I can't be blamed for that one!

This happens in some PIE reconstructions - same is with bʰardʰéh₂ (beard) - it is usually due to a few reasons like whoever did the reconstruction doesn't adhere to PIE only having two vowels (E,O) or because most linguists assume the 'a' in later dialects came from a laryngeal + vowel combination but in this case there is either no evidence for the type of laryngeal for whatever reason so they stick with the 'a' vowel and expect others to work it out. The presenter likely only wanted to work with published reconstructions. I've only ever seen the ACC for wool with an 'a' vowel. There are a few other reasons too.

Thanks for your input. What is your theory on Etruscan? Do you see it as an Anatolian language like some linguists do?

@@LearnHittite When it goes about Etruscans, it is important to know what ancient Greek writers wrote about them. The older generation of Greek writers, those who were living in Greek classical times (5th and 4th century BC) as Herodotus (cca. 484-425) or Hellanikos from Lezbos/Mythilene (d. 399) and Thukydides (cca. 460-403), wrote about the groups of non-Hellenic, pre-Greek (in terms of language) populations that went to Italy and made colonies there. Hellanikos from Lesbos (whose work exists today only fragmentary in quotations in other writers) who was contemporary of Herodotos and of Thukydides, wrote that groups of Pelasgians went to Italy. Herodotos has brought to us the story (I book , chapter 94) how in ancient times in land of Lydia (west of Asia Minor) there was great famine which took place for many years and then the king of the land, named Attys, made a decision by throwing the dice, that his son Tyrsenos will take one half of people and they will go out of country across the sea, in search for new land and new life. Tyrsenos and his people went down to the city of Smyrna (today Izmir in Türkiye) and they have build ships there. After some time they came to the Umbrians in Italy (Herodotos writes: Ombrikoi) and settled their. Herodotus also provides a timeline for these events in other chapter about Lydia, where he placed king Attys and his sons Lydos and Tyrsenos in time before the reign of dynasty of Heraklides (cca. 1200-700 BC), that is, in 13th century BC. Also, what is important to point out, Herodotos, being a great traveller himself (he was born in city-state Halikarnassos in Asia Minor, travelled Egypt and to Crimea, maybe to Babilonia, and ended as one of the co-founders of Athenian colony Thurii in south-east Italy) wrote that he has heard the story about foundation of colonies in Tyrrhenia (Etruria) from Lydians, and not from Etruscans. ... What is also important to point out is that from work of Herodotos we can find out that in his lifetime there were living in wider Aegean area peoples named Pelasgoi (Pelasgians); Herodotos writes that his conclusion is that they speak in barbarian (non-Hellenic) language, judging by the language of Pelasgians which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis region (Abdera, etc.) . Also, Herodotos said that the inhabitants of island Lemnos in north Aegean, before the Athenian conquest in 505 BC by general Militiades , were Pelasgians. (Athenians conquered the island were Pelasgians had two cities: Myrina in west and Hephaisteia in east, and took some land from Pelasgians and settled there Athenian colonists.) So, we are very much sure that Pelasgians existed still side a side by Greeks in 5th century BC. .... Thoukydides (Engl. Thucydides), historian from Athens, and for short time naval general in war, who wrote about events of his own lifetime (Peloponnesian war, between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC) in one section of his work inform that in northern Aegean in large peninsula known as Khalkidike (it has three big sub-peninsula, like three "fingers" protrude into Aegean sea) there are many small cities in which mostly are living Pelasgians among whom the most numerous are Tyrrhenians. So, from this, both from Herodotus and Thucydides, it is clear that in 5th century BC in Aegean region were still living some non-Greek populations named by Greeks as Pelasgians (Pelasgoi) and that the Tyrrhenians were part of Pelasgians. Differently from Herodotus, Thucydides wrote that natives of Lemnos were Tyrrhenians (while Herodotus names them Pelasgians). Herodotus is using the form Tyrsenoi in Greek while in Athenian Attic Greek the form was: Tyrrhenoi ("y" in ancient Greek between consonants was pronounced similar as in German letter ü). So, we have non-Greek Tyrrhenians/Tyrsenians attested in 5th century BC in northern Aegean, and in the same time we have people named by Greeks in west-central Italy also "Tyrrhenoi"/Tyrsenoi/Tyrsanoi (in Doric dialect). Is this only an example of homonymia (names/words being formally the same but with different meaning?) Well, it seems that the discovery of stele in island Lemnos in 1880-ies and some other short fragments recently, written in a language similar in vocabulary and in grammar to the Etruscan, proved otherwise. Linguist Helmut Rix (+) wrote an article in Cambridge encyclopedia on Etruscan language, proposing Tyrsenian language family and proto-Tyrsenic as common ancestor for both Lemnian and Etruscan. Who knows, maybe in the future it will be some new discoveries from three fingered peninsula Khalkidike or from other locations. One of the problems with ancient stone inscriptions is that many pieces of stone, even with inscriptions, were later through centuries often re-used as building elements. and I have to mention here the later Greek writers as Strabo and Dionysius who were living during the 1st century BC, that is some 300 years after the classical period of Herodotus and Hellanikos and Thucydides. For Strabo, living in Roman times, it was difficult even to imagen that some people or group coming from the Greece does not speak in Greek. He was also repeating in his work what he has found in older writers about Pelasgians coming to Italy in many waves from Greece and Aegean, but he was convinced (as we can see from his work) that those groups were speaking some very archaic form of Greek, but still Greek. Strabo gives a funny story how Etruscan city in Roman times known as Caere [ read as: Kha-ee-rhe, or in later imperial Latin as: Khe-rhe], from what is derived later Italian name of modern town Cerveteri, some 25 km north-west of Rome (in meaning: Cere vetere, old Cere, pronounced Cerveteri as: Cher-ve-te-ri in English). Original Etruscan name of the city was written in Etrusco- Phoenician bilingual found in 1960-ies in site of Pyrgi (sea port of ancient Caere), as: Kisra. Linguist dealing with Etruscan and ancient Latin would expect that Etruscan form is: Kaisre, because of Latin Caere, and because of rothacism in old Latin language some time around 3rd century BC (name of the Roman merchant familiy in ancient time Papissius became : Papirius); rothacism did work here: Kisra: Caere, but from where is an /a/ in Latin form? It could be the consequence of sincopa in Etruscan language in the beginning of 5th century BC? However, Strabo wrote an "folk etymology" in meaning that the name of Etruscan city is connected to Greek word Khaire! (meaning a Hello!) , what is of course non sense. Other Greek writer of 1st century BC, Dionysius, born in Halikarnassos (as Herodotus 400 years earlier) and worked as teacher of Greek language and of rethorics in Rome in his work "Romaike arkhaiologia" (Roman Antiquities) wrote that Etrsucan language and customs are more closer to those of Pelasgians than to the Lydians. But his opinion on Etruscan origin was that Etruscans are natives/ autochtonous in Italy. Also, he mentioned some early Greek writers who mentioned that Tyrrhenians were travelling in oposite directions: from Italy to Aegean.

@@LearnHittite Some Russian linguists proposed that Etruscan language is related to some languages of Caucasus. Important feature of Etruscan language is not only 4 vowels and the absence of voiced /b.d,g/ what connects Etruscan with the languages of Anatolia, but also it is suffixes based type of language, similar to Hurrian. Actually, I have found that number 3, in Etruscan "ci" [ki] has similarity with Hurrian number kiq , also three. Etruscans, by ancient Greeks called Tyrsenoi (Ionian form), Tyrrhenoi (Attic Greek), Tyrsanoi (Doric dialects) , were calling them selves as "Rasna" (after sincopa in 5th century BC), probably older form "Rasenna". There is possibility that Greek egzonym "Tyrsenoi" and "Tyrrhenoi" is some kind of calck or joined word, consisting of two words: tyr + rasenna = tyr: rhen-oi, where ancient Greek "tyr" [pronounced as: tür, with /ü/ sound like in German] comes from older or maybe foreign form "tur"; and this is confirmed in Latin forms: Etrusci and Tusci (from which English Tuscany and Italian Toscana is derived): E-trus-ci >* E-turs-ci ... Originally form probably was *Turs-ci, and because of rhotacism in Latin language in around of the 3rd century BC, Turs< Tus +ci ... In Greek language the general name for autocratic ruler was: tyrannos (English: tyrant)... Also, in Herodotus, in one place in Greece there was city named in Herodotus time "Tetrapolis" and Herodotus said that the former, older name of this city was "Hyttenia" ... this is interesting because number four (4) in Etruscan is: "huth" ... and as I wrote in my other answer, there was in Aegean region during the classical times (5th and 4th century BC) a non-Greek population named by Greeks as Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians (Tyrrhenians is same as Greek name for Etruscans in Italy). According to Thucydides, Tyrrhenians were part of wider Pelasgian nation and they were living in 5th century BC in northern Aegean island of Lemnos as well in parts of large peninsula of Khalkidike (with three fingers) in region where today city Thessaloniki is. According to Herodotus language of Pelasgians was non-Greek (he based his conclusion on the language of Pelasgoi which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis: Kizikos, Plakia, Skilakos). And from the stele of island Lemnos, we know what was the language of Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians of Lemnos. I wrote more about this in other comment ... And as a conclusion: everything what we know from ancient Greek writers of 5th century BC about Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians in Aegean area, what we know about the language of stela of Lemnos and about Etruscan language, it seems that Etruscan is closely related with one of pre-Greek language or with group of languages which were spoken in Aegean islands and also in parts of continental Greece. As we can see from the testimony by Herodotus and Thucydides, as well from Lemnos stela, it survived till 5th century BC. Pelasgians before classical times were mentioned in Thessalia (Pelasgiotis), in Dodona in Epirus (mentioned by Hesiod) which is not so far from Thessalia, and in Odyssey are mentioned "divine Pelasgians" of Crete, next to Eteocretans. Herodotus' point of view was that Greeks (Hellenoi) of his time were made as a people by mixing with Pelasgians (especially the inhabitants on islands).

"At" literally means father in Albanian.

I'll be re-making this video soon, my production skills have got a bit better!

Early PIE had animate and inanimate genders. Luraghi and Matasovic are two linguists who have their own theories regarding what happened next. I'm more on the side of Luraghi but I'm open to being corrected. I made a video about PIE gender here kzfaq.info/get/bejne/o5yqdaiBqLiZmIE.htmlsi=igEU20aN1Ul7MTQ5

@@LearnHittite Many thanks.

I love it.

No. English has old words before Roman and French invasions even today. Dude is one of them because you have a pair in exact meaning in Serbian language, (Prizrensko-Timochki dialect) and its "duda", but, it is femininum. Second meaning is a "tit". Since tit (d->t) is called also "doika", it is obviousli from word "dati", wich means to give. Aha. Now, it is so simple - DV is always in meaning "where somethng is more", like number 2, dada (sister, nurse), dva (two), ti, vi (you, sing. then plural), i guess, in some way dada and dati (to give) belong there, ((who can be sure, this science is full of "it"), etc. You just cant ignore language with 11000000 word forms, and number is small only because investigation was stoped by politicians around 1960. I guess, it is forein demand, because, hey, we all know who are they who want to controll science. Hdtodos? Are you human or AI? How can you prononce word of 7 signs, and word of 7 letters? 7 sounds just cant be parent to word of 3 dud. Im not sure hwo was that smart guy who heard "e" at the end and wrote it down.

@@user-fl2ok7ms6u Information overlaod son! My PIE version of dude was just a joke. But if its an old word then cool.

@@qetoun PIE is a joke per se.

By combining linguistic, archaeological and genetic data we can come up with some theories. See: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language Others of course disagree and put the homeland somewhere south of the caucuses.

Sorry, what point of the video are you referring to? I've spoken in other videos (the one on Anatolian and Tocharian) about the debates amongst linguists regarding the phonology of Hittite.

We actually have a _very_ good idea of what Latin sounded like, and we know that the "Caesar" was pronounced with a /k/, not an /s/. This is because we have plenty of evidence from its descendents, plenty of evidence from inscriptions, writings, and most importantly of all, graffiti. While nothing can, of course, be nailed down 100%, we're very, very close to that. If it were physically possible, you could travel back in time two millennia and be able to speak Latin with only a slight accent from everything we know about it.

Roman scholars have written that the C was always pronounced like K. So kirkus and kentum

5:30 where does albanian fit?

Care to explain?

The cake is a lie!

if it didn’t exist you have to invent it

@@rocktapperrobin9372 that`s what they did.

@@tombra7 I mean, you can say that a language *exactly* like what is written in any PIE grammar *probably* did not exist. But the fact that there is a language which developed into all the modern IE languages the way Latin evolved into the modern Romance languages is undeniable.