Proto Indo-European: Some Unexpected Cognates

Рет қаралды 151,642

4 жыл бұрын

A commentor has pointed out that the usual Latin reflex of P.I.E. *gʰ is not 'f', so I will put my response to that commentor here:
I got the connection from the IEW, which is outdated nowadays, but I maintain fūtis is more likely to be a reflex of *ǵʰew- than of anything else. Most I.E. descendents of *ǵʰew- (the majority of which are uncontroversial as far as I know) mean something like 'to pour,' and the Latin reflex means 'jug,' with the adjectival form meaning 'leaky.' While P.I.E. *gʰ does not typically go to f- in Latin, P.I.E. *gʷʰ does, and the difference is only in secondary articulation. Inter-dialectal borrowings account for far bigger exceptions to sound laws; considering how similar *gʰ and *gʷʰ are in articulation, I think it can account for this one, especially since the meaning of the Latin reflex and the apparent meaning of the P.I.E. root are so similar.
The fact that the English word 'God' is cognate with several Indo-European words meaning 'to pour' is unaffected by whether the Latin word is a reflex of the I.E. root, but I think it's fairly clear that it is. If there have been any better suggestions as to the origin of fūtis, let me know and I will amend this.
Thank you to the commentor for pointing this out, either way,

Пікірлер: 1 000

@chisps_ 4 жыл бұрын

Proto-Indo-Europeans were pouring one out for the homies 4000 years ago

@jasperfk 4 жыл бұрын

real early pastoralisation hours, smash that mf like button if you worshipping sky god

@Scyllax 4 жыл бұрын

7 to 9 thousand years ago

@Scyllax 4 жыл бұрын

widhbnw efDwdwDW The earliest written Greek is that old.

@jimmerd 4 жыл бұрын

M. Hall source? From what I can find the earliest written Greek was 1450 BCE, or about 3500 years ago at most. Hell, the earliest written text we know of is “only” 5400 years old

@MacCionnaith 4 жыл бұрын

@@Scyllax aaah yeea

@PermianExtinction 4 жыл бұрын

The word “God” and the word “futile” having the same ancestral root feels very cosmic horror

@chicoti3 3 жыл бұрын

This is like saying useful and useless having the same root is ironic. No, it's not, it's very easy to turn a word's meaning into the complete opposite using affixes

@Jasonbeck2753 3 жыл бұрын

It's also weird that one of the main doctrines of Christianity is "kenosis", a word which means to empty out and is used to describe the incarnation.

@di9884 3 жыл бұрын

@@Jasonbeck2753 a life poured out as a sacrice to God, Jesus.

@tideghost 3 жыл бұрын

I was a pretty astonished to see it's cognate to Persian خدا /xodɒː/ but it makes sense when I think about it.

@TesterAnimal1 3 жыл бұрын

Feels about right really.

@theloafabread4341 4 жыл бұрын

“Here’s a spicy one for you” lol

@sunshinedracoluv 4 жыл бұрын

TheLoafaBread 5:02

@vapeangel2953 4 жыл бұрын

He’s honestly the best 😂

@the_neutral_container 4 жыл бұрын

"Acker" is also a modern German word for a (usually freshly ploughed) field.

@Sayu277 4 жыл бұрын

Doesn't have to be freshly plowed just agriculturally used.

@jonasHM 4 жыл бұрын

"åker" has the same meaning and origin in Norwegian

@MattFyrm 4 жыл бұрын

Yup, same in Dutch I'm not sure if it's as free as you're describing it. I'd say "akker" just means a field on which "agriculture" is being performed.

@BeryAb 3 жыл бұрын

Colloquially, "ackern" can also mean working hard. I believe it comes from the fact that agriculture requires hard work.

@FenceThis 3 жыл бұрын

Marco Naujokat but Danish preserved the exact same spelling as in Latin ; ager

@jellosapiens7261 4 жыл бұрын

*ghew- actually survived with a more literal meaning in the English "gush" and the German "gießen," meaning "pour"

@brittakriep2938 4 жыл бұрын

But cover yourself , when your garden becomes ,gesprengt'.

@redwaldcuthberting7195 4 жыл бұрын

Geotan 'yey-ohtan' meaning 'to pour' modern dialectal English yote 'to pour.' Gush is a loanword...

@adrienchantry2650 3 жыл бұрын

Goutter in french -> to drip

@trappistpreserves 3 жыл бұрын

@@adrienchantry2650 Nice one! "Goutte" - dew

@redwaldcuthberting7195 3 жыл бұрын

There was also giutan in the dead East Germanic tongue Gothic. Gush is said to be a loanword from either Middle Dutch Guysen or Norse Gusa. Compare Old Norse geysa (“to gush”), German gießen (“to pour”), Old English ġēotan ("to pour"; > English yote).

@chriswhizz3050 4 жыл бұрын

In the context of phonological change, you could say that vowels are the flesh of words and consonants the skeleton. Bones are more durable than flesh. In the same way, vowels are more subject to distortion over time than consonants because when making vocalic sounds there is less (in terms of the physical apparatus within the mouth and throat) for them to hang on to. If when comparing words from cognate languages you strip out the vowels, the remaining consonants often betray relationship between these words more easily.

@peterplotts1238 Жыл бұрын

Interesting. In Hebrew, only the consonants, the "bones" are written. The "flesh" of the words are implied.

@F_A_F123 9 ай бұрын

But that doesn't mean you can ignore vowels

@TroyEagan 4 жыл бұрын

This is why I love studying these things. The little glimpses into cultures and people long since gone from the world.

@woden20 4 жыл бұрын

The Blood of these people still flows in your veins.

@michaelflores9220 4 жыл бұрын

It reallyy is awe inspiring.

@faithlesshound5621 4 жыл бұрын

Not completely gone. Europeans may no longer "pour libations" to their gods, but Hindu worship ("aarti") still involves pouring offerings.

@StronglikeLion3 4 жыл бұрын

This is quite interesting from a Swedish-speaking perspective, where the word of God and to pour are in one case quite similar. Gudarna: the gods Gjutarna: those who pour/cast. - a word nowadays most often used while talking about working with liquid metals. In this sense, the gods are the shapers and molders of existence, I suppose.

@MrNeumerker 4 жыл бұрын

StronglikeLion3 Det har jag inte tänkt på, men du kan ha rätt.

@yatoxic1213 4 жыл бұрын

Now that I think about it, gieten in Dutch means "to pour". And yes, the word for god in Dutch is "god".

@RareAvengedSevenfold 4 жыл бұрын

yato boi in German it’s Gott for God and Gießen for pouring which isn’t far from dutch. Taking the past form of Gießen is Goss which is closer to Gott. It’s pretty cool but unsurprising how close the central european languages are, together with scandinavian languages. In writing I can understand a lot of Swedish (had only a few lessons) and Dutch because they share tons of related words.

@genli5603 4 жыл бұрын

Most likely means “those to whom we pour out things.” Not anything like “shaper.” The gods lowercase were often very weak spirits who needed appeasement.

@TheBluverde 4 жыл бұрын

Don't forget that the German term for 'creator' (Schöpfer) literally means 'the one who scoops/ladles'.

@alexbowman7582 4 жыл бұрын

You have a great talent of making what should be very boring actually very interesting. BBC 4 should give you a series.

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you! :) I don't know about that, but I wouldn't complain if they did - KZfaq seems like a good platform for reaching people at the moment, anyway.

@alexbowman7582 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 you should come up with a rough idea and contact them they might go with it.

@dale3404 3 жыл бұрын

If you get a show please let us know. I don’t watch bbc4 in the US.

@trappistpreserves 3 жыл бұрын

BBC1 !

@dudeatx 2 жыл бұрын

brilliant idea! There's a few experts on KZfaq that are as as good, if not better, as some of those on TV.

@pk47831 4 жыл бұрын

As an Indian i was very surprised when i first learnt french numbers. The similarity was just too obvious with our own languages. Later i carefully noted many cognates. Mort -mrutyu dent -daant Donner dena Dieu Dev and many which now don't come to mind. It is so surprising that a country which is so far away has cognates with our language. And of course pater pita mater mata I'm unsure though of Equus vulg cheval ashva me sounds referring to self tu tu for you.

@Ynysmydwr 4 жыл бұрын

Latin equus is cognate with Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), both from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). French cheval is from Late Latin caballus, which in earlier Latin had had the more specific meaning "pack horse" and is of Celtic (Gaulish) origin (see en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caballus#Latin for more on this).

@emiliocarver2061 4 жыл бұрын

My culture doesn’t have much Indian influence but tell me if I’m wrong Chicken is cognate with ‘Tiki’ like tiki masala, Indian food influences my culture though lol. This is less obvious but in corrupting tiki to chiki then to chike you can get prettt close to English

@lewisham 4 жыл бұрын

Pratik K I’m Australian but had the same experience in India and Nepal. There were too many words that were similar for it to be a coincidence. It was so strange to be sitting at the base of the Himalayas and they were speaking a language with the same ancestor as what they speak in England at the other end of the continent.

@gunjfur8633 4 жыл бұрын

@@emiliocarver2061 Modern English chicken came from Old English ċycen, which came from Proto-Germanic *kiukīną (or *kukkīną) Considering that tiki & *kiukīną look nothing alike, I dont think theyre cognates

@pk47831 4 жыл бұрын

@@emiliocarver2061 no. Tiki or tika doesn't mean chicken. The word for chicken is murg.

@PinkGrapefruit22 4 жыл бұрын

Things like this always leave me in awe of the sheer number of human beings whose unwitting efforts preserved these bits of culture, just generation after generation of older people passing on words and ideas to younger people, linking all of us today back to these humans millennia ago.

@michaelflores9220 4 жыл бұрын

Seriously!

@iantaakalla8180 Жыл бұрын

And to think this is from such scant evidence, too!

@RhysMcGoldrick94 4 жыл бұрын

I remember reading about "toast" and "thirst" being connected because they both mean "to dry" Throat is dry so thirst Bread becomes dry so toast!

@sandroselladore3506 2 жыл бұрын

@LordJordanXVII 4 жыл бұрын

I must say I rather enjoy this and hold you in high regard and admiration.

@ikbintom 2 жыл бұрын

I hope I recall this correctly - the word "widow" has cognates in many Indo-European languages such as Russian, Spanish and Sanskrit that all still mean the same as the English word. Since they aren't loanwords but actual cognates, it's evidence that the Proto-Indo-European had marriage of some kind. It's fascinating indeed that the words we speak today reveal aspects of how people lived thousands of years ago.

@kaan2716 4 жыл бұрын

The Proto-Germanic word for God “ɣo.ðɑ” sounds similar to Persian word for God “xoda”

@PackerFanGamer 4 жыл бұрын

Yeah that's the main idea

@mikepoulin3020 4 жыл бұрын

Which is similar to Star War's Yoda....

@andrewlynch4126 4 жыл бұрын

Mike Poulin so baby Yoda is basically baby Jesus

@perguto 4 жыл бұрын

Unfortunately, that's just a similarity by chance: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7#Persian

@unapatton1978 4 жыл бұрын

Scifi borrowed a lot from linguistics: Star Trek's Ferengi is obviously very close to the Persian word for "stranger/ foreigner", but Idk how that is spelled.

@Knappa22 4 жыл бұрын

My favourite comparison is ‘Punjab’ (Punj+ab) which means ‘five rivers’. Direct cognates in Welsh ‘pump afon’ from Brythonic ‘pempe abona’.

@korana6308 2 жыл бұрын

Puna / Polna (not to confuse with just "pol") also in Slavic languages means full. I guess because 5 fingers is a full fist.

@lamarriere 4 жыл бұрын

Also, the Latin “preces effundere” was a common phrase which meant “to pour forth/out prayers” or, generally, “to pray”

@dominikweber4305 2 жыл бұрын

So i would guess that "precious" (of which i know that it has a similar meaning as "preces") is somehow related to the verb "to pray"?

@davidcufc 4 жыл бұрын

An possible interesting cognate is 'promulgate' from Latin promulgare. The 'mulg' element might be a related to milk. So to promulgate or promote an idea might mean to 'milk' it.

@kek2961 4 жыл бұрын

От молоть.mil-ak. Само же "молоко" от гладить, цедить, в целом звукоподражание

@heidikindon5182 4 жыл бұрын

Or even to extract or extend.

@ghut487 4 жыл бұрын

@widhbnw efDwdwDW mleko - PL

@JazzyWaffles 4 жыл бұрын

I feel like you're sitting me down for a serious personal talk.

@Cranndaddy 4 жыл бұрын

my taste in youtube videos changes constantly and we all go through stages but I can honestly say this channel is something so special. I enjoy educational videos but often they overload you with information and , although satisfying to watch, little information stays with you. Every time I watch one of your videos I learn something that stays with me and finds a place in my conscious mind through my free time - you're dealing with a bank of information that was so hard for people to first uncover and explaining it perfectly to layman such as myself. Thanks so much for doing what you do Simon, I think another heartwarming thing about historic linguistics is reiterating how connected our cultures are around the world, language is such a definitive characteristic and it's truly humbling to see how in reality it is a dynamic bank of loose, flowing boundaries rather than the seemingly ex nihilo solid library we often see it as. I'm a Biochemistry student and have always loved history, especially the medieval period - you've really rekindled my interest for it and I must say thank you so much

@Fern635 4 жыл бұрын

I agree with this so much! So many channels have all kinds of interesting content that make me say, "Huh. That's interesting." And then never think of it again. Channels like this one, that allow you to absorb and digest the material, so to speak, are few and far between.

@Divine_R 4 жыл бұрын

I’m also interested in history, but language and linguistics have made me more imaginative about the past than any history book.

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you for watching! I worried the sort of text-and-diagrams format might be a bit much, but it's good to know people are still interested, particularly from other more hard-sciencey fields.

@Asptuber 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 Don't mind the format, because it is nice enough to just listen, and then if I'm more energetic/interested the text-and-diagrams adds something, but aren't absolutely necessary. And I was actually just thinking something along similar lines as William Crann. I don't really know what it is that makes your videos stand out. Maybe that they aren't overproduced, and that they are thoughtful instead of "Hey, isn't this interesting! And this here is even more so! And *this* will blow your mind!". You sort of offer us a suitable morsel and invite us to think about it.

@Deschutron 4 жыл бұрын

Biochemistry is an interesting source of linguistic innovation.

@MurasakiMonogatari 4 жыл бұрын

Pouring as a religious ritual, an offering of some liquid, is frequently referred to in the Torah. In Croatian we call it the poured sacrifice, in which case the word poured actually acquired a noun form and that noun is used exclusively in that context.

@X_Baron 4 жыл бұрын

From Wiktionary: libation; The act of pouring a liquid, most often wine, in sacrifice on the ground, on a ritual object, or on a victim, in honor of some deity.

@CJ-rx5fi 4 жыл бұрын

Yomiko Readman and in Hinduism. Water is poured on certain idols for blessings.

@TheLYagAmi 3 жыл бұрын

The pouring as a religious ritual is still a huge part of hinduism and is also considered as a poured sacrifice.

@celteuskara 2 жыл бұрын

Libation is almost universal.

@BrekoElmoff 4 жыл бұрын

Fun fact: in swedish (which from my understanding also is a germanic language) the word "åker" means field. I had never noticed or even thought about the connection between åker and agri before, so thanks :)

@WilliamFord972 4 жыл бұрын

BrekoElmoff Same in English. I never thought about the potential similarity between “agri-“ and “acre.”

@GiandomenicoDeMola 4 жыл бұрын

I seem to remember that in AltHochDeutsch and in MittelHochDeutsch the word "Ackermann" meant the modern "Bauer".

@hugovangalen 4 жыл бұрын

@@GiandomenicoDeMola In Dutch it's "akker" and we have the same last name "akkerman" which meant the same as the German last name. That word here is eventually replaced to "boer" (probably from "bouwer" which sounds the same as "Bauer").

@GiandomenicoDeMola 4 жыл бұрын

@@hugovangalen that's it, my friend.

@catocall7323 4 жыл бұрын

@@WilliamFord972 agri- in English probably comes from Norman and thus Latin. However, acre stands a good chance of coming from old norse.

@osasunaitor 4 жыл бұрын

Proto Indo-European?? _[Laughs in Basque]_

@TaipeiGeek 4 жыл бұрын

Basks don't laugh.

@chaveraoh 4 жыл бұрын

Polish people do laugh in all the languages they know. Ha ha ha :) Thanks for the reason :D

@sispugaloma9625 4 жыл бұрын

In Serbia as well.When you learn a bit more you're gonna bou to the most hated today...

@chaveraoh 4 жыл бұрын

@@TaipeiGeek The fun part may be that even tho Basks may not laugh it IS possible for osasunaitor to laugh IN Basque :D

@briankelly5828 4 жыл бұрын

There was a fire in a cinema in Bilbao and sadly many died trying to get out one door. The police said you shouldn't put all your Basques in the one exit.

@greenrocket23 4 жыл бұрын

You should write a book someday, I would be really interested in reading about linguistics from your point of view.

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

I'm writing one about the development of Cumbrian at the moment, it's good to know there would be a bit of interest :)

@greenrocket23 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 Chears! And the best of luck to your endeavors Mr.Roper!

@GeorgeSPAMTindle 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 I was rather amused that you consider Cumbrian to be a separate language, although in reality you most likely regard it as a dialect of English. I have worked with many Cumbrians, and some of them are not easy to understand. I remember that the word 'table' was pronounced something like 'chabbel'; I never did work out whether it was due to accent or dialect. I lived in Glasgow for six months many years ago and once I had worked out that the Glaswegian accent frequently just ignores the letters 'B', 'F', 'G', 'L', and 'T', or maybe just acknowledges the letter's presence with the use of an alternative pronunciation, I found that I could understand the locals a lot better. Being asked the question 'are you watching the football tonight?' just left me utterly baffled as to what language they were speaking in when I first moved there, it sounded like 'Are ya Wayne Fooeny?' to my unaccustomed ears.

@kek2961 4 жыл бұрын

@@GeorgeSPAMTindle chabbel = щабель

@GiandomenicoDeMola 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 may I ask where you come from, Simon? Are you from Cumbria?

@klaasdeboer8106 4 жыл бұрын

When I was teaching Dutch to refugees I had a lot of speakers of Persians in my class, first thing was that they picked up Dutch a lot easyer than speakers of nonrelated languages, nd after a while I found out that there were lots of cognates. the word for doughter is nearly identical in both languages.

@andrewhammel5714 Жыл бұрын

The modern Iranian word for "daughter" is virtually identical to that English word, and apparently the modern Dutch word as well. Oddly other Indoeuropean languages in Europe have lost cognant words for 'daughter" like Spanish. The Spanish word is hija. (pronounced "ee-hah").

@motetotee 4 жыл бұрын

I’ve always been very bad at learning languages and even though I’ve taken classes for Latin, Greek, Spanish, and Mandarin I’ve never been able to grasp new languages well or find them terribly interesting. But, this is quickly becoming one of my favorite KZfaq channels. I love how passionate you are about this and how much detail you can give. It’s not something I’ve ever been good at so it’s interesting to watch someone who is so passionate and well informed.

@lucianoosinaga2980 4 жыл бұрын

linguistics isn't the same as learning languages tho, just like a scientist that studies astrophysics doesn't need to go to space, linguists don't need to learn languages (or to be fluent in them) cheers

@altEFG 4 жыл бұрын

Mooooom! Simon is talking about cognates again!

@ant7563 4 жыл бұрын

When a youtube recommendation is actually interesting.

@RobWhittlestone 4 жыл бұрын

Dear Simon - another fascinating episode - this time it was like linguistic archeology. Thank you for the excellent content and the effort you put into the diagrams. I loved the nature scenes at the end. Deeply pleasing. Not knowing the origins of English words, it has long fascinated me how similar the language of everyday farm life is between English and German or Swiss German: I bake bread - ich backe Brot / I feed my cows - ich füttere meine Kühe / swine - Schweine / Horse - Ross (not Pferd!) / sheep - Schafe / I mow grass - ich mähe Gras and so on. One gets the impression that not only were the roots deeply related but the lifestyle continued to be very similar. Even Snottynose - Schnuddernase! (Swiss German) I love that one. And you mentiond Acker - field - related to acre. Try and get hold of "A Mouthful of Air: Language, Languages...Especially English" by Anthony Burgess (author of 'A Clockwork Orange'). I'm pretty sure you'll enjoy it. Link: www.amazon.com/Mouthful-Air-Language-Languages-Especially/dp/0688119352 He shows similarities between Arabic and German, English, French for family members for example. All the best, Rob in Switzerland

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I wish I knew more about P.I.E, it would be fascinating to make a few more videos about. And the German füttern has a direct English cognate in 'fodder,' although it's not used so much outside of dialects and old books nowadays. Thank you for the link as well, I never knew Burgess had written about linguistics.

@dominikweber4305 2 жыл бұрын

I also know the word "schnoddernase" from northern german dialects, like berlin dialect or frisian/plattdütsch, dialects that are more closely related to english than standard german. But the word isn't used in bavaria and south germany in general, nor in austria. So how did it survive in switzerland?

@fs2728 4 жыл бұрын

Instead of "Wasser" it is also called "Water" in northern Germany.

@imppious 4 жыл бұрын

The High German consonant shifts occured in the south of the German speaking world and has spread northward since then. The consonants of the plattdeusch languages of norhern Germany are much closer to Dutch, English and even Scandinavian than Hochdeutsch is.

@kek2961 4 жыл бұрын

Wasser - Hase - Течь Water - Hidro -Gidro - Жидкость - Агрегатное Разные корни

@ukyoize 4 жыл бұрын

@@kek2961 Water - Вода

@ajafta7674 4 жыл бұрын

In Afrikaans southern Africa, we pronounce it almost similar to the root but with a longer ä sound

@kek2961 4 жыл бұрын

@@ukyoize Так же как и A-QUA смысл примерно не твердая. [v/h/g/hw)o[t/d/g/y/j] - жидкая, редкая Агрегатное состояние

@hennobrandsma4755 4 жыл бұрын

West Frisian still “wetter” with audible thrilled r. And fronted a>e. And eker, ikker for “field, acre”. Dutch has non-fronted akker.

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

English and Frisian have a lot of phonological developments in common! I think it would be an extremely easy language for English speakers to learn if there were more resources dedicated to it.

@hennobrandsma4755 4 жыл бұрын

Well, the phonology is quite different (more conservative in many respects) and not as much Scandinavian/Norman French influence would make it harder (it’s close to Dutch in many respects, and grown more so, due to being a minority language within the Netherlands and everybody being bilingual nowadays). But a lot of core vocabulary has remained closer to English’ Germanic core.

@Ynysmydwr 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 Yes, the phonological parallelisms between English and Frisian are very striking -- a classic example is tsiis, the Frisian word for cheese (in contrast to Dutch kaas); tsiis, cheese, and kaas are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic *kāsijaz, a borrowing from Latin cāseus, but only English and Frisian have undergone the changes which make tsiis and cheese sound so similar, and so very different from the Dutch. I'm not so sure, though, that this fact alone would make Frisian "an extremely easy language" for English-speakers to learn, given the language-disruptive effects of Norse and French on English and the grammatical and other influences of Dutch upon Frisian in the period since Old English and Old Frisian were pretty well mutually comprehensible by communities on both sides of the North Sea. For those interested in learning more about Frisian, see kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jteVfdFesqenaIU.html and the comments (and sound samples) to be found at www.languageandlaw.org/FRISIAN/FRISIAN.HTM

@hoathanatos6179 4 жыл бұрын

@@Ynysmydwr In my dialect of German Cheese is Kjees, where the Kj sound is like a Ch sound in English, but Ks followed by fronted vowels always makes the Kj sound in my dialect, like a C in Italian or Romanian would.

@Ynysmydwr 4 жыл бұрын

@@hoathanatos6179 Interesting. Would I be correct in guessing that your dialect is Plautdietsch?

@falstoffe 4 жыл бұрын

2:00 -- Water. The waiter brought vats of water to fill my vessel and vase. I was so much wetter that I waded until I was washed up and my vascular was wasted.

@AlphaChinoz 4 жыл бұрын

One thing that caught my attention is how an animal and the food it eats sort of are opposites in different Germanic languages. In German and Scandinavian languages, squirrel is "Eichorn" and "Ekorn", while the nut (?) they eat is "Acorn" in English.

@kokofan50 4 жыл бұрын

Acorns are nuts.

@user-dm5kv9gz8h 4 жыл бұрын

In Greek we call squirrel Σκίουρος which is exactly the animal described with its physical apearance.

@camelopardalis84 4 жыл бұрын

@@user-dm5kv9gz8h Explain. What does the word actually say?

@user-dm5kv9gz8h 4 жыл бұрын

Marie Lastname el.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Διόσκουροι don’t know the translation to English but you can see the name is due to those heroes of ancient times.Before we describe something we need the actual idea behind it right?If I am correct it’s due to their helmets of been like the tail of squirrel with some fancy hairs or something similar like the helmet of romans commanders.

@user-dm5kv9gz8h 4 жыл бұрын

Marie Lastname also the story or myth or whatever says that those two brothers kastor and polydeukis was hiding inside a tree cause they had robbed some guys.

@pnkcnlng228 3 жыл бұрын

The words Futile and God are cognates Voltaire: *interesting*

@piemaster6512 4 жыл бұрын

I love your videos and the insight they give me as to the way our ancestors used to live, talk, and think. Thank you for the work you put into these and I look forward to many more.

@GeorgeSPAMTindle 4 жыл бұрын

This is the first video of Simon's that I have seen, and I have to say that I am very impressed. You obviously find the subject fascinating and certainly know your subject, thanks for uploading.

@chugggs3516 4 жыл бұрын

My god. I am absolutely loving this video. Have had thoughts about deeper evolution of languages so much recently, and this video is just splendid! Furthermore, there are just so many interesting chains, makes me see the world differently. Thanks Simon.

@ianlopes7485 4 жыл бұрын

thank you for the plants in the end. greetings from brazil celebrating your sensibility

@ClassicalRaritiesChannel 4 жыл бұрын

Yes this is some really fascinating stuff. Please keep it up. As others said this is quickly becoming one of my favourite channels

@rollinwithunclepete824 4 жыл бұрын

I enjoy your videos very much, Simon. Glad to hear you're going to keep them coming!

@thirg424 4 жыл бұрын

Great video and explanation. I've been interested in linguistics ever since I read Charlton Laird's 'The Miracle of Language'. Studying and understanding linguistics is in a way studying and understanding how humans think. Keep up the good work.

@kariscoyne1886 4 жыл бұрын

God, I once got into the most heated argument with a classmate (I think his native language was something Semitic) who could not be convinced that Greek and Latin weren't 'basically the same language'. I mean. I guess he was kind of right, but in a really, really general sense, you feel me?

@DetectiveAndrey 4 жыл бұрын

Wow, wow, wow... now you're really exaggerating. Greece and latin differ lexicaly, morphologically and grammaticaly very much. It's almost like saying french and russian are same languages. While connection is probably there (we never can't say for sure, can't we?) it isn't, by no means, the same! (also latin may have been a made-up standard, like today's Hochdeutch is... back then, they didn't even refer to latin as latin, but as "grammar"... they didn't take latin classes, they took grammar classes)

@kariscoyne1886 4 жыл бұрын

@@DetectiveAndrey Yeah that was my point with my classmate. Like, I guess if you come from a background where your native language isn't even tangentially related to PIE (which he did) I can kind of see the logic, but he was still super wrong.

@DetectiveAndrey 4 жыл бұрын

@@kariscoyne1886 I mean in what kind of sense was he wrong?! It isn't the same, just connected. Especcially if his mothertongue was semitic, then he would feel the similarity even stronger as an 'outsider'...

@kariscoyne1886 4 жыл бұрын

@@DetectiveAndrey dude reread my original comment- he was the one arguing that they were the same

@DetectiveAndrey 4 жыл бұрын

@@kariscoyne1886 ah, sorry, I missread it first.

@IndigoSpades 3 жыл бұрын

Awesome video, including the nature finish. I've been binging your videos lately and they're lovely. I'd love to learn Latin for so many reasons! It's all fascinating! 😄

@vahonenko 2 жыл бұрын

Please make a video about how the words "wheel" and "culture" share the same PIE root (*kʷel-). I was interested whether English "wheel" and Slavic "kolo", "koleso" are cognates (yes, they are), so I looked at their etymology and discovered that they share the same root with Latin "cultura" (culture), "coleo" (to cultivate) and even the Greek πόλος/polos (later borrowed by Latin as "polus"). So, wheel, culture, and pole (like Northern or Southern Pole) share the common PIE root *kʷel-. It's amazing!

@sandroselladore3506 2 жыл бұрын

@tempsperdu9278 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating! I've often thought about how we carry within the deepest folds of our language(s) the germ, the embryo, the "Keim", as Germans would say, of ancient, very ancient, ancestral modes of seeing the world, the earliest Weltanschauungen... Thank you

@strafrag1 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you, Simon. Very interesting indeed. Cheers.

@fenham 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating & entertaining. 'If only' pops into my head everytime I've watched one of your videos although may be it's more a function of being retired and having time to watch & digest info but I wish back in the 70s a careers/uni advisor had said anything about study of languages, archaeology et al. I may have had a very different life. Or not. I may not have ended in Australia and that would have had serious quincequonces for my two kids 😁 Thanks Simon!

@SF-ru3lp 3 жыл бұрын

Am really liking the videos. Brings me back to Linguistics in college but your material is even more interesting. Lovely garden shots. Best regards. G (Ire)

@sofiar8910 4 жыл бұрын

incredible. so god and futile came from the same word. i love it

@_yellow 4 жыл бұрын

I would never have guessed that, etymology is quite interesting

@markkennedy9767 4 жыл бұрын

Great stuff. Linguistics is endlessly fascinating. Reminds me a bit of the study of universal archetypes in dreams. The water/pouring/God insight was worth the video alone.

@formalminds1461 4 жыл бұрын

Just found your channel. It looks incredibly interesting, hope to check out more of your work soon.

@CowmanCowman 4 жыл бұрын

Not sure why this was in my recommended but this is honestly fascinating! Great video

@GrandRunemaster 4 жыл бұрын

Hey Simon, great video. Interesting cognates between Germanic god and Latin futile, It's fascinating how language can change and evolve over time. I'm curious if you have delved into The more ancient IE languages of Tocharian and Hittite/Luwian? If so if there are any interesting cognates with their words comoared to the germanic languages. As a side note, I've had a discussion with someone who claims that the Old Norse word for the moon, Máni, is cognate with a sanskrit word for the Mind. I would very much like your opinion on that subject for clarity. Thanks and keep up the great work!

@watermelonlalala 4 жыл бұрын

I was hoping he was going to say "Luwian" for the original culture.

@islandsunset 4 жыл бұрын

There are multiple Sanskrit words for mind but the one which looks similar to Máni is मनस् (Manas). Maybe they are cognate.

@pk47831 4 жыл бұрын

@@islandsunset i think mann is cognate with latin mens even English word mind

@therat1117 4 жыл бұрын

@@islandsunset Unrelated. Máni is cognate to English 'moon', and modern Hindi मास (mas), so with a root meaning 'moon, month (one moon cycle)'. Also related: Latvian meness, Ancient Greek μείς (mes), Latin mensis, Russian ме́сяц (mesyats). English mind, Latin mens, and Sanskrit मनस् are all related, from PIE stem *men- relating to thought. Note - the reason for the n disappearing in Sanskrit to Hindi in मास was that the original n was a zero-grade next to a laryngeal, and this tends to cause the laryngeal to absorb the zero-grade n in Indo-Iranian words. Greek and Slavic did similar things later, but for different reasons (Greek converts ns -> s, Slavic put a k next to the n and then sound changed nk -> ts). *men - derived words had no laryngeal.

@therat1117 4 жыл бұрын

The three Tocharian languages aren't ancient, they're attested from the 4th to 9th Century CE, roughly, making them contemporary of Classical Armenian, Koine Greek, Vulgar Latin, Gothic/Early Old Norse, Old Welsh/Old Irish, and Late Proto-Slavic/Early Old Church Slavonic. They're about as sound-change developed as Koine by the point we find them attested. Hittite is from the 2nd millenium BCE though, so it is extremely old for an attested Indo-European language. As for interesting Hittite to Germanic cognates, uhhh, the word for 'grass' is from the same root? Sorry, most cognates are actually pretty mundane.

@yonidellarocha9714 4 жыл бұрын

The spanish word for droplet is 'gota', while the verb to drip is 'gotear'. And the word for futile is 'futíl' with the 'u' pronounced as in put and the emphasis in the 'i' like the word 'until', which sounds similar to 'gotear' in an abstract way.

@mdkooter 4 жыл бұрын

I speak spanish and I must say that I cannot find any similarity in expression between gotear and futil honestly. Even if it would be so, gotear is just a way of transforming gota like you can do with any word - mear, for example.

@kranzonguam 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you for this, and all your videos!

@omicroneridani7456 3 жыл бұрын

Delving so deep in linguistical and phonologic soil is tremendously interesting, to me. Great channel, by all means.

@lilmane1070 4 жыл бұрын

Excellent video, but I found it weird that you didn’t include any of the Iranian languages under “Indo-Iranian”, like Persian, but Sanskrit (ancient/out of common use) was listed On that note, just as a fun fact, the Persian word for god is “khoda” /xo’dā:/ - I was surprised to hear how similar it was to the proto-Germanic

@AccidentalNinja 4 жыл бұрын

The poured, the offered, the invoked.

@herrfister1477 4 жыл бұрын

I enjoyed this tremendously, thank you!

@dickcavanaugh 4 жыл бұрын

Thanks Simon. It's elegant the way you end this video with clips of the objects in nature that inspire language.

@erink476 4 жыл бұрын

oh, is that what he was doing. I was just like, "he finished talking and now there are plants? Why?"

@dickcavanaugh 4 жыл бұрын

@@erink476 who knows! but it looks nice to me.

@autarchprinceps 4 жыл бұрын

Pouring a little of your drink on the ground for the gods was a common feature in ancient greek societies, probably many other. A small sacrifice like the sanskrit word. I wonder, since this happend before you got to drink of course, maybe it is related to praying before a meal.

@toboulore 4 жыл бұрын

Amazing!!! agros is the same in greek -> αγρος. So the greek word for "farmer" is "αγρο-της". Also αγρ-ιος (masculine) which means fierce/wild /untamed. PS : I really enjoy your videos Simon

@alicemi4155 4 жыл бұрын

And άγρα (agra) means intensive search or hunting because, I suppose, hunting also took place in the fields.

@ephemeranna 4 жыл бұрын

Totally off topic, but you do have the most mesmerizing eyes. Fascinating video as always, Simon.

@connoroleary591 4 жыл бұрын

Always very interesting Simon.

@Olorin486 4 жыл бұрын

"Pour" with religious connotations is a recurring trend- Christ means "anointed one" after all.

@harsimaja9517 4 жыл бұрын

Many Indo-European religions had libations. (Judaism and Christianity not being among them of course)

@harsimaja9517 4 жыл бұрын

The Greek word ‘Christ’ however *is* cognate through PIE to another spicy word, in fact two: grime, and grisly.

@StoufSto 4 жыл бұрын

@@harsimaja9517 yeah but baptism involves pouring? Christ is know a little bit for that?

@irgendwer3610 3 жыл бұрын

@@StoufSto that was way before any indo-european people converted to christianity

@StoufSto 3 жыл бұрын

@@irgendwer3610 I'm replying specifically to the idea that Har Simaja put forth : (Judaism and Christianity not being among them of course) Your point makes no sense in that context.

@nerysghemor5781 4 жыл бұрын

Given that the Greeks performed libations, and I believe some other ancient societies in Eurasia as well, that makes sense that pouring was considered a religious act, probably by several societies originating from the first PIE speakers.

@takekammuri 4 жыл бұрын

Props for your interest in the great science of historical linguistics. Two small things to help you along: 'Kurgan' is pronounced with a voiced velar plosive, not an affricate, as it's a Russian loan. 'Chalcolithic' then again is pronounced with an initial voiceless velar plosive (again, not an affricate), because it's a loan from Greek, where the word khalkos ("copper") started with a chi, i.e. a voiceless velar fricative today or a voiceless velar aspirated plosive in the olden days. Keep the videos coming. Love your content on old British languages.

@niriccococo5540 2 жыл бұрын

This content is really interesting, greetings from Kazakhstan :)

@awhig2474 4 жыл бұрын

When a small child just gaining consciousness about relationships my world was my immediate family - - > my father, my mother, my brother my sister. Then I knew my cousins and I were a family due to common grandparents etc. Then I realised I could relate to all Kashmiris and Punjabis as mine own (I am from a Kashmiri Punjabi mix Hindu family) Then I could see the whole India was my one big family. And lo behold! Now my family through common ancestors spans from England, France, Italy, Germany to Russia Ukraine , to Iran, to even Australia, New Zealand and US-of-A. (sorry for missing out and not writing all) Language helped me uncover my vast vast family. Thank you ancestors. Thank you Sanskrit

@jasondickson8712 4 жыл бұрын

Interesting also that close relative words 'father, mother, brother' are so stable among the IE family. Other fundamental words - numbers, body parts, common animals, colours etc - are also the slowest to change because we learn them so young and we don't change their meaning because they are so valuable. This is what the concept of the Swadesh List is about - you can get a very good feel for the relatedness of languages - and of the systemic changes between of the type Simon describes - from comparing the 207 words of the Swadesh list between languages.

@athulfgeirsson 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating, I love finding out two seemingly unrelated words are cognates

@JoseCanusi 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating video. I would be very interested in seeing further examples if you choose to do a "part 2"

@prodiddler 4 жыл бұрын

I recently found your channel, and I'm quite impressed! Please keep making content! QUICK NOTE! Your first scene, although dramatic in lighting, ended up as a bit washed out. Just a small detail, and the whole video was great!

@lucieni 4 жыл бұрын

I’d love you to look into old west norse vs English. I hear pronunciations in Welsh and Irish for instance that correlate with Icelandic and I notice that even though English is very different there seem to be similarities maybe via the Faroe Islands?

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

Modern Icelandic's pronunciation has changed an enormous amount over the last 800-1000 years in terms of vowels and (to a lesser extent) consonants, so a lot of similarities might just be coincidence (for example, pronouncing without voicing in Welsh and Icelandic). However, you would expect at least a little bit of Scandinavian vocabulary to have persisted in some Irish dialects.

@lucieni 4 жыл бұрын

Simon Roper I would love to see a video on your view of Icelandic language, it’s such a beautiful song to hear... I would love to learn it but it’s complicated due to all the rules and then the many exceptions to those rules!

@tymmiara5967 4 жыл бұрын

Ghutós rings a bell. When I was learning Modern Indo-European, one of the first sentences I was dealing with was "I'm doing sacred libations" = "Sakrá dhidhēmi ghutá" and "These druids are making a sacred libation" = "Drúwides toi sakróm dhedhn̥ti ghutóm". But I never knew it was the root of English "God".

@superstructure23 4 жыл бұрын

What is 'Modern' Indo-european if I may ask?

@tymmiara5967 4 жыл бұрын

@@superstructure23 The motto of the project of Modern Indo-European is the following: "Promoting North-West Indo-European as a modern language, with continuous reference to the parent Late Proto-Indo-European language." So it is a project of a few academics who want to make North-West dialect of Late PIE accessible to non-academic enthusiasts by creating resources for them in the form of texts, videos, manuals, self-learning guidebooks. In a sense, they are bridging the huge gap between the academic side of reconstructing PIE and the modern methods of language learning. Have a look at academiaprisca.org

@michaelflores9220 4 жыл бұрын

What's the second example? Welsh?

@tymmiara5967 4 жыл бұрын

@@michaelflores9220 Both examples I've given are MIE (NWIE) and their English translations.

@michaelflores9220 4 жыл бұрын

@@tymmiara5967 What is MIE

@harrietlyall1991 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating! Thank you so much for this, I look forward to more such expositions. I took languages at school and university and recently spent four years studying biblical languages at theological seminary. I first got interested in linguistic archaeology when I read “History in English Words” by Owen Barfield, a very readable introduction to this subject.

@MariaSolovyova2023 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot for what you do!

@altf4218 4 жыл бұрын

Now this is interesting! You are an incredible linguist Baldrick.

@joshadams8761 4 жыл бұрын

Your zeitgeist-influenced weltanschauung causes me to experience schadenfreude.

@michaelflores9220 4 жыл бұрын

hehe

@sogghartha 3 жыл бұрын

I could just listen for hours to nothing but these explanations of words that go from PIE roots to words in other languages. it's just so fascinating

@Hawaiian_Shirt_guy 4 жыл бұрын

I really enjoyed this. What a nice video.

@heidikindon5182 4 жыл бұрын

When you say that you know the pit grave culture only dealt with one type of metal because they had only one word for it, how do you reconcile that lack of words with the fact that *we* have only been able to reconstruct a handful of their words? Did they truly only have one generic word meaning ‘metal’ or have we merely been unable, to date, to uncover them?

@marisa7976 4 жыл бұрын

God, I love shit like this. I appreciate coming home and being able to watch this after a long day of studying and working with subjects I tbh have absolutely no passion for.. lol I hope he doesn't qu*t

@lw4423 4 жыл бұрын

Do you actually look like Zoe Kazan?

@fael2file782 4 жыл бұрын

If you like Indo-European language family then you should type Indo-European in Wikipedia that will enlight you with more interest.

@marisa7976 4 жыл бұрын

@@lw4423 Hey ur the second person that's told me that haha

@beerfishtv 4 жыл бұрын

Another fascinating video, thank you. I, too, enjoyed the diagrams, like the others who've commented on it.

@gigo20 4 жыл бұрын

This is fascinating. Looking forward to more.

@redpillsatori3020 4 жыл бұрын

Funny, because "pour" in German is "Gießen" (giessen) and the double "s" (scharfes S) is a consonant shift from the letter "t" so you can see just how closely related God, Gott, Gieten, guthan, gheu-, and even the Greek "khein" for "pour" all are and have a common ancestry

@stimpyfeelinit 4 жыл бұрын

The to-pour thing reminds me of shiva and the big fountain on top of his head. Google 'shiva head fountain' or something. It symbolises giver of knowledge/grace.

@29trent 4 жыл бұрын

If the people who spoke P.I.E. had a word for 'axel' (text from 8:58), they must've practiced ice skating. ;-) Great video!

@JayNewberyy 4 жыл бұрын

I could easily watch an hour of you exampling different cognates and showing how they stem from PIE

@gbeziuk 4 жыл бұрын

How about looking for a relation between "buddha" (the awakened one), modern Russian "будить" ("budit'", to wake someone up) and these "ghew-ghutos-ghuda...god" words? BTW, "god" in Russian is "бог" ("bog"), is considered to be related to Sanskrit "bhagas" (the one that gives), and also to "богат(ый)" ("bogat(y)") - the rich one (usually adjective). Maybe "the one who gives" has blended with "the one who pours / fills the (ritual / metaphorical / sacrificial) cup"?

@blahblah24681357 4 жыл бұрын

in spanish, “dios” means god. “dar” means to give, but when conjugated to mean “he gave,” it turns into “dió.” “god gave” = “dios dió”

@georgelastrapes9259 4 жыл бұрын

I read once that 'Bog' is from the Persian. Wouldn't swear to it, though.

@RoderickVI 4 жыл бұрын

@@blahblah24681357 There is no relation between those words. Spanish dar comes from latin Donar, like in Catalan, preserved as Donar; it has no connection to Dios, which comes from the genitive form of Jupiter. Jupiter is "Ius Pater" and this from old Italic "Dious Pater", in Greek, the Genitive form of Zeus is Dios, and in Old High German "Tyr" is written Ziu. These all stem from the Pre-IE word for the sky. Dios Pater (Greek) or Dious Pater (Latin), and by extension Zeus and Iouis (Jowis) mean Sky, or the Sky father.

@hakanstorsater5090 3 жыл бұрын

@@RoderickVI Latin "dare" is the original form, "donare" is some kind of back-formation from the noun "donum".

@korana6308 2 жыл бұрын

@@RoderickVI Why are you so sure of how and where those words came to be? Why do you always ignore Slavic languages? What if it was the other way around. And those words are related with each other but came from proto slavic. Why can't that be?

@aidanharrison3888 4 жыл бұрын

I must be imagining the but could G'ew be the source of the word ewer , a large jug ?

@fernandobanda5734 3 жыл бұрын

Not at all. "ewer" comes from the French descendant of aquarium.

@darraghmol9157 4 жыл бұрын

I'd love to see more PIE cognate videos. This is so interesting.

@dowrow6898 4 жыл бұрын

I love this. MORE OF IT PLEASE!

@imokin86 4 жыл бұрын

This is really well made, thanks! A nitpick: the word Kurgan is pronounced with a hard G. As for pouring as a ritual, we have evidence of libation in classical Antiquity, as well as proto-German and proto-Norse runic inscriptions with just one word 'alu', most likely meaning ale, a ceremonial drink.

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you, I was going to chuck in a disclaimer that I'd never actually heard 'Kurgan' pronounced! I'll bear that in mind :) And I'm not that familiar with classical religious practice, but that doesn't surprise me! Pouring seems to have significance in a lot of world religions, Indo-European or otherwise.

@GrandRunemaster 4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 Hey Simon, are you planning on releasing a part 2 of your "Interview in Old English" video?

@simonroper9218 4 жыл бұрын

@@GrandRunemaster I am, hopefully with a slightly higher production value! It should be out in early January

@GiandomenicoDeMola 4 жыл бұрын

See as an example the Latin "ALI-mentum" (food, nourishment), and "ALU-mnus" (pupil, i.e. who is nourished with knowledge).

@imokin86 4 жыл бұрын

@@GiandomenicoDeMola that's right, the Germanic root is related to the Italic one.

@YuryPanikov 4 жыл бұрын

You have an error in Devanagari script at 6:25 - the "i" letter is turned in a way when it precede consonant, so it should be before "t"

@Rsharlan3 4 жыл бұрын

The short i was my bane trying to learn Sanskrit (besides trying to memorize sandhi rules). I'd ALWAYS forget to write it before its consonant, and have to erase or squeeze it in.

@islandsunset 4 жыл бұрын

Is it? जुहोर्ता I read this. The diatric which you think is wrong isn't a diatric. It's a half r sound. र् like the word "work" is written as कार्य

@YuryPanikov 4 жыл бұрын

if you will look at the transcription below the ending is "ti" but not "rta", and there is still a visual difference between र्ता and त ि

@islandsunset 4 жыл бұрын

@@YuryPanikov initially I thought so but that might be a keyboard problem. I tried to search the world online but couldn't find it. But the transcript does verify that there is a mistake.

@folyglot7806 3 жыл бұрын

You're tone is so erudite, you almost snuck past me with that "here's a spicy one for you" @5:00. ALMOST.

@thephilosopherofculture4559 4 жыл бұрын

Fantastic, thanks. Halfway, I just had to make this remark. I am Dutch and speak and write English, German and French. Did Latin and Greek, although I largely forgot my Greek. Your derivation of the word 'god' from meanings like 'a jar' and 'to pour' and 'leaking', struck me for it also reveals the Germanic and Dutch words for gutter and to pour (a fluid): gutter

@watermelonlalala 4 жыл бұрын

I was wondering if the original meaning might have been pouring rain and/or pouring rivers (living waters) not just pouring out a libation or pouring a drink.

@computerager 4 жыл бұрын

In Afrikaans, 'loodgieter' is the word for plumber. It literally means a lead-pourer (or caster) I suppose. Plumber comes from the Latin word for lead, of course.

@computerager 4 жыл бұрын

The French word 'goutte' (meaning 'drop', as in a drop of water) may have the same origin. See en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goutte#Etymology_2 and en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gutta#Latin.