As a retired analog microchip designer with 35 years of experience, I have a good practical knowledge of capacitor characteristics. Caps have three basic electrical characteristics: capacitance, equivalent series resistance, and equivalent series inductance. Depending on the circuit in which the cap is used, one or more of these might be completely negligible. Film caps have much lower series resistance than electrolytics, but most of the series inductance is in the leads, so there is not much difference between the two types. In audio circuits, resistance and inductance are almost always negligible because the frequency of operation is so low. At audio frequencies, series inductance is practically zero. Series resistance along with the capacitance results in a tiny phase shift of the audio signal, but it's not at all clear that such tiny phase shifts are audible. Rather than providing an explanation, Paul, all you've done is *declare* that film capacitors sound better than electrolytics. To provide an explanation, you would have to deal with the capacitor characteristics I described above, by *showing* how an audio signal is altered in a way noticeable to the human ear. For example, tube amplifiers sound different from transistor amplifiers because tube characteristics are different from transistor characteristics. Almost all audio amplifiers provide gain by using a feedback circuit to control distortion. Tube amplifiers have inherently much lower gain than most decent transistor amplifiers, and end up having much higher distortion, mostly in the odd harmonics, than transistor amps. It's that distortion that is actually pleasing to the ear, and for poorly known biological reasons, "sounds better" than an undistorted signal. That's the sort of explanation you would need in order to explain why "film capacitors sound better than electrolytic capacitors. To be thorough, you'd have to provide a representative circuit schematic of some amplifier and explain exactly why using one type of capacitor in one location produces an audio signal that "sounds better" than if using another type. Also keep in mind that electrolytics are not used very much in audio circuits (except perhaps very low frequency bass circuits), but almost exclusively in power supply circuits.

This video doesn't address the question posed in the title.

I'm still really curious about the answer.

That didn't answer the question. At all.

I wasn't looking for information about capacitors in an audio-specific set up, but I found myself watching the whole video anyway. Nicely done!

My background is psychology, so I really appreciate these informal, but informative monologues. Thanks to my fellow listeners for their clarifying commentary, I.e. distinguishing the powers of micro and milli.

the shortest answer to the title is ESR and tolerances. Two years back I visited a web page that went in depth talking about tone caps, there were even audio samples. You can have two capacitors of different types with the same exact Farad and voltage and the tonal differences are due to differences in tolerance and equivalent series resistance.

The letter author explicitly asked "if they have the same specs (i.e. capacitance!), what is technically different and how does it translate to audio?" You then proceeded to suggest the poor audio quality is due to using the wrong size capacitor (using a 4000 mfd electrolytic vs. 0.01 mfd film cap). Total nonsense answer.

I feel like the question posed at the beginning was never fully answered. The writer asked if swapping a cheap cap with the same specs as a fancy dancy $$ cap had any audio differences.

In short: some caps have more electrical resistance and unwanted inductance than others which could emphasize certain frequencies and diminish others and cause phase shifts. Electrolytic caps have relatively high internal resistance because the electricity passes not only thru metal but also thru this paste with water and salts, which doesn't conduct perfectly. The chemical reactions inside can also create tiny tiny gas bubbles which when created and vanish create variations in capacitance and resistance that manifest as noise. Because of their build with rolled up foil, they tend to have more inductance also which makes them better suited for low frequencies like filtering the 50/60 Hz out of line voltage. Now if these things are built with great care, these effects are smaller than with cheaper ones. Still, generally one would put a non-electrolytic cap in parallel to short any radio frequency interference.

A Micro Farad is one millionth of a Farad. Sorry I couldn't help myself. Thanks for all the great info. Love the vids!

Very informative and timely to me since I'm upgrading some vintage speakers. Replacing all the old electrolytics with polypropylene ones, perhaps Mundorf oil based ones. Great video. Thanks!

What else to say, THANK YOU so much for this video, regards Mr. Paul.

It is amazing how much I learn with your videos, as a former Electronic Engineer who abandon the career for computer science, I have the basic knowledge but I love how easy you explain all these complicated topics. Thank you so much.

I do agree with Paul on his views of capacitors. From some of the comments I read, he may not have explained it to a deep enough level. He did not talk about dissipation factor of the dielectric. Capacitors are not perfectly efficient devices, electrolytic capacitors will tend to hold a small charge even after being shorted out. Electrolytics have a ripple current rating, series impedance etc. I personally like using film capacitors whenever space allows, because they sound better than electrolytic caps. I have not tried the super expensive audiophile film caps to see if they are substantially better than the run of the mill film caps.

Personally, I feel the “What is a capacitor?” could have been explained more clearly. At it’s fundamental level, a capacitor is an analogue electronic component capable of storing and releasing an electrical charge. The rate at which it can store and release that charge is determined by its characteristics. Some graphics would also helpful. I graduated from university in Electronics and Communications Engineering. Power supplies and audio circuits were a big part of my course. For people who don’t know what a capacitor is, the video isn’t helpful.

Thanks for answering my question Paul! I always look forward to your video at the end of my day.

Absolutely brilliant explanation Paul! Thank you for all your efforts.

Good job, you completely failed to answer the question.

After watching, I still don't know why capacitors sound different.

Thanks again for another informative, educational and simply put explanation in layman’s terms. Your a great teacher.

This is not a description of a capacitor. You need to learn basic electricity theory.

Sometimes “I don’t know” is the correct answer and making stuff up just confused the hell out of every one

As much as he gives info out in these videos, I bet Paul is learning from our comments as well sometimes. Anyway I appreciate the daily videos from an "old head" in the audio gear biz.

I am really enjoying these videos! Thanks

1:06 erm... a capacitor will not pass battery voltage... really? / i don't think that's a great description...

I had heard of running different quality caps in series like that to get better quality sound, but didn't know the why's and wherefore's. Thanks for the explanation!

"It's got what amps crave. It's got electrolytes"

Still does not explain why two equal capacitors have different sound (if any). The only argument here is that the more expensive ones must sound better!

Finally! I have been searching for this exact info for a long time, and you nailed it. Explaining it only the way someone with such technical knowledge combined with a down to earth radio personality can do, a rare gift indeed. Thank you Paul and keep it coming.

Great video! Thank you for teaching us.

This is the best explanation yet, that I've heard on how this works... Thank you for that Sir

I found some $20K/mF caps you should use. They are perfect because they cost more. I guarantee it.

Paul, thank you for teaching all those cool stuffs freely and for not making it a secret (like the paralel capacitor trick). byebye be well and thank you for your generosity have a very good day Paul.

Summary: "capacitor is _any_ two conductors that are insulated from one another...dot!" and the various electrical properties associated with the capacitor depend on myriad of physical factors. Like the surface area of the conductors, insulating material, distance between conductors etc. etc. etc... And these cause myriad of effects that an ideal capacitor seen in circuit analysis doesn't have such as polarity, unwanted series resistances, inductances... susceptibility for DC-bias etc. etc. and all of these effects can and probably will distort the signal that's passing trough the capacitor if it's in series with the signal. That's why we have gazillions of different kinds of capacitor technologies and they all have their places and prices. But all in all it matters only if one can measure (or if you're an audiopho-- audiophile, hear) the difference.

That was spitting gold, right there, at the end. I must say... thank you, for that idea! ! ! Wow! ! ! 😳

What - no praises for the subjectively excellent sound quality of Rubycon Black Gate capacitors?

I wish I could have had this lesson 30 years ago. Great information presented well.

Wow thats was amazing, thanks for your experience Mr. Paul! I hope you are fine in this Corona situation! best whishes

I will answer, more expensive capacitors usually have a lower series resistance(ESR), large capacitance values(in thousands of uF) are usually electrolytic, these however have poor leakage, so better designs use low leakage types such as polypropylene-however they are physically large and expensive. There are also other factors that determine capacitor quality aligned to the application it is used in too, but in a nutshell ESR is arguably the most important in general in audio. Paul is right about putting a film capacitor in parallel with an electrolytic to lower ESR, however that does not prevent leakage, so a high end design should try to avoid electrolytics. Although if the design is using a linear power supply you really cannot avoid using them on the smoothing section; replacing them with film would be very expensive and you would end up with a box full of capacitors to make up the 100,000uF or whatever you wanted to smooth the DC with. Also note that the better capacitor manufacturers have better noise immunity by better plate design, using higher quality electrolites, and also lower ESR lowers thermal noise. Now why do they sound better?..well thats hard to answer as capacitors are used in many different apps in an electrical circuit; dc blocking, smoothing, filters and so on. So refer to my first paragraph to cover all apps.

THE REASON IS, ESR OF CAPACITORS - See the explanation given below if needed. 1. Capacitors are meant to block DC and to pass AC. 2. If the frequency of a signal (or current) is Zero Hertz (the unit of frequency) - it is DC. And if the frequency is One or more Hertz, then it is AC. 3. We use capacitors with suitable values to block or pass the some frequencies - Higher capacitance values can pass low-freq signals and vice-versa. 4. The electrical audio signals are AC, varies somewhere between 20Hz to 20,000Hz - Here, the lower frequency signals are supposed to be handled by the Woofers/Sub-Woofers and the higher frequency signals are by Tweeters and the mid frequencies are by Mid-Range speakers. We must pass only the intended frequency range to the respective speaker type, otherwise, it may sound strange. 5. The mentioned "different sound quality" is mostly observed on the low frequency ranges - here reveals the actual problem. 6. All capacitors do have ESR (equivalent series resistance - it is an AC resistance, it decreases with increase in frequency) and this parameter will offer some sort of blocking to the lower frequency signals which pass through it. 7. Since the low frequencies needs much current to be reproduced effectively, the current limiting by ESR will be a villain (bass may not be as deep as expected, with lack of expected current) 8. Also, in crossover networks, we use capacitors to bypass the unwanted frequencies to ground and to pass only the wanted frequencies to output, but, with this ESR, those will not be passed/bypassed effectively, and the speakers which are connected to the output will sound different. 9. Polypropylene capacitors (the small yellow one shown in the video) are at-least 10 times better than electrolytic caps in terms of ESR and hence those are called "audio-grade". (Any caps with lower ESR can be audio-grade in fact)

Best explanation of what capacitors do I’ve heard!

Brilliant! Thanks Paul.

Not just cheaper parts, but different TYPES of capacitors are made for different functions. Use a capacitor in the wrong application and you can introduce massive amounts of distortion, even among the same QUALITY caps. Cannot simply substitute one for another.

I have a 7 band graphic eq that I'd like to change the lower frequencies. Is it possible to change the capacitors in certain frequencies to get your desired effect? For an example, if I want to change my lowest frequency of 100 hz to 50 hz and the second frequency is 125 I'd like to change to 80 or 85 hz. Also, how do I determine the slope at which the frequencies roll off? Thanks for any help you can offer.

Which capcitor will good for audio coupling 1 stage to other stage 10uf or 22uf

i love working on speakers. interesting video. one question how do we calculate how much microfarad would be right for with the speaker. suppose we have 4 Ohm tweeter and 8omh woofer. also what all products are required for a cross over and how do we calculate those products value?

BEAUTIFULLY explained to such a novice, as myself, in electronics! Now it makes sense. Thanks! I love your channel.

if I'm using one 6.5 inch subwoofer rater at 200 watts RMS. plus one 5 inch woofer midrange rated at 100 watts RMS. and the tweeter already has an electrolytic capacitor of 47U 100V. which capacitor do I need to limit the subwoofer? and which capacitor would be proper for the woofer-midrange? and should I replace the electrolytic capacitor that came with the tweeter? BTW. which assortment kit of film caps do you recommend for home audio? thanks

Great work. Very knowledgeable.

the capacitor symbol is theoretic, fictitious , but essential to understanding the electrical behavior of an ideal capacitor . A real, physical capacitor has parasitic elements such as ESR and inductance that change the behavior of a real capacitor when compared to its theoretic behavior. A real capacitor becomes a resonant circuit at some high frequency due to the parasitic inductance. A 100uf electrolytic will resonate with its parasitic inductance at 10khz. In order to maintain the effects of 100uf at frequency above 10khz it is necessary to add a mylar capacitor of say 0.1 uf in parallel which will effectively bypass the 100uf at frequencies above 1khz. m.shen

Paul McGowan: always interesting. From the title I thought the question had to do with brand and not merely types of capacitors.

what uf do you use for low freq (to allow High freq), high freq (to allow low freq)?

So which one would I use if I wanted my crossovers in my Kappa7 s redone?

at last someone telling me about the crossover and bas mid and tweeter. 3:55 into the video. I am fixing my old Magnepan MG II speakers and looking for capacitor info. thank you for all the nice videos you upload . Jan From Sweden.

Excellent video but I don't think you answered his question, wasn't he asking given the same capacitance as well as all the other parameters like ESR how come film capacitors sound better than electrolytic capacitors ?

The thing that’ll REALLY make your head itch is the fact that the energy doesn’t actually flow through the wire. 🤔Thanx for explaining crossover caps. Never had to use any in a guitar amp so I wasn’t sure what they were doing in some cabs.

Capacitors can introduce audio distortion through variations of ESR or capacitance with the instantaneous voltage and current across the capacitor. Consider a high-value ceramic capacitor in a basic 1000hz high pass filter. A 100hz signal will be greatly reduced, but the capacitor value will vary up and down due to the 100hz voltage across the cap. This will introduce 100hz modulation on higher signals, strongest 100-2khz. An X7R ceramic cap's capacitance can fall 50% at it's rated DC voltage vs 0VDC. ESR of an electrolytic capacitor is far from an ideal resistor. It is after all passing a signal through a chemical bath (electrolyte). Lots of opportunity for diode-like effects. Dielectric absorption has been suggested as a factor, but it generally occurs on a time scale of seconds or longer, outside the audio band.

Thinking about trying this in a pioneer sx-450. Do you have any suggestions?

Thank you, Paul!

Electronics for preschoolers. "Now kiddies, this thing has two legs and it's round! ......"

Can I Change the capacitors of an small amplifire to make it a bit more powerful ??? Please tell me!!!

Capacitors will pass alternating current above a particular frequency, and block direct current. A capacitor essentially stores a static charge that the alternating current signal alternately charges and discharges. This is how is passes on alternating current - because the stored charge on one side of the capacitor creates an exact opposite charge on the other side of the capacitor. The amount of charge (in volts) that can be stored dictates the amount of alternating current that can flow. Capacitors and inductors in combination form what is called a resonant circuit. Resonant circuits form the basis for all tone controls and all analog signal filters of any sort. The different types of capacitors - made from different physical materials - have different properties. Among those properties is also a degree of inductance. And the different types of capacitor have different amounts of inductance. Interestingly, inductors also have a degree of capacitance. The trick is to combine inductors and capacitors in such a way that you get the right amount of capacitance and the right amount of inductance in resonant circuit for what you need. An inductor is similar to a resistor, but is frequency dependent. A resistor inhibits the flow of direct current, and an inductor inhibits the flow of alternating current above a given frequency. Thus, a capacitor filters out low frequencies, and an inductor filters out frequencies above a particular point, and what you get is a band of frequencies that the resonant circuit will pass. Some inductors are just resistors working with an AC signal, and other inductors are coils of wire. Transformers have an inductance and a capacitance rating.

So they are better because they cost more? I missed the question answer? Edit, found in comments. Great explanation of what caps basically do for a beginner like myself. Thanks for sharing your knowledge from audio design and manufacture experience. It's one of those, 'Well, if anyone knows...' moments for me.

No mention of dielectric absorption? Look on the web for articles back in the day by Walt Jung and Richard Marsh. They did some very interesting work on why different caps sound different back in the 1980's.

Are the small film capacitors for tone, polarity sensitive, or can they be installed without worrying about polarity. I have some for my guitar amp, and they don't seem to have any polarity markings on them.

Hello Paul, what brand of capacitors do you use in ps audio equipment ?

Paul, I enjoyed this. It's not easy trying explaining capacitive reactance (Xc) to the average guy. It generally takes a semester to do that at University, but you did a good job in 9 minutes.

You are such a nice guy! I wish everyone I meet in my daily life is like you 😂 Wish my manager is like you!! Haha.. God bless ya! And thanks for the info!!

Hi a few years ago I came across your power plant In a electronic scarp yard and took it home works perfect made my vintage audio setup sound so much better I found it with the remote and one rack mount side is there any way I can buy the other miss rack mount for it if so please let me know thanks again

How do you predict where better caps will improve your sound quality? Thanks

When I was a teenager, in 1981, a guy working for the Electronics magasine Radio & Television did a blind test on a bunch of audiophiles. He put some capacitors considered "bad" along with a few low slew rate 741 op-amps (and some other "bad" stuff) in series with "high end" audio equipment at "line level". Swithed them in and out several times. None of the blind folded "golden ears" could determine when the 741 or the "bad" capacitors were included in the signal chain or not. Since then, I lost interest in this expensive quasi religion and started concentrating fully on the music itself. That said: There are also audible differences, of course! Speakers sound very different, for instance. So did cassette recorders. Varying damping factors in power stages driving bass speakers are indeed noticeable. Some recordings from the 1970s have terrible distorsion in the treble, and so on. (Possibly that famous "TIM", transient/dynamic intermodulation due to too hard feedback on too many or slow amplifying stages.)

Paul another highly engaging video, I can't beleave some people give you a Thumbs Down, these people have no idea, keep the good work up👍

Great video, thx a lot. I have 2 questions. I checked some speakers with just a capacitor as crossover for the tweeter and they all have different capacitor values between 1.5-4.7 µF. Is this because the manufacturer wants different sound or the tweeters are different or the amplifier is different ? How do I choose the right capacitor for a tweeter ?

what he was driving and did not clearly define was that the electrolytic is less efficient in passing audio signals but better at storing a large charge. Audio passed through an electrolytic gets cloudy or dark in the upper frequencies as the bulky materials take longer to charge and discharge and don't track the high frequencies as well. The small signal cap with its thin plastic insulator and super thin foil layer reacts more smoothly and efficiently at high frequencies. Otherwise an excellent presentation. think of it this way you might wear size 10 shoes, but a construction boot and a running shoe will behave differently in walking and running dynamics even though they would both fit you. The smaller lighter materials respond to ac changes faster and with truer fidelity.

Paul,We've been using Sprague electrolytics in Fender guitar amps for years now.The prices have been going way up.Starting to use JJ caps.Half the price. Illinois Capacitors are the budget ones but look cheap.Orange Drops have been used widely for coupling caps.I've started using the 150s.They sound a little smo6other to my ear.What do old filters sound like?I tell people old caps are like looking through an out of focus camera and new filter caps are like dialing the focus on.Have you ever messed with a Fender tweed Bassman? How about an Ampeg SVT?The SVT has six 6550 power tubes,700 volts on the plates and 300 watts of humping bass tone.O.K.What's a good guitar tone ?Listen to AllmanBrothers Band,Eat A Peach,Mountain Jam.Duane Allman does a guitar solo towards the end, after the drum and bass solo.It'a a one four chord progression,kinda gospel sounding.A 50's sunburst Les Paul through a 50 watt Marshall amp with one or two Marshall 4-12'' speaker cabs.Duane gets everything from sweet and clean to full on tube saturation.The Marshall is a copy of that Fender Bassman 5f6-a circuit.Here's the funny thing about Fender amps.I read an interview with Seth Lover and he said Fender amps are nothing special.They are so logical and straight forward,easy to work on and built with common parts.If I was gonna go on a trip across the cosmos in a space ship,I'd take the old hand wired Fender.You could teach a class on good layout just from looking at it.Other people have said it.Leo's genius was layout and grounding.Sorry,this wasn't supposed to be so long.I fell down the rabbit hole.Happy Listening and Playing.

You explained this much better than my industrial electronics teachers. Thanks!

again, I wanna ask will audio grade capacitor sound different (or better) then cheap ones. if yes, it's a good investment?

To anyone who doesn't think he answered the question or misunderstood, what he's saying is make sure the capacitor you have is the right kind. He's essentially saying a film capacitor will give you better sound quality than an electrolytic capacitor because of how they work so even with equal uF they'll sound different simply because of how they're designed.

When you are a true audiophile person you also care about the longevity of your investment. Most often, capacitors are the first components to wear out in any electronics and using better capacitors makes a lot of sense from this perspective.

General question for anyone on here who can answer. In my crossover schematic, they list the farad value of the capacitors, but they also list a voltage rating for them. As long as I match the farad value and get a capacitor that has an equal or GREATER voltage rating, will it sound the same (or better) than the original old electrolytic cap? Thanks.

At higher voltages electrolytic capacitors go bad after a few years or even decades even when they are not used. Polypropylene capacitors do not have this problem because they have an indefinite shelf life. They also have less ESR than electrolytic. This makes them better for plate voltage power supply filters and this is why I use them in my vacuum tube amplifiers, especially the 1000 Volts I use for my 833A SET. You can get them rated at 2300 Volts which is a comfortable over-design safety for this. I see electrolytic capacitors used in vacuum tube amplifiers costing 5 figures or more and this is why I prefer to make my own amplifiers.

Hi Paul. Off topic question here, and one I assume you get asked a lot. I remember back in the late 70's a friend of a friend had a system comprised of homemade bookshelf speakers and what I would assume was a class A amp/receiver and turntable. We played a lot of vinyl, (rock). Volume was never a consideration. The sound "filled" the room, and you could hear every individual instrument. To this day I've never heard anything that could compare. I have always aspired to recreating this sound, but nowadays with most sources being digital, I have never really come close, (mostly due to budget constraints). I recently came across the Dayton Audio APA150 for under $160. It would be powering two Polk 200TSi speakers. Media sources would be digital so I am currently using a SMSL SA-50 amp paired with a Signstek HIFI USB to Coaxial S/PDIF Converter Decoder Mini USB DAC PCM with 2704 chipset, (I also use an audio EQ extension on my PC to accentuate the highs, mids, and lows). What is your opinion of the Dayton Audio APA150 vs. say... the Emotiva BassX A-100 , and could your offer an alternative DAC? Am I at least headed in the right direction?

This video provided some information about capacitors and their use in audio equipment that is premised on the idea that film caps sound better. It didn't in any way attempt to answer the question of WHY they sound better. I understand that there may be some motive to keep these videos informative and approachable to the layman. The issue is that you've selected a question that is only properly answered in ways that may be intimidating or out of reach of the layman. I propose a better route would have been to select a question that allowed an answer that is the type of content you'd like to provide, as opposed to what this video is (something that may fool the layman into thinking they've gotten a technical answer or explanation, when they have not). This would also go a long way to diseude the less patient among folks like myself from yelling "snake oil" as we are wont to do.

Thank you!

Two caps of the same type and same value must sound the same. The more expensive cap might last longer but when the two caps are fresh out of the box they necessarily must sound the same. Different sound indicates different values and if nothing else caps must perform to the stated value regardless of price. Differences in cap style make different sound.

Since when did cost or size have ANYTHING to do with how different caps sound?

Very nice description thank you. New respect for film caps. Would love to hear thoughts on Ultracaps like Maxwell and Skeleton, have you tried those in power supply?

I listened to 10 minutes of this just to not get any answer at the end. In case you were wondering where did those "dislikes" came from, they were from people like me expecting something about non-linear voltage-load ratio, dc leaking and other measurable effects. Not just ""This is 1 dollar a piece, so it sounds better"

also, the conductors in the film capacitor ends are supposed to be connected not to each end of the film but more importantly to each side of the film where the film is supposed to isolate two conducting sides on the film and thus form a capacitor

Capacitor becomes more conductive when frequency up, coil becomes more insulate when frequency down. Resistor kills unwanted frequency. Thus you can seperate audio frequency through a filter. This principle is same also in radio and video frequency. Good component matters as to capacitor, but not as much to coil and resistor.

if you use bass blockers on your speakers do you still need a crossover..?

i need an advice about capacitors. on my cheap DAC there are two electrolytics 47uF 25v on signal path ( elna silmic II ), can i change it it film capacitor? i saw somewhere that i can use 20 times lower values if i use film capacitors, all i have to do is to find ones with higher voltage. So my question is: is 2.2uF 450VDC film capacitor enough to replace electrolytic one 47uF 25V? i would go for Mundorf Evo oil series, because i see Elna don't make film caps. Thanks!

The greatest mystery of electronic technology will always be things with the same specs performing wildly different in real world applications.

I have to laugh. What Paul taught here is the actual construction of two different types of capacitors, not how these two construction types could change a signal to make the sound different. There was a mention of resistance, but not much more than a mention. The funny part is that this much knowledge will be enough for many audiophiles to convince themselves that they now know "why capacitors sound different." If someone asks them: why do capacitors sound different depending on the type, they can confidently say: because they're build different.

so if i bought a 3inch 400v 1000uf cap and put in my compressor, would it become bass heavy. btw i don’t think the big cap would fit in my compressor

The "Tip" at the end of the viddy has got me rummaging through my box of spares to find a cap to parallel with some of the cheap stuff they bung in musical instrument amplifiers...especially valve designs. Thanks.

Sir, you explain it in very simple way. No complicated heavy talk. Thank you.

Sir I like your "TEACHING"! Thank you so very much !! ZULFIQUAR, from GREAT COUNTRY BANGLADESH !!!

can someone tell me what capacitance range to use for tweeters, mid-range and sub-woofers plz? is there a chart somewhere to follow? thanks