And I stand by that advice. In all things.

Therizinosaur is a pretty good mount ;)

You can still defend against a mount.

No one can resist The Cain.

Thanks a lot, I've got it proudly displayed on my shelf now.

Hey thanks! Make sure you subscribe if you haven't already.

Great point, it just takes time for the true use of the technology to be fully revealed.

Do not forget it took over 2000 years for someone to figure out that the Steam engine could be used to move machines.

I've walked back into the forest, and we've turned the camera to show you that it's not a green screen. Again, we shoot in the forest because it's easy.

If you watch youtube on a TV or larger screen you can see insects, and hummingbirds fly near and around his face.

My wife appreciates your kind words. You should check out her KZfaq channel: kzfaq.info/love/EItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwvideos We're definitely shooting in an actual forest. :-)

I didnt know it was your wife. She should talk to Pamela Gay. If we broadcast Pamela's video; we would get find.

omg their setup is so good it fools even professionals! ( oДo)

You sound resentful.

Life is essentially an optimization algorithm that moves along the "surface" of the "survivability domain" searching for the best "ways" to survive in its environment. These kind of algorithms quite often fall in what's mathematically known as local minima/maxima which are "places" of good survivability but not the best (like say, crocodiles that barely evolve anymore, compared to hominids that continued evolving into humans). Sometimes, "random" changes in the "survivability space", like catastrophic natural events, can kick the board and bring new better chances of survival to struggling species and remove completely others that were well adapted. But, if there is no puppeteer controlling reality, these random events occur randomly and can very well not be helpful at all and destroy the chances of survival entirely. But then again, maybe in aeons, the remains of some sad destruction could help making life flourishing somewhere else. Maybe some of the atoms in our bodies are actually from the corpses of better beings that passed away long time ago in a galaxy far far away. ^_^

There is an explosion of life that follows mass extinction events, so this has definitely been considered.

+Fraser Cain thanks:)

+Damian Reloaded thanks for the extensive reply. You can amuse yourself by thinking of an only way for life to evolve so specific that our apparent loneliness in this part of the universe wouldn't be strange at all.

I entertain the idea that we are currently experiencing the first wave of complex life across the entire universe. That it wasn't until most of the elements and cosmic radiation got to this point of distribution that complex life and intelligence was possible. If this is not the case, then we most definitely live in a simulation. ^_^

1. Gravitationally attracted, just like galaxies are pulled into galaxy clusters. 2. Hey, it's Avi Loeb's theory, not mine. Here's his paper: www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/habitable.pdf

Fraser Cain Interesting paper, thanks for the reference. While he does mention cmb at 272K, he only refers to liquid water on rocky planets. It is not possible to have liquid water "everywhere " in the universe when the universe is at room temperature. This is because the triple point of water is at .006atm (611 pascals) and at any pressure below that liquid water cannot exist regardless of the temperature. With regard to life (as we know it) in the early universe several things are required: Temperature and pressure for liquid water and a thermal gradient and the necessary elements. Rocky planets with an atmosphere could supply the pressure, thermal gradient and elements. The paper discusses the theory that rocky planets could have formed during the time that the cmb was at room temperature. However, if life took several hundred millions years to form (as on Earth) then the temperature would be below the freezing point of water - except on those planets in the habitable zone of their star.

I wonder what the Universal pressure would be back then.

Fraser Cain I like the way you think. I also like the way you can say so much in so few words. I can't do that so please excuse my lengthy reply. Loeb's paper implies that the average matter density was a million times bigger than the current density. Since the current baryonic density is approx 4E-28 kg/m3 then the average density when the universe was at 300K would be about 4E-22 kg/m3. Using the ideal gas law (P=density.R.T) this equates to 3E-17 pascals. Still well below the triple point of water. At an earlier time in the universe when the pressure was greater than the triple point, the temperature was too high for liquid water. I cannot see any way that liquid water could exist anywhere in the universe except on planets/moons

If you can't recognize any stellar patterns, then you'd be looking for known pulsars that give off very specific frequency pulses. If you couldn't even find them, you'd probably have to navigate based on the positions of various dwarf galaxies surrounding the Milky Way. Great question.

Alternatively, if you're on a known route or your ship computer traces your path, with data on the "local" area being mapped out, you could probably just reroute your path back along with all potential movement of mapped objects and then determine where that path would take you.

That's a really good question. I think scientists would want to keep it pristine forever, and colonists would want to move there. You'd definitely have a conflict.

No, but it gets its wavelength stretched out.

Ahh, hadn't thought of that! Thanks a million for enlightening (haha) me!

Thanks, I just saw the notification! Get ready to hear your name next week. :-)

Yeah, that's how I feel. We should keep the Earth, but everything else can go.

Sure, but in general, things are moving away from us, especially once you get away from our local area.

But imagine if it's some kind of robotic intelligence which is looking to turn as much of the galaxy into intelligent matter as possible. Possibly because it's racing against others doing the same.

My idea for the Fermi filter is definitely not unassailable, none of them seem to be. However, why would the robot be interested in racing against other robots? Unless of course it was programmed to do so by it's creators, which is entirely plausible, people often do stupid things. But otherwise, without all the squishy bits pumping chemical motivation through it's system, it would lack the drive to compete or even fight for it's own survival. As soon as it figures out entropy, it'll just throw in the towel. I once read a short story where writers were employed to create steady supply of narratives for AI's to digest and internalise, in a race to stop them committing suicide. A much better explanation, btw, for why machines need humans in 'Matrix'.

Yes, this is what all these dark energy surveys are doing. To calculate the rate of acceleration of the Universe's expansion.

The minimum size of the Universe is about 760 billion light years in circumference. A sphere with a radius of about 120 billion light years. So, it's either bigger than that, or infinite. As future observations pin down the flatness even further, that minimum size will get bigger. And infinity is always on the table.

Did you see Paul's answer in this very video? The apparent speed increases with the distance. Every time you double the distance, the speed doubles too.

So much lawn care.

Especially if the Universe is totally empty of life.

ESPECIALLY if the universe isn't empty of life :)

I noticed that. Something that Chad did, either on purpose or by accident.

You'd need a pressure suit, but you wouldn't need to be kept warm.

I think if we found multi-cellular organisms, that would be an indication there's probably more complex life out there.

I'm not sure about their exact diet or use of steroids. That training regime would be overkill on Earth, though.

It isn't very well researched at all AFAIK. We won't we able to investigate it in depth until we're putting people in Mars and the Moon unfortunately, since astronauts in the ISS usually stay there for mere months.

Here you go, we did a video about the space junk: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/f7mSppCJyb2bZp8.html

Ali_Army107 I don't know exactly but to get a good picture with detail we would need something as wide as Jupiter I guess,I could do the math but I'm too lazy to

I'll do an episode on what it would take to see out in the Universe. Bottom line... really really big telescopes.

Why Awesome stuff has to be expensive and sometimes too huge to maintain/control????? DX

How big telescopes would a T1, 2 and 3 civilization or a matrioshka brain be likely to make?

junoguten a T1 civilization aught to be able to make a telescope the size of a dyson-object. rather a dyson swarm could have dual purpose as such a telescope. i suppose you could have a galactic swarm eventually but the bandwidth would be slow as balls. that'd be the more limiting thing, the bigger you get the more you better have quantum communications down pat i guess. then maybe.

Yes, it would be whatever color the temperature matches. So, it would be blue, or red, or whatever.

Fraser Cain thanks! ...man, that view would be so psychedelically awesome

Great question, and I'm going to make this an episode. Stay tuned.

Great show!

No, if anything it would make the orbits more stable. Jupiter is actually a distablizing object in the Solar System and has probably kicked other planets out in the past.

Fraser Cain just trying too see if there are unintended consequences we haven't thought of... seems that we humans are good at that...

Oh, I'm sure there are lots of unintended consequences. :-)

Fraser Cain wouldn't a kardashev 2 civilization have to be able to predict those unintended consequences... otherwise they may have reached the great filter and you couldn't assume anything in y'alls compilation video?

If they have the ability to disassemble planets, moving asteroids into safer orbits would be trivial.

Oh, interesting point, thanks!

We did a video about why some are coming towards us: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nc51pNeH173Mno0.html

The Sun will blow off its outer layers into space, so yes, it'll lose mass. Regarding the time it takes photons to escape, the growth into a red giant is caused by the buildup of helium in the core, so everything is happening down in the core anyway.

Sure, at some point I'll do a guide on what kind of telescope to get.

You are wonderful.

You couldn't build anything within the magnetosphere, it would just violently merge with the Earth. There could be places that you could stick another planet, but Jupiter is actually very disruptive and could kick an extra planet out of the Solar System entirely.

It depends on how massive it is and how slowly it moves through the Solar System. But it would cause chaos and push objects into new orbits.

No, if anything the Solar System would become more stable.

Of course, we'll end up doing both. Noble things and worthless things. That's humans for you. :-)

Yup, I'm really excited. :-)

It would have a different perspective within the Solar System. Some objects would be closer to it, and provide a better view, but that's about it.

All the stellar mass ones do. You need that collapse of layers at 70% the speed of light to jam the material together tight enough to form a black hole.

Yep, we have a really cool system behind the scenes that pulls in questions and organizes them.

Here's a video we did on them: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/mZiJYJt5vKy4nKM.html

Thanks :-).

They might decay over vast periods of time. Here's a link to read: plus.google.com/+NasaChandra/posts/YbuyGLKxXyU

Thank you so much

If it was filled with air, that would be super strange, because it would cause a drag on everything. Planets would spiral into stars, galaxies would collapse in on themselves. But let's assume that didn't happen, then yes, in theory, you would be able to hear events happening across the Universe. How loud they would be depends on the amount of energy released and their distance.

Fraser Cain thank you!

Wow, interesting question. I wonder if it could escape the black hole.

maby if the blackhole has evaportate?

Almost all satellites are orbiting the Earth faster than once per day, so they're actually doing the opposite. Pulling in closer and speeding up its rotation. Of course, it's an imperceptibly small effect.

jackd42o they sterilize all probes,but if any extremophiles survived that and adapted to space or hid in interiors they easily could contaminate other worlds

Yes, if a spacecraft is going somewhere that might be habitable, they try to minimize the chances of contamination.

still think we should only be careful like 1/2 the time. for science. artificial and accidental panspermia may be the most important events in the multiverse! screw u again prime directive

I've wondered why for so long! There is so much knowledge to gain from studying an uninhabited planet but the same goes for watching life unfold. We could discover entirely new metabolic pathways that aren't possible here on Earth. I'd be interested in seeing how some of Earth's hardiest microbial life handle the different environments of Mars. Same for the upper atmosphere of Venus! I'm sure a smarter mind than mine has thought about this and knows exactly why we shouldn't do it. I can still wonder though, right? Great video, Fraser!

@Austin High yes! we need tardigrade colonies everywhere!! well, it does run a risk of causing mass extinctions, as "invasive" species can displace current ecosystems, buuuut that does also spur evolution so.... sorry space whales, gotta clean house

Whoa interesting. Travel time would be zero from your perspective, so I guess it would. :-)

All of Lakaena (or however its spelled) will merge in several trillion years. I think each super cluster will be moving away forever though.

Fine. 99.9999999999% of galaxies are moving away from us.

I know they were both referring to the intrinsic (apparent) expansion of the universe itself. But yeah I think to say every galaxy is moving *away* from one another (relative to a frame of reference) is rather confusing.

Fraser Cain what about the great Wall thingy

Ita more of "Every cluster of galaxies are moving away from us", Andromeda and the MilkyWay form a cluster of 2 main galaxies and a bunch of dwarf galaxies that will all eventually merge

The Sun mostly produces helium, and then can produce oxygen later on in its life.

Fraser Cain What about the elements between helium and oxygen

Correct, it's infrared. Making an interferometer in infrared is easier than visible light but you still need to do it in real time.

Fraser Cain why couldn’t you just record all the incoming data and then line them up at a later time, kind of like producing a musical track?

As the star implodes, it rapidly becomes increasingly dense. The outer layers bounce off of this dense core.

Jens Mikkelsen depends where you are on Earth. I believe the equator rotates at 1000 miles per hour (would have to google). But the further away from that equator the slower that spin is. If youre driving a circle around the access of spin at either the north or south pole then you can easily drive way way faster. Pick the size of your circle, 100 meters, 500 meters, 10 miles? You can drive round that rotation point in minutes :)

Depends entirely on your frame of reference. If you are thinking of velocity going around the sun, then sure by like 0.001% slower than if you drove the opposite way

Jens Mikkelsen : Let me answer with a joke, that will guide you towards thinking about reference systems: Depends, wether it is Night or Day. (At Night you are further away from the Sun than during the day, so relative to the Center of the Solarsystem you will be further out, so going faster. If you choose to plot your current angular speed, relative to the sun you will end up with a meandering sinusoid wave, but be careful that you don't stumble upon the principles of general relativity out there ;) )

Very slightly yes compared to the CMB. But it's a fraction of a percent as we're traveling hundreds of km/s relative to that. All you'd be doing is cancelling a bit of your rotational velocity. If you mean does your car need to work harder to reach the same speed traveling against Earth's rotation, then the answer is no. You're already traveling in the same frame as the Earth. There are some things like coriolis forces that could cause higher speed wind in one direction or another, but only on average. Technically it should be slightly harder to with the Earth's rotation due to relativity but it would be pretty undetectable.

It all depends on your perspective. Compared to what? You're moving with the Earth at 30 km/s around the Sun. And moving around the Milky Way. And the Milky Way is moving through the local group, etc.

Deus0tiosus It's against it

Type 3 is billions of galaxies to a universe of energy, moving galaxies. Technically it wouldn't really do much, entropy would still increase but you could for sure slow it down, try and stop the universes expansion perhaps. But now I'm starting to wonder that if you stopped universal expansion would that stop entropy??? Hmm.... great Q

You can't fight entropy. In the end, even they will run out of usable energy and die.

I really need to chat with Avi Loeb about his ideas, including this one. It's fascinating, but I'd like more details.

Mmm, keep those Europan space shrimp around, just in case we find out they're tasty?

We are the humans Your species will adapt to service our biological needs Resistance is futile

Deep Space Fishing.

Have you not see predator ? When they hunt humans , get ready I’m sure it happens

No, it would make them more stable. Jupiter has a chance of destabilizing the orbits of other planets. Less planets, less interactions.

Fraser Cain cool thank you sir

We did a video on this. It's just a big galaxy cluster - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/kJqeqZCUtcXVoZs.html

You could use it for astrometry, figuring out the distance to everything. But interferometry is the best. :-)

cool. and...well...ya of course! xD give them more excuses to put some out there - then once they're deployed someone will figure it out lol

Sure, we could do that. Space elevators would work great on the Moon.

We did a video about whether the Universe is finite or infinite, which might help you wrap your brain around it. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/d9JpeNx_1KnXgn0.html

OtherTheDave sure

That's actually a really good question, I wish I knew the answer to this! (replying so I can get the notification if this is answered in detail)

I am not an expert, I can only go into so much depth however; I was in 1st year astrophysics program, and will continue into second year, I've leaned lots about telescopes, so from my understanding it seems as if you are wondering about the distance between the L4 and L5 points knowing them down the the meter rather than a mm, either that or your wondering about the radio frequency they are detecting and knowing it in meters compared to mm, in both cases, you could use transformations to predict the data but by doing so you will lose telescope resolution and cause possible problems with the "seeing" Distance between: in the case of the distance, a few mm would make a small difference but not really that much especially since the points are really far apart (0.7au approx) while it would mess with the data it would be a very small difference. Radio frequency: However if your talking about the accuracy of the radio frequencies, being off a small part of a meter will cause problems. For the calculations to work properly, you assume that all your telescopes in the telescope array are on the same frequency, and with that you need to have it as accurate as possible, while altering the data to make it fit would work, for something as large as this a few mm would make the difference between great resolution and well really bad outcomes, especially at much longer distances.

riley boomer I don't mean to just round the distance to the nearest meter, but to use the nearest determinable "unit of distance" as an upper/lower bound on the actual distance... In the Fast Fourier Transform, you "multiply" the samples by sine waves of every possible frequency, and if a given sine wave "resonates" with your samples, you know your signal contains the frequency used to make that sine wave. I was wondering if you could something similar (except with distance, since the frequency would be know) to compensate for not knowing the distance between satellites down to the nanometer. Maybe I should just go find some existing dataset from two earth-based dishes, run my calculations, and see it I can correctly determine the distance between them. It shouldn't be too hard to code up, once I figure out if the math works.

I'm not sure of the specifics of this, and possible workarounds. All I know is that visible light interferometers need to be processed in realtime, and can't be calculated after the fact like radio observations can.

Sure, I hope they end up preserving various life forms for historical purposes. I think that would be cool.

I should have woven "populations" or "population samples" into that question, as i was meaning less as a museum exhibit, and more as a nature preserve on a huge artificial satellite. Though admittedly, save the humans first.

You can see Jupiter and Saturn without a telescope. They're actually pretty bright in the sky. So, you just point your telescope at there really bright object in the sky.

@@frasercain Really?? I've never tried looking for them, I thought you could really only see Mars and Venus (not that I've seen them for sure, either). We have really bright skies in NJ... 😕