Great explanation! The important thing to remember is that the image of the reticle-or the data in the HUD- is at infinity. So the pilot’s eye focus is on the image and the target at the same time, and both are in focus. Thanks!

Well researched and fantastically presented. However, when it comes to modern sighting systems, I can offer a bit of help as this is my area of expertise and how make my living. The type of sight that you displayed is called a reflex sight and does not use a laser of any type. It does use a decently efficient LED which sits behind a small shield that has openings in the shape of a reticle, or 4 reticles in the type that you showed. The coatings on the lens is the primary method for reflecting the illuminated reticle back to the shooter's eye. The 2nd type of sight is the prism sight, which uses a prism to make the LED illuminated reticle visible to the shooter and has the advantage of having no distortion when viewed by persons with an astigmatism; and the more expensive versions of the last 2 types of sights have highly efficient LEDs giving them a battery life in the thousands of hours range. The 3rd type is an older type that isn't popular at all and you may have showed a version of it; this 3rd type requires the use of both eyes open when aiming which is called the "Bindon Aiming Principle" and as you stated, the dot should appear over the target. If you have any kind of eye dominance at all, it usually will not work. That type also, used early LEDs. Then there is the 4th type, which is the "Holographic Weapon Sight" and this does use a laser and is what Eotech, Specializes in making. Thank you for the great content!

This means whenever we shoot firearms with reflex sights, we can pay homage to our predecessors by making fighter airplane noises.

Thank you. I was watching an episode of 'Dogfights' the other day, and one of the pilots had an issue with the light bulb in his gun sights burning out, rendering it useless. I didn't know how a reflector gunsight worked, so this was a great education for me, and I appreciate it.

Note that with World War I fighters with twin synchronized machine guns, there was typically not one set of iron sights but *three*, you had the ring and bead central sight, but also notch and post sights on both machine guns. To get truly good gunnery (there were no explosive rounds and planes were largely hollow, so hitting the fuselage or wings often had fairly little effect--one had to shoot out the pilot or the engine block to score a quick kill, whereas a 20mm could cripple most WWII planes with a glancing hit and a 30mm could blow them apart), one had to learn to constantly switch among the three sights. To fire at an enemy directly ahead, one would use the central sight to train both machine guns more or less on target. For an enemy passing across the field of view, one would train the machine gun on the side the enemy was about to cross, forcing him to pass through the line of fire of at least one gun. When I flew Il-2 Flying Circus in VR I would practice during cruises lining up the various sights, sometimes giving myself a headache from the constant focusing and refocusing of my eyes (VR is not like a screen, things actually appear closer or further away and you focus your eyes accordingly) or neck pain from craning and recraning my neck with two pounds of plastic hanging off my face!

I expect the dichroic coating on the mirror also reduces the amount of light from the LED that projects forwards, an important consideration if you're playing How Not To Be Seen at night.

This was very informative and exactly what I was looking for, thanks!

The sight in the modern HUD also includes a CCIP or continually computed impact point which really does make deflection shooting far easier

Awesome explanation. Thanks to those for the loan of the equipment used.

Pilots and others who shoot and aim guns during WWII needed to appreciate that aiming at a moving target at an angle to your line of sight would miss the target because the by the time the projectile, bullet arrived at the target , the target would have moved on. So shooters were given some instruction on shooting shotguns at clay pigeons to appreciate that it was necessary to lead the target with your firearm, something that every trap shotgun shooter knows. Of course, the gunsights you described took care of that later on. Love your videos on such a wide range of topics.

Thanks for the moth explanation! In my "Rise Of Flight" WW1 flight sim I earned a collimator gun sight for my Albatross DVa. Thanks for making clear to me this was not an exaggeration!

Good overview! It would have been worthwhile to mention that the collimator/beam splitter in the modern sights is a zero power meniscus. You mentioned the concave face, but the diagram suggested a flat front face. Such a piece of glass would be a negative lens, and hence deliver an image of the target very significantly reduced in angular size. In actuality, these parts have a constant thickness, where the front face is convex and with a similar radius of curvature as for the rear concave face. Think of it as a formerly flat piece of ordinary window glass that has been slumped to form a small section of something like an observation dome. Cheers!

wow, now i FINALLY understand how red dot sights work and probably how something like a google lens or AR glasses in the future will work - collimated light! and i've always heard that the image was placed "at infinity" but i didn't really understand what that meant... until now! ahhhh... the light rays are parallel and so there's no parallax! why didn't they say so! thank you much! that was very very illuminating (ba dum cha) and educational!

The detour about night active insects was amazing! 🥰

As usual with Gilles, an extremely clear and systematic explanation of a complex device.

nice... always wanted to have a closer look one of those. you always come around with the good stuff, again and again! keep it coming!

Well made and easy to understand video! Didn’t know reflex sights were that old or how they worked, now I do!

Easily the best explanation of sights I've seen. Thanks

Way more interesting than I thought it would have been. Well done.

I've watched this video several times. It's just SO well done, and a brilliant piece of history, at that. THANK YOU

Bravo! Thanks for the show

Something I’ve tried to understand for years and you finally explained in a way that I comprehend. Thank you

Excellent. I am just about to commence restoring a battered Mk3 gunsight like yours. Nice to see one getting some visibility on KZfaq and learn a bit more about it's history & operation. Thanks.

Very VERY interesting video and content. Thanks for developing and sharing!!!

Best explanation ever, I saw the same explanation several times and always forget it, but the way you did it I will remember forever. This presentation style resembles "Fun with flags with Dr Sheldon Cooper",to me, but somehouw you made it really fun to watch, thank you for that and congratuations.

Excellent work! I studied WW2 for decades (amateur based of course) and I learned a lot today!

This is beyond incredible! Thank You!

Loved the video! Got to play with one of these at the RAF Museum in London, was super cool!

Awesome video! Thank you! I always wanted to know how the WW2 sights were designed!

This is cool, once you showed the view at 5:41, I was like "oh, I added one of these to my telescope". Granted much smaller and powered with a coin cell, but yeah, same thing with a reflected reticule on a piece of glass/plastic. Makes targeting objects on the fly a lot quicker than the spotter scope.

Thank you, awesome explanation

I just discovered this channel, and I am impressed with how you present the well researched material in a concise way. I have subscribed and shared this site with friends who have interests that will be satisfied by your content. Thanks!

Fascinating history and great presentation! Subscribing. Thank you!

Wow! What an interesting and well-presented video!

Thanks for this video. I learned a great deal. I just stumbled upon your website. I have subscribed and look forward to seeing your videos.

Before i was wondering how do the hud and reflex sights work but then this video popped up and so i pressed it now i under stand it's surprisingly simple thanks!

Excellent video, thank you very much. By the way, Brittain had active gunsights in the first world war already: a very cleverly disigned frontal post that moved with little wings in the airstream of the plane. They were designed by a scientist and produced by the gunmaker James Purdey & Sons. Purdey still has one on display in their famous "Long Room". Maybe the subject for another video? Regards sincerly Yours Malte.

Interesting to see how to operate the optic sight for mortar. Because it is very similar to recent trending technique in the sport shooting that the shooter obscure the glass with the tape and so the optic becomes opaque and cannot be seen through. Only the reticle is seen. This force shooters to use another eye and consequently force them to shoot with target focus (vs. unintentionally focusing on the reticle).

Thanks very much!!! Cheers from Brazil.

Really well done!

A great example of parallax can be found in the old video game Rocket Knight Adventures by konami. If you watch the background rolling by you'll find a perfect illustration of the effect.

Thank you. Nicely explained and interesting. 🙂

Very interesting and well explained! Subscribed!

How do you not have more subscribers....excellent channel.

Super interesting, thanks

thx for such a clear explanation

Thank you. Awesome video

Thank you Gilles. Viewing your videos, I am always impressed with the consistent clarity of your perception of the subject and particularly with your ability to present with equal clarity a cogent explanation unimpaired by anything that might cloud the explanation for the viewer. You are talented on more than one level, my friend. Chapeau!

Modern head up displays (HUD) work in the same way, except it can displays changing live data such as altitude, airspeed, artificial horizon and weapons reticules. The key thing is they’re focused to infinity so that the pilot can read this data without having to refocus from what he’s was looking at outside. Edit: I’ve just seen this mentioned at 9:28 notice the black circle and black crosshair in the top right corner of the HUD? That’s to harmonise it so the HUD is perfectly inline with the the aircrafts centreline, gun barrel, radar boresight etc.

Great explanation - thanks.

Long time ago, there was a guy on YT, who made fully functioning replicas of firearms out of paper and superglue. At one point he even made a red-dot sight, again mostly out of paper. There were steel springs and some other small bits, but most of the result was paper and superglue. Obviously the cartridges (another part not out of paper) were underpowered - just strong enough to cycle the action. And he made a bunch of different ones. It was incredible to see. He made a paper rifle and a paper 1911 and more. But I guess it goes against YT ToS now... I wish I could find his videos somewhere.

the intro music... promenade by Mussorgsky.. my handy ringtone 🙂 greetings from Mallorca, Spain !

Brilliant video.

Very Interesting. Thank you

Not sure how this landed in my suggestions but I'm glad it did!

I love the music at the start.

Your channel is so interesting I headed over to Patreon after about the 3rd video!

Really interesting!

Fascinating, thank you

this was highly informative, thanks a lot :D

Parallax is why a good analogue sweep scale has a mirror behind the needle.. the lack of a mirror on an analogue car speedometer means that taller people and shorter people see different readings and cannot properly adjust..

Excellent!

I never expected such quality content from a channel with a minion in its profile picture.

Your channel is one of my fav new channels! You are like a personal museum guide!

These were the progenitors of the heads up display modern fighters have.

Excellent. I didn’t know 80% of your presentation . More than very good!

Great job

I love the choice of Promenade from Pictures for the title. 🙂

Ya that piece helped a lot.

Awesome video man!🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼

I once read that collimators such as you describe for mortars, requiring the use of both eyes and looking in a specific way, were also initially used on small arms, but only in some special and anti-terrorist forses and most people did not know about it. I don't remember exactly why they used this solution. Maybe so that the light would not be visible to the opponent? Anyway, it was a short experiment.

Wow! This is a pretty good channel I have several reflex sights ,vroom vroom.

Thank you.

Very interesting to learn the mk3 is British as its used on multiple US Gun's likenthe quad 50 cal set up they had in the m16 meat chopper etc it's attached to the top crossbar whare the gunner sits in the cradle! I'm looking for a B1 stukas Gun sight!

Very interesting

Very well presented. Thank you.

dude very clearly explained video

I love the music! I think it's the Prince of Denmark march aka Trumpets Voluntary.

What is it about this guy that makes me learn so much

Pretty cool. Thanks :)

Very cool video. I had no idea who moths were attracted to the light. That information was also interesting. What is that music piece at the start of the video? I know I should know it. I've forgotten what it's called.

Ive used heads display up in car and was a great benefit keeping your eyes on the road situational awareness was improved greatly should be mandatory as are optional and rare from australia

Very nice. :)

thank you

2:40 I googled that and the top result was "the idea that moths are trying to navigate by the Moon has been disproved. Exactly why moths fly towards artificial lights still isn’t understood - all we know is that artificial lights confuse them in some way" from the BBC.

Canopy projection ones are cool

There are in fact two explanations in circulation about the name head-up-display. One is the one you've given, that it allowed the pilots to keep their head up, the other one centers on the fact thar it eas a display facing up instead of towards the pilot

Very interesting- I've never really looked into how a reflex sight works, and it's great to finally know. It's way simpler than I thought- seeing the lenses and such inside some of them made me think it was rather more complicated. I don't know if you can really say the GGS Mk II was 'incredibly successful' given that it didn't really increase the RAF's victory to loss ratio at all, as far as I know. The Luftwaffe didn't seem to find a need for calculating gunsights until quite late, and they maintained a very good victory to loss ratio. The Revi C/12D and Revi 16A / B sights employed a very elegant solution by simply designing the reticle to be a measuring device; so a given plane would fit into the circle x number of times at y range, and the circle and marks on the crosshairs would help determine the lead necessary. Easy enough for pilots to learn and required no adjustments to be made in combat or intricate machinery in the plane itself. Although that being said, most pilots were simply smart enough to recognize that the closer you get, the more hits you'll score ;) And turning battles were always less than ideal. I've always thought it highly suspect that a pilot in action would be able or want to fiddle with the sight while trying to maueuver with an enemy plane. I'd love to hear the experience of a real veteran as to how he used his sight...

I was hoping you'd cover Holographic optical element huds.

Alright smarty pants. you got my sub ! haha great video !!

What mechanism is used to shrink and enlarge the reticle in ww2 fighter aircraft? You turn the knobs and stuff to adjust for range and wingspan but how does the reticle get bigger/smaller? Something to do with electricity/resistance or something?

So why does the reticle move around relative to the corner of the sign when he moves the camera around?

The first one was done in WW1?! The mind boggles 🤯

Vell done !! 👍

Does anyone happen to have the source for that K-14 gunsight illustration at 8:46 ?

The first reflector gunsight was called the: OIGEE (oigee )

My friend, you do SUCH a great job of compiling the information, and then arranging and delivering it. I have not ONCE lost interest in one of your videos for even a moment. And it is astounding that this is so because I have such a short level of patience these days, that I even give up on my female and go to sleep halfway through her lead in to "that" as she calls it. :)

What is the music in the intro?

@CanadianMacGyver >>> Great video...👍

I noticed that those vertical reflector sights in front of you have flat glass. Was that a problem, and/or did they have a fix for that?