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Respiratory Zones, Types of respiratory cells and Surfactant : Respiratory Physiology USMLE Step 1
Respiratory Zones:
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The respiratory system can be divided into different zones based on their anatomical and functional characteristics. The three main zones of the respiratory system are:
Conducting zone: This zone includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The primary function of this zone is to conduct air from the external environment to the respiratory zone.
Transitional zone: This zone includes the terminal bronchioles and the respiratory bronchioles. In this zone, there is a transition from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory zone: This zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and the blood.
Types of respiratory cells:
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There are several types of respiratory cells that are found in the respiratory system. The main types of respiratory cells are:
Ciliated epithelial cells: These cells are found in the conducting zone of the respiratory system. They have hair-like structures called cilia that help to move mucus and debris out of the airways.
Goblet cells: These cells are also found in the conducting zone of the respiratory system. They produce mucus that helps to trap dust, bacteria, and other foreign particles.
Type I alveolar cells: These cells are found in the respiratory zone of the respiratory system. They are thin and flat cells that make up the walls of the alveoli. They are responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
Type II alveolar cells: These cells are also found in the respiratory zone of the respiratory system. They produce a substance called surfactant, which helps to reduce the surface tension in the alveoli and prevent them from collapsing.
Surfactant:
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Surfactant is a substance that is produced by type II alveolar cells in the respiratory zone of the respiratory system. It is a mixture of lipids and proteins that helps to reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. Without surfactant, the surface tension in the alveoli would be so high that the alveoli would collapse and prevent gas exchange from occurring. Surfactant also helps to prevent the alveoli from sticking together. Surfactant is particularly important in premature babies, who may not produce enough surfactant, leading to a condition called respiratory distress syndrome.
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