What videos are you watching?

@@JordanReed1 Best scenes of the Joker

What

I think the forced smiling is a totally American thing.

@@avalondreaming1433 not accurate at all.

That would be awesome but we have no information

Brian Diehl. That's not totally true. Steven Mithen has done a lot of work looking at this. Let me know if you want some specific references to his work.

@@ofwoden we want

I am afraid that the conclusions about Neanderthal proto-language might not go far beyond some simple fact that they probably used mouth to communicate.

Tymoteusz Miara They do. It's funny that the skeptics come out for this but not historical linguistics. Granted there's a long tradition of historical linguistics but there's some really cool transdisciplinary work looking at Neanderthal language.

Imagine leaving a message for future archeologists to discover, in their future language, but leave it somewhere surrounded by current culture? I bet it would freak them out real bad. It would be like us discovering an ancient buried pyramid, clearly not been touched in thousands of years, and cracking the door open and there's "hello there" written on the wall in English, or any other language of today

I'm not Simon, but I'm graduating foreign philology this year (I'm Polish, I study English, had been learning French, German and gently touched Czech). If I were to predict the future developments of a language, I would take into consideration the language economy principle, evolution of fictions, globalisation, the stage of technological advancement, pragmatics and the uncontrolled variable of random events, such as, you know, a global pandemic ;) Language economy principle - languages tend to evolve in a way that allows to convey the most information with the least effort. So weak forms of words, shortened versions etc. would be promoted by such tendency. I'd say mumble rap is the epitome of it lol According to Harari, the ability to speak about fictions is what actually enabled sapiens to prevail over other homo species. Language shapes imagined realities (or social constructs) but it also goes the other way around. So social constructs lead us to use phrases like "amen", "i'm loving it" and "species". Depending on what imagined realities develop into, we may greet each other with "blessed be the fruit" someday. Globalisation - its pretty obvious that English is the lingua franca of contemporary times. It serves this very purpose at this very moment as a Polish girl replies to a Dutch guy. Boundaries of countries (which btw nationality is also a social construct) mean less and less but nationality and markers of that identity continue to matter to people. So borrowings from the prevailing lingua franca will shape native languages (we don't have a Word for weekend in Polish so we incorporated this word into our vocabulary) but also the other way around: i'm sure you have heard of pierogis - a plural form of a polish dish brought into English speaking environment and doubled down on plural with English grammar system (which is good, there is no such thing as too many pierogi). The influx of Polish immigrants who spoke broken english also normalised saying Holland instead of the Neatherlands ;) Technology - I find it absolutely fascinating how Milennials and Gen-Z, being the first internet natives, developed a language system that works in terms of conveying the meaning without non-verbal elements of communication and perhaps this is the most promising place from where the future of languages could be predicted. Pragmatics - pragmatics is the study of how speaker meaning is conveyed. It analyses the contexts of speaking. I recently saw some Fourth Wave Feminists postulate that we should abandon the use of hedges (words or phrases that indicate uncertainty and soften the meaning in the name of cooperative principle). There is a lot of power struggle and a lot of social tension in our times. Depending on the outcome of those, we may see a change in the preferred politeness strategies that will influence language development. I think its safe to say that contemporary feminists (like myself actually except I disagree with not using hedges) prefer the, so called, negative politeness strategies where the speaker appeals to the listeners negative face (the need to be independent) so that would be a trend I could point to. And finally - random events make it rather impossible to forsee the exact trajectory of a language. Nobody knew the word covid a year ago, few knew the term coronavirus. The pandemic will surely reevaluate our social rituals such as handshaking and eventually call for new fictions to be created... So anyway, if you are interested in who that mysterious Harari person is - its an Israeli historian who wrote Sapiens: A Brief History of Mankind, a study that combines history, sociology, biology and linguistics to make a case for what made sapiens exceptional so that they dominated and domesticated the Earth and what future may hold. I don't really have a great source to study pragmatics. I do however have a recommendation of a Netflix show - The 100. Its a TV series that starts out as a typical post-apocalyptic teenage drama but goes beyond that and explores things I have mentioned - religions, gender roles and boundaries of imagined realities, and LANGUAGE - the show goes as far as creating their own language called Trigedaslang. To know why it exists and how it works you will have to watch the show. Sincerely recommend it ;)

Due to human laziness, they will say less with fewer words and less letters with more abbreviations and acronyms.

Silverandcoldone has given a beautiful explanation. Also I think predicting languages will have its limitations because, even if you could predict with 100 percent accuracy, the very prediction can influence the future language, unless you keep it very private

I have no professional or academic credentials, but in my understanding as a language enthusiast, there's no real way to "predict" future versions of a language because even though sound changes are standard, the vast majority are not foreseeable. We can see some trends in english grammar and predict that those trends will continue, but we can't foresee all of the sound changes that are going to take place in the next couple hundred years. There's also the issue of dialects, because different varieties of English will probably diverge and develop in different ways over the following centuries. That said, I think making a guess about what future English will look like can be really fun. Personally, I imagine that General American English in a couple hundred years might resemble modern AAVE in a lot of ways.

The average Neanderthal owned 9 paisley shirts

Simon Roper David Attenborough approves!

Only the rich ones.

@@simonroper9218 I misread that as parsley lol.

🤔

Yes - I hear many arguments traceable to the human obsession with categorizing everything. It's a useful tool for organizing information and trying to understand things, but it's good to remember that the boundaries are artificial.

@@anahatamelodeon I think it's a general human obsession yes but the version/continuity of it we're accustomed to - here specifically Linnaean taxonomic classification - is definitely a product of the Enlightenment and the social changes that precipitated it.

@@benoliver5776 I´d rather think the linneaen taxonomy is a result of the necessity of finding an efficient way to organise information to make efficient communication possible (which is waht modern science is all about). Btw, because of its obvious clash with what really happens in evolution, this is the exact reason Hennigian Phylogenetic systematics came about, and gained a lot of traction in modern taxonomy, especially on the higher levels of taxonomy like families and so on. Hardly anyone uses the fixed linneaen categories of class, etc. anymore in modern biology, but there are many very common and useful names for hennigian monophyla around, like e.g. Afrotheria, or Perissodactyla, etc. The binomial nomenclature for species, on the other hand, is just so convenient that it is kept, and strictly regulated, and likely will be kept indefinitely, although there have been serious attempts to replace the category "species" altogether for its obvious artificiality and ambiguity. www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/the-code-online/ Atm, trained biologists know and appreciate its artificial nature, but keep using it because it makes science so much easier to communicate. That is btw, exactly the reason why a new species name requires a written and published species description, including a diagosis why the authors think this entity they found justifies a new name, and there are several logically very different potential reasons for this, like. e.g., it is unambigously identifiable in the field and/or collections, or it is genetically obviously different from very similar looking specimens, or the natural occurrence makes actual interbreeding extremely unlikely for a long period of time, etc. pp. So I actually have no idea what social changes you refer to here. Afaik, Linneus was a stout monarchist and devout christian.

​@@paavobergmann4920 Yes Linnaean taxonomy is outdated but it represents a step in the continuity of the taxonomic cataloguing of the natural world, at least in the doctrines of Western natural science. Modern science is in a post-Enlightenment period but much of the foundations of what you and I are accustomed to are products of the Enlightenment, particularly scientific rationalism and the reintroduction and adaptation of Aristotelian methodologies during the preceding Renaissance. Hennig's cladistics very much do away with a lot of the Classical Linnaean system but they are still outgrowths of said continuity and predicated upon these older obsolete methods of analysis (ie Linnaean taxonomy). With regard to social changes, I'm referring the the very general large scale political, economic, civic and social changes in the European and Atlantic world between the 15th and 18th centuries (the 'Early modern era'), and the series of economic and social shifts away from feudal and manorial methods of land management and economic production towards a sophisticated mercantile economy. Part of this is the emergence of both new landowning classes (during the Agricultural Revolutions) and mercantile classes, amongst which the ideas of Renaissance humanism and the early Enlightenment were popularised and disseminated. Linnaeus's applied science was inspired not only by the instrumental utilitarianism general to the early Enlightenment, but also by his adherence to the older economic doctrine of Cameralism, which was a science of administration in Prussia and Sweden that aimed at strong management of a centralised economy. The discipline in its most narrow definition concerned the management of the state's finances, involving the use of quantitative data for systematic planning, especially regarding long-term economic growth. I'm talking about the general Enlightenment as precipitated by the Scientific Revolution and the development of Renaissance humanism before it, both of which were representative of and concomitant with large scale social change in Northern and Western Europe. With regards to Linnaeus' personal views and the relationship between being a monarchist and Enlightenment values, during his lifetime the concept of 'Enlightened absolutism' became dominant in the majority of European monarchies. The Swedish monarch during the last period of Linnaeus' life, Gustav III, is touted as a classic example of Enlightened absolutism. archive.org/details/linnaeusnaturena00koer_0

@Paavo Bergmann if you'd like further clarification on the kind of social change I'm talking about I can recommend Fernand Braudel's trilogy on the 15th-18th centuries.

So true haha. I need a nerdier friend than myself

@@JonnaaM international nerd convention, coming to a community center near you.

@schwartzorn I am 75, and all my life I have found anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and the possibility of future space exploration fascinating subjects -- mostly talking to myself because few others had similar interests. So your plight is nothing new.

simon slips and drops chan lingo here

This is why Professor Roper’s Archaeology students will follow him to the ends of the earth someday... and somehow his supervising deans will never know. 😉

It seems like everything is grist for the mill for Simon.

Imagine how many times armwrestlers or tennis players have heard such jokes... Btw new genetic research shows that not only Europeans, Asians and other people outside of Africa have Neanderthal admixture, but also black Africans.

You'll get hiccups.

How do u no he had the virus? U shudnt tell stuff like that. Cove idiot.

@@Haru23a calm down, 'tis but a joke

@@Haru23a watch the video before this one

@@gwhats Another pathaeitic cove idiot. Duh.

Neanderthals are immune to covid 19.

Pretty sure my umpty-umpth great-grandmother opted for a funny-looking good provider. My hunting enthusiast brother looked positively atavistic, with more than one casual observer telling me "Roger looks like a caveman." He had the brow ridge, the prognathism, the occipital bun. So it did not surprise me in the least that a DNA test put me in the 91st percentile for having Neanderthal traits.

just a funny looking good provider searching for my modern woman....

@Martin Hodge Have you considered that human males may have found Neanderthal females too unattractive to mate with them?

Not to cast shade on human men. But modern men will have sex with sheep and horses. They will have sex with vacuum cleaners and fleshlights. You’re telling me ancient man never got a bit tipsy and fell for the ‘big woman’ by the campfire?

My thoughts exactly...and so even in CaveManTimes there were incels as a result human female hypergamous tendencies necessary to the maintenance and advancement of the species.

It really is somewhat like an old friend stopping by to say hello in these confusing and often lonely times. I live his content and super casual delivery. It reminds me of conversations I used to have with my peers wayyyyy back in 2019

Ikr I was thinking the same thing , but I wasn't sure if I knew how to say it

He's a faker

Margarita Marín I appreciate your thoughtful comments. Clearly, while speculating can be entertaining, it’s important to account for the evidence, and you do. Like you, I look forward to further discoveries in this field.

Many happy returns of the day.

Happy birthday, friend!

@@simonroper9218 Thank you Simon! Thanks TO you and your inspiration and instruction, the side-by-side dual- language edition of Beowulf is my joyous spring reading companion. (I last read Beowulf in 1986... Not exactly by choice!)

The scary grandpa face? Got me too haha

It popped up the second I finished reading your comment and scared me too lol

Yeah but they weren't all alive at the same time. A few of the shared sets are much more ancient than the others.

Simon reminds me a lot of a friend of mine who is an evolutionary biologist. perhaps I should try and get a Collab between them.

Exactly this. We have a ton of ancestors whose mtdna or ydna got lost through genetic drift but their autosomal dna exists in us still today.

DEATH, not drift. While there MIGHT BE any number of Untesteds out there, my yDNA clade seems to be dying out in this generation, for example... the few of us who had kids had daughters. My terminal mtDNA has less than 100 Tested-- my wife's has thousands.

There maybe a selective pressure - even a quite slight selective pressure that worked against survival or reproductive fitness of the female line could eliminate evidence of Neanderthal mitochondrial eve quite quickly. The effect could be quite subtle (Neanderthal hybrid women being perceived as less "attractive" less (less neonate possibly?) might be sufficient) rather than serious developmental issues. Nevertheless it is odd that we don't find evidence (as far as i know) of Denisovan or Neanderthal eve in the mitochondria of modern humans.

Martin Hodge _Donkey_ is a quite interesting word. Or, so I’ve heard. For the longest time, apparently, a donkey was always known as an ‘ass’ (Germanic) in English. Then, suddenly, out of nowhere, the word ‘donkey’ appeared. The same goes for _dog,_ I believe, which was always known as ‘hound’ (Germanic) before.

Whilst you could be right, there are a number of possibilities that don't involve fertility at all. As others have discussed in the comments section, there does not have to have been widespread interbreeding for the Neanderthal DNA we see in Human DNA today, ie selection pressure for the genes. So if we assume sporadic or infrequent interaction between humans and Neanderthals and perhaps that initial and limited interaction was between women and Neanderthal males, it only requires the first generation of offspring to be female to explain what we observe today. There is a 50% chance the first offspring will be female and a 50% chance the next will be female and a 50% chance the child after that will be female. As we have observed with two up (coin toss) you can see a run of 10 heads even though it's a 50/50 chance each toss, and in families that have all boys or all girls. So assuming the cross breeding was intermittent or infrequent, sporadic, chance or luck would explain the situation just as well as fertility.

@@isaacolivecrona6114 Dog is the French word for Mastiff. Everybody knows that.

Abcde I thought it was derived from another word for sausage.

Neanderthals also had light eye genes, several of them had them recessively but our lying scum communist 'researchers' buried this deep in the data and made announcements they all had brown eyes. Even though we only have scanned a few and most of them have light eye genes.

I agree, i find it hard to believe that one would stabbing enough animals to have that kind if impact on your muscle structure.

Both are true. Plus the burden of inventing Music with his right hand. And keeping a beat while chipping stones, All Day.

Hmmm. Bodybuilding suggests the opposite. Heavy lifting until total local muscle fatigue and then between 24 or 48 hours rest is the most efficient for muscle growth combined with a protein rich diet. Maybe the scientists surmissing the using of spears responsible for the findings that showed that Neandertal's right upper arms were enormous, took this into account.

@@karsten9895 Well lifting to maximum output in short durations (5-6 reps) is good for strength, but consistent rep range of 8-12 is required for hypertrophy (muscle growth), which leads me to believe it was from repeated daily stress. A builder/construction worker usually has very strong muscles and tendons from continued manual labour, rather than just a few short bursts every other days.

@@loolfactorie I probably didn't express myself correctly. The 8 - 12 rep range for muscle hypertrophy was what I had in mind. You do that and then you pause for 24 hours at least (speaking for a certain muscle group if you're doing splits). Otherwise you undermine your own goals, if your goal is muscle mass and not endurance. True that construction workers are muscular. But lots of them are rather the wiry type.

Himalayas would be Denisovan territory. They found (perhaps after you posted this) a Denisovan bone fragment there, and were able to sequence the DNA.

Pandemics come from animal species and arose only after the adoption of agriculture

Like the Native American population being decimated by diseases that Europeans brought to America.

@@Ptaku93 not necessarily, but it is true that agriculture is associated with a much higher susceptibility to disease. Put plainly, hunter-gatherers tend to live in groups too small and too spread out for massive pandemics to take hold, whereas the tight clustering of a population due to farming and urbanization makes the ideal environment for a contagious pathogen.

With only a few hundred thousand Neanderthals in all of Europe, "social distancing" would have been relatively easy. Maybe it was lack of Gun Control, or the breakup of the Neanderthal common market when Doggerland pulled out.

@@Ptaku93 Too simplistic and not very likely to be correct. Hunter-gatherers are opportunistic, and will take advantage of whatever prey species are available - including marmots (plague), bats (plague, ebola, sars, etc), a very wide variety of birds (bird flu etc) - the list is a very long one indeed and there is no justification for imagining that agriculture is a prerequisite.

I wonder if you realize just how few Neanderthal samples we really have? We have lots of bits and pieces, but as I understand it, we don't have one individual's complete skeleton, (although we have built a relatively complete Neanderthal skeleton by assembling bones from several individuals). And Neanderthal DNA is EXTREMELY rare. Most of it was degraded eons ago. Some Neanderthal DNA has been extracted from a few teeth, but the only "suspected" Human/Neanderthal is the partial skeleton of a young boy, and that possible hybrid was tentatively identified because of his bone structure, not his DNA.

@@oldgysgt I thought there was a female discovered at Gibraltar

@@faroukabad; There may have been a few bones of a Neanderthal female found at Gibraltar, but no complete Neanderthal skeleton has ever been discovered. Science has managed to piece together bones from a number of individuals to form an almost complete skeleton, but that's it.

Ryan yes indeed. As far as I understand it they need more Early Neanderthal samples to prove beyond doubt that an early admixture event took place. It surely will be a surprise and actually Earth Shaking if some Early Neanderthals turn up with the same Haplogroups as the Later Neanderthals....

No complete, but some quite good. For the axial skeleton, you only need the vertebrae and one side, which helps :)@@oldgysgt

I hear that gender matters a lot. If a male Neanderthal mates with a female homo sapien, their offspring is not fertile. We decend from a female Neanderthal who mated with a male homo sapien. That's my favorite new theory.

@@ericmoore7413 that's the opposite of the evidence, as if there was a female neanderthal mating with modern humans, she would pass her mitochondrial DNA to the offspring, but there is no neanderthal mitochondrial DNA in modern humans. So, suggests male Neanderthals could produce fertile offspring with female h. Sapiens but not vice versa.

Emery Paine exactly.

Same the other way round, since (as far as im aware) there aren't neanderthal y chromosomes. Maybe I misunderstand the way things work, since biology is not my strongest subject.

You really don't know what post-modern thought is, especially to provide it as an overarching singularity as opposed to many disciplines like modernism has.

You're right - I'm drafting up a correction to this to put in the description :) Thanks for pointing this out!

Afrodisiac please do! as a mere interested onlooker, any sort of information like that would be welcome. youtube has way more aliens than science stuff, any good reading tips appreciated.

Cos u got no life 4 sure

@@Haru23a What the hell is your problem lol. Your life must be so great that you have to deride random people on the internet to help you retain some semblance of self worth.

It's a fascinating subject

Really good, thanks! I don't know how the mark will come out, but it felt alright. Hope the pandemic is treating you well.

@@simonroper9218 You too m8

dissertation? You haven’t mention this online, have you? Please make a video about your graduate work (I guess we only say that in the States so maybe you’d call it advanced degrees?)

It is highly debated. Their bone structure in their throat is not identical to ours. And even more so is modern humans have neanderthal genes sprinkled through out our dna. Every human has different Gene's in different parts of our double helix based on the individual. The only place you will never find a neanderthal gene in a modern human are on the genes responsible for speech. The neanderthal Gene's must've been a disadvantage so no modern human today has those specific Gene's. Neanderthal genes that survived to modern day were either ones that gave humans an advantage or did not create a disadvantage. Neanderthal speech can be theorized to be far less developed than ours other wise their genes responsible for speech would still be present in some of us.

Neanderthals invented the flute 80,000 years ago. They invented language 79,980 years ago when the elder generation needed some way to express the thought "Ugh! These kids today and their music!"

They had the foxp2 gene and they had larynx similar enough, but they would've produce higher pitched and more nasal voice.

Don't think they had iPads back then did they?

@@thomashaapalainen4108 "The only place you will never find a Neanderthal gene on a modern human are on the genes related to speech." Obviously, you also don't find any in mitochondria.

hahahaha brilliant

:)) My work colleague lives there and she's quite fit!

Afrodisiac I’m sure they are lovely and you’ve just had the misfortune of stumbling upon those few of lesser beauty.

@@ferkinskin does she have an overdeveloped right arm??

@@Ptaku93 No, it's the left arm in Neanderthal woman... 💪💃😄

@@ferkinskin A javelinista, perhaps.