Everyone is missing the point at the end. The tales of "large snakes" that scared the Portugese infidels are obviously about Anacondas and Boa Constrictors. They can obviously be found in Brazil as well as Argentina (at least anacondas are native there). Plus, the Portugese calling it a very hot waste and in ruins leads me to believe they were describing the jungle. You can easily make out some geographical features of Argentina as well. BTW, this is the first time I've seen someone actually translate the words on the map. THANK YOU.

The Graham Hancock types always talk about this map and say it's based on much older maps but they never get specific. So glad this topic got covered and you dug into his sources. Keep it up.

Super cool you picked my question on your voicemail and thank you for making such a great video about it!! 🙏

Also of note: any ships sailing through the bosphous had to surrender any charts for inspection before passing through, meaning the ottomans always had up to date information from often competing European states that may not have shared information with each other.

"Reis" means roughly "Capitain" or "Commodor," and is an Ottoman title. "Reis" wasn't his name but his title. Another feature of the map is that the coast lines become "fiddly" in areas of limited or non-existent information about the coast line.

The first time I saw this map I thought he just ran out of paper going south and just bended south America to the east. It always amaze me how few people notice this.

This episode was amazing. Having access to old Turkish (which is something i had fun learning) opens so many doors its so wonderful. so many antique books to read and gravures to look at. ive got a couple exact copies of books of cartography made by katip çelebi in the book müntehabı bahriye. good stuff. your pronounciation of Turkish words were also not that bad either! all in all great video, cheers!

Thank you for making these videos. It’s so easy for people like myself who are not formally educated in these things to be lured in by the alternative history crowd. You’re fighting the good fight 👏👏👏

Just because no maps of Columbus have survived to this day, doesn’t necessarily mean some hadn’t survived until the time this map was drawn up. Also its rumoured in the UK that Columbus had Irish monk’s maps of the New World, preserved along with loads of other stuff such as the beautiful Celtic bibles in Ireland during the ‘dark ages’ - that narrative suggests Columbus did know where he was going and wasn’t looking for an alternative spice root etc... great video as always 👍👍👍

Awesome. It is tempting to "go down the rabbit hole" from time to time. And it's wonderful that you have both the knowledge, and take the time to do the research that lazy (such as myself) or busy people can/will not do. Thankyou so much for allowing me to enjoy the delightful entertainment of the fringe, by providing a safe route back to sanity.

The claimed map of Columbus that Piri Reis mentions as a source is not Juan de la Cosa's (since it is superior in depicting Hispaniola and Cuba, so it can't be a source) but an improved version of Toscanelli's, the one Columbus presented to King Ferdinand II (this was done allegedly to make Ferdinand trust Columbus, as the Toscanelli map and his predictions did support Columbus' stated goals) since the Piri Reis map includes Antillia and Cippangu on exact same places as the improved Toscanelli map. The Brazil coastline is much more interesting. The source is a map Afonso de Albuquerque found in Java and gave to Francisco Rodrigues to give to the Portuguese crown; Albuquerque describes the map as being in Javanese and consisting of 26 parts (jstor, stable/27864629). The main map was lost in a shipwreck but an incomplete copy Francisco Rodrigues made, reached Portugal and this is the source of mis-attribution to Francisco Rodrigues in some sources. This copy contains the same exact coastline of Brazil which appears in Piri Reis map (this copy incidentally is the first place to use the name Brazil in"terra do brazill"). How does this Javanese map contain such an exact mapping of the Brazil coast-line is a mystery however.

Piri Reis has written on the map, what is the source of each part of the map! Nowhere he talks about the library of Alexandria or aliens!

Giant snakes seen by the Portuguese was enough evidence for me. Nicely explained Sir!

The Portuguese knew about longitude long before even the Sextant+Chronometer was invented using the Epheremis tables. The Cantino map clearly shows the Portuguese in Canada with Nova Scotia,Iceland, Greenland, USA coast, The Caribbean Islands, Brazil, Yucatan Peninsula, all the way down half of Brazil, Australia, Africa. The list goes on an on, Columbus learned all the maps and sailing techniques in Portugal. Portugal was in Brazil decades before Columbus even sailed in 1492. We now know that Portugal kept Brazil secret for many years due to the Spanish expansion and the inevitable Treaty of Tordesillas. Without Portugal and their discovery of the Ocean Gyres no one would be able to cross the Atlantic for at least another century. The discovery of the Ocean Gyres lead to the discovery of the Madeira Islands, and the most important discovery was the Azores, as you can not make a full return back from the West without stopping in the Azores. This is how all trips to the West took place, from Madeira Back around to the Azores. The wife of Christopher Columbus was the daughter of the Viceroy/ Governor of the Madeira Islands.

Hey there everybody. I wish you all a good time with this video!

I sit watching this with a very large, hardback book, titled _Mapping the World._ A beautifully illustrated history of world maps. It is indescribably fascinating. One of the best books I own. Comes with my recommendation! Great video, thanks for sharing your knowledge and expertise! 👍😎

I read that Einstein considered Hapgood's theory plausible, but it may well be he did suggest some modification. Hapgood's book was open on Einstein's desk when Einstein died. But this is a good analysis of the Piri Reis map. Some of those notes i hadn't seen before, nor the rotating of South America to produce the "Antarctic" coast.

Another fascinating video, thanks! Really interesting to hear the notes made on the map by the author, and their attempt at establishing provenance of their work!

The "Columbus" maps Reis was referring to would have come from Toledo. In its heyday, it had gathered a lot of maps and other information from many cultures. That's where Columbus got his. And Columbus never had maps of South America, that we know of. That part of South America was probably not from Cabral himself but subsequent Portuguese expeditions.

About 25 years ago I found a table with a metal inlay in a vacant house, the inlay had a huge world map on it with animals and other figures on it, I had absolutely no idea what any of it and then but I thought the table was super cool so I took it. Recently I had been watching a episode of ancient aliens and the Piri Reis map. I know I had seen this map in these figures before so I went and looked at my table that I had in storage and it was an exact duplicate but the map I have the entire map of the world I would really love to send you pictures so you could tell me what exactly I have it’s so super interesting

I've been watching your videos for about two weeks now. During that time many sacred cows have been slaughtered (yes, I've been vaguely believing the ideas put forward by the likes of G. Hancock for many years). But I've noticed a very remarkable change in my thinking: it feels like the barn is being cleared of gunk. It smells much better now and much more fit for purpose. Thanks and gratitude...

As someone who is from the Great southern Land iI find it amazing that no one mentions Australia The Portuguese explord here,we have large snakes and its hot in the north Just in the wrong place in the south Keep up the great work

Another great KZfaq channel. I love history, especially things forgotten. Your analysis is intelligent. Old maps are full of clues. I subscribed, thanks.

Great work coming from sound conclusions that most ancient maps were very distorted but considering the the era and access we should consider their value in their historic time period of our past endeavors into exploration.

The Piri Reis is a wonderful composite of world at time…. And he describes that very south amaerica “Antarctica” very hot. Tierra del Fuego. He must have been told by Portuguese

As always, this video is interesting and factual. Debunking incorrect ideas about the world and human civilization has to be done, because ideas based in falsehood percolate through the society's consciousness and create problems for people in the present. They often feed cults, superstitions and notions that undermine modern science and medicine. Science fiction and fantasy are not inherently harmful, but people who live in a fantasy world of belief rather than the real world are responsible for a number of problems nowadays. Videos like this one are necessary counters to bad history and world views base on fantasy. The problem is that the videos providing real information, like this one, are outnumbered by clickbait and sensationalist lies. Keep up the good and necessary work Doctor Miano!

My first time here. This video is outstanding and a service to mankind.

Joe Rogan has the guy from Bright Insight on right now talking about Atlantis. YOU should go on his show to correct the record.

Awesome vid!! Not mentioned, but highly relevant, is the fact that ALL explorers that drew those maps came from the northern hemisphere. As such, the north star is the best reference for true north and ALL cartographers would have used it. Unfortunately, the north star is NOT visible in the southern hemisphere, so the north/south perspective gets skewed below the equator... This vid was really interesting and I'll sub and binge watch all the ones I've been missing!!

Im a guy very into history of sailling, and its so annoying the amount of dumb theories surroinding old maps. Since im portuguese i get the advantage of access to some books and documents that our national archive still has from the 1400-1600's, like sea charts. Its very interesting to see them evolve and grow, specially portulans. One of the most annoying theoires was that portulans, which are made with the help of a compass and show you the direction of each port in relation to one another, are actually a roman invention, even tho Ptolomey wrote down longitudes and latitudes and we have no evidence of romans writting geography books based on compass directions. But people will insist that just because medieval europe loved to use roman and greek sources, that they must've not been original inventors of portulans. The paradox of the dark age of science is so enfuriating: anything europe did that was backwater was because of their dumb beliefs, anything they did that was advanced was because of rome and greek writtings. Funny enough, both muslim and christian scientists of the time innovated plenty, and their more wacky ideas came precisely from ancient rome and ancient greece. Name any weird old belief in medicine or geography medieval people's had in europe or the middle east and you can trace it all the way to rome and greece: humor theories, astrology, the idea that there is the exact same land mass in the northen hemisphere, the idea that strange lands have cyclops, giants, one legged people, etc, geocentrism, the idea that its too hot in the equator to sail into, the idea that the sea becomes too shallow beyong "the pillars of hercules", sea monsters, etc. Medieval people's were innovative, all across history, they didnt need to steal knowledge from so called ancient civilizations that both leave no trace and yet left their mark everywhere.

Thank God you exist, Professor Miano. Thank you. (still waiting for your segment on the Antikythera Mechanism!).

Again great work good sir. Loving the back catalogue.

Brilliant explanation, thank you.

Professor Miano: When Piri Reis states that some of the maps he used to develop this one dated from the time of Alexander, he does not attribute them to the Ptolemaic maps of which he would certainly have been aware. As I am sure you are aware, Alexander encountered many ancient cultures (and deliberately scooped up all he could of their ancient knowledge) during his campaigns, including those of the Egyptians and East Indians. Is it inconceivable to you that during his time in Egypt he obtained maps that were extremely ancient? Could those maps have been stored in the library he established at Alexandria and copies eventually made their way to Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul) where they were later found by Piri Reis? As you try to make sense of the information on the Reis map, consider that it was literally pieced together from these ancient maps, so sections of it are likely to be incorrectly oriented (as you suggested might be the case in this presentation), and that many of the land masses have changed appearance over the millenia due to sea level rise and land subsidence. This map does, in fact, contain information from before the last ice age.

David, thank you for this great video. Your enthusiasm is contagious and it excites me to watch more videos about Archeology and ancient history.

Great video. Nice balance of real historical information and correction of conspiracist misinformation.

I read 1421 by Gavin Menzies several years ago, and I found it very convincing for a while.... until I took the time to look into the criticisms of it, and those ideas in general. Even for skeptical people, it can be too easy to get swept up in grand ideas that don't seem as half baked on the surface as they actually are. Thanks for keeping reliable information on the internet, and educating people in what we actually know about old maps, ancient civilizations, and all the other interesting stuff you cover on your channel.

Ah the Piri Reis map. I remember back in the early to mid 2000’s when I was a conspiracy minded pre-teen, the various UFO magazines I was subscribed to constantly talked about this map. Usually it was either to prove Atlantis is real, or how the Americas or Antarctica was discovered earlier than commonly accepted. And as I understand it, the Romans believed in a “Terra Australis” (southern land) because they literally thought that the Earth would roll over like a ball if there wasn’t something in the south balancing out Europe, Asia and Africa.

Fear is a more important emotion to the masses than truth. Well done on the video. You understood this perfectly.

I didn't know of this fictional southern continent but that makes sense: when Hernan Cortes mapped out Sonora, he became away of the Baja California peninsula. However. Because he didn't go north and didn't cross the gulf, he thought it was an island. He sent Francisco de Ulloa to investigate, but discovered that it was a peninsula. The Idea was revived by Juan de Fuca, who misunderstood the nature and distance of Vancouver Island and argued that the passage connected to the gulf and that Vancouver island was actually part of California. Jesuit explorers starting with Padre Eusebio Kino finally confirmed that Baja was just a peninsula and that Vancouver island was disconnected with the rest of the mainland. When you see two points of land from the water, islands and continents become entirely indistinguishable. It seems a Portuguese sailor simply missed one part of the South American coast.

Great video!! Thank you sir

Details are fascinating, makes sense he used older source maps, maybe from a library that no longer exist. I’m not an alien believer, but believe In older civilizations that have been erased. Bimini road showing above water would suggest a source map much much older, no way to know for sure

You sir, have got yourself a new subscriber. That was fantastic and your love of learning shines through your personality. Thank you :)

I am always captured spellbound by your presentations, this is another fascinating bit of history you have all the inside info on.... thanks for sharing your wisdom and humor.

Brilliantly explained - as per usual. I totally understand the "romantic idea" of a lost civilisation. (Graham Hancock and many KZfaq channels have built their careers on such an idea) However, as an open-minded lay person - I find your explainations so well researched that it's difficult to take their ideas too seriously anymore. However, this doesn't take away the awe and majesty of Egypt and other fantastic ancient sites. If anything, it just enhances them. Do you organise your own trips to Egypt - (like Uncharted X, Robert Schoch, Brian Foerster). If you did - I'd very interested to attend.

Hey! Caught you early. I would love you to dig into Nan Madol.

Very nice analysis, Dr. Miano!

Well done. Bravo.

Wonderful and easy to understand. I've tried to research this map a few years back. You've answered questions, thanks.

Just a little comment on this great video: On 9:35, when you say "The greeks and Romans had envisionned a much smaller globe" I am not sure what you refer to. Eratosthenes (greek from alexandria) basically calculated the correct circonference during the 3rd century BCE (250 000 stadium, ~40 000km). This value was still used by detractors of Columbus 17 centuries later to argue he could never reach asia through the west. (they were right, they just ignored there was a continent inbetween).

Thank you. I’ve been intrigued by the Piri Reis map for a long time. Your video is excellent.

BTW, didn't someone claim this map shows Antarctica's "Blood Falls", or have I got that wrong? Now THAT would be an Historical-Anomaly worth the name!

As someone who found this the most convincing thing as a child who even wondered how as a skeptic it could be refuted. Thank you. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. ❤

Good evening D.David, I hope there is cooperation between you and Prof. Richard Mortel Professor of Islamic History. To talk about the archaeological sites in the Arabian Peninsula, which are no less important than the Egyptian civilization, but perhaps the most important in the world.

Thank you for clearing that up for me. I've long heard the Antarctica hypothesis and it never did wash with me.

I was always curious about that, thanks Dr Miano.

I would recommend people to read Hapgood's book and form their own opinion. I don't feel that longitude and its implications have been adequately covered here. Also the reasons for some of the inconsistencies in Piri Reis. Still decent content, thanks 👍🏻

The Alternative History mob can be very persuasive through what they omit, rather than the evidence they include. You do a great job, your students are lucky indeed!

Had a friend who felt that Native Americans are from Mars. He tried to convince me with a recent science article that said: the nicest place on Mars would be harsher than the summit of Mt. Everest. I never argued with him, ever.

Another interesting video David I didn't really know a great about this map thank you for explaining it

The Map not only shows Antarctica but the strange thing is that it shows the mountain range between Argentina and Antarctica, those mountains are only be seen by satellites because they are under hemisphere, meaning underwater, it is intriguing how he managed to draw mountains under sea, my manager have written a book about this map and he completed this piece of map to a whole , we are in train of translating the book at the moment, thanks for this nice video.

Your argument is from the perspective of the craft of mapmaking. In debunking Hapgood it would also be beneficial to specifically address both of the issues below, relative to the underlying land mass of Antartica, and to Albert Einstein's relationship with Hapgood. (1) The purported "empirical" argument for the Peri Reis Map showing is that details of the antarctic coastline (the physical land mass under the ice, not the ice shelf) match the detail in the Peri Reis Map - therefore the Peri Reis Map source is from a time before the ice shelfs, or from a technology able to image the land mass. (2) The "credibility" argument for the Peri Reis Map showing Antartica is via Einstein's correspondence with Hapgood and Einstein's endorsement of Hapgood's physics methodology and "scientific genius".

I am a Graham Hancock fan but it's good to hear the voice of reason and knowledge Graham Hancock is an exciting subject but you have to keep things in perspective this is my first viewing of this Channel and I plan to investigate

I've got a question, forgive my ignorance on the subject of the Piri Reis maps. There is a reference at 3:02 to the maps being relative to TRUE NORTH but then references the maps were drawn with the use of the magnetic compass. True north and MAGNETIC NORTH are in two different locations in the arctic. A compass can only point to magnetic north, not true north. One can accurately find a location by use of the angle of declination, the difference between true north and magnetic north. This angle varies by a few degrees depending where in the world you are located. In my area of Pennsylvania, US the angle of declamation is +3 degrees. Has the angle of declination been factored in when assessing the accuracy of these maps? Does it even matter?

Excellent video! I learned a lot. I do have one question though. You say that "the Greeks and Romans" had envisioned a much smaller globe and that people in Columbus's time believed that the Caribbean bordered on Asia. But didn't they know the size of the earth already because of the calculations of Eratosthenes? I know Columbus disagreed with Eratosthenes's estimates but from what I remember most of his contemporaries at the time actually (correctly) preferred Eratosthenes's estimates.

In Gavin Menzies' book 1421, he suggested that part of the Piri Reis map was influenced by the cartographers traveling with Chinese admiral Zheng He in his numerous diplomatic trips during the Ming dynasty. Of course, a lot of coincidences have to happen that the maps, which were often state secrets, got through the Silk Road and end up in Europe. Menzies also claimed that Zheng have reached part of Antarctica by South America. The reason given was unpredictable weather and a previously larger ice sheet from Antarctica.

"Portuguese infidels" treading on the hot sands of Antarctica but being chased by the snakes.

Wow, loved this video. Thanks for making it

It seems to me that there are many very interesting, real, historical things that can be learned from the Piri Reis map, but when the entire discussion surrounding it revolves around whether or not it it is based on mysterious, lost civilizations and other pseudo-history, those things get pushed into the background and ignored.

Graham Hancock in Archeology & History is the same with Frank Dux or Steven Seagal in Martial Arts 😂

Have you discussed the Tabula Peutingeriana? No fantastic theories behind it, but an interesting case of ancient knowledge surviving into the modern day.

This was so interesting! Would love to have someone like you for medieval and early modern times.

Thank you for a methodical review of the Piri Reis map.

Piri Reis did not in fact quote mappae mundi from Europe that you describe as probable sources but rather those of Idrīsī or the Ma’mūn geographers on which the better of the mappae mundi drew. Fuat Sezgin wrote a great deal about this before in his old age he went effectively mad and supported dubious projects of the Erdogan nationalists. But in his heyday (I worked with him in the late 90s) he uncovered quite a number of ME maps and tables with astoundingly accurate coordinates.

I first heard of this map during the ancient astronaut craze started or boosted by Erich von Daniken.

I just don't understand why people refuse evidence and then believe something different just because a scientist tells them other wise. There would be absolutely no reason not to draw ice if there was ice.

I love it when things are obvious after doing obvious things, like reading the map! Reminds me of all the egyptian carvings that are given wacky alt-history explanations while the hieroglyphs describing them are right next to the carving.

Interesting (and most likely true) Interpretation of the Piri Reis map; for someone who claims not to have much background on these old maps, you have done a good job. Too bad you didn't spend any time doing the same sort of thing for the Oronce Fine map of Antarctica (1531) that I sent you.

Great, logical, walk-through, of this much debated map!

The biggest secret is that the map is not made out of authentic Piri Ries.

It would’ve been helpful if you had discussed the accuracy of the maps depiction of the Antarctic coastline below the Ice. The ONE and ONLY piece of evidence that suggests, at some point there was knowledge of Antarctica before the ice formed. Why would you intentionally leave that out, as I stated THAT is THE evidence for the ancient knowledge of Antarctica before the ice.

I love it when the words of an object's actual creator are on the object itself, and you use them to debunk the illogical garbage LAHTers push as part of their Holy Gospel of Suppressed Knowledge. Thank you, David. In this video it simply doesn't matter that you only rendered at 30fps - but please start using 60fps for camera and renderer settings, to avoid the horrendous brain-hurting slideshow which can lead to a seizure. At 30fps I see every frame 5 times before a new one arrives. :( 60 Frames Per Second makes filmed videos smooth as silk in comparison. And the visual data rate at 60fps is doubled, providing much higher quality viewing.

great to get some more context on this, great work!

The Antarctica thing isn't very compelling to me. What is compelling is that while being a portolan chart it seems to have a Mercator Projection, and the longitude between Africa and Brazil is dumby accurate. Obviously the long distance between the old and new world, in an almost straight east-west line, should be among the worst longitude on the thing, but it's not. And you don't have to be an expert to confirm this, Google Earth Pro allows you to overlay maps, and converts them to a Mercator projection automatically. You can see for yourself *plugs own short on the topic

This was a really interesting video! I'd never heard of it before! Glad you could dispel the whole "ancient high tech" nonsense yet again. It's tiresome to trip over such pseudoscience in random places, so any time I can point them to your channel, I do! Thank you, Dr. Miano, for what you do!

From what I heard and viewed of this episode you (David Miano) need to read more books!

The Prir Reis Map does NOT show the Antarctic. What people are calling the Antarctic, on this map, is nothing more than the lower part of South America (and not even all of it either). If you overlay this map on a modern map, you see that it fits the outline of most of South America, but the angle of the land is skewed (due to direction and positioning technics of that time (sun and stars) not compensating for the curvature of the earth below the equator. Take note of the rivers on both maps and you will see. It is merely the coast line from mid Venezuela (around Carupano and including Trinidad) down to Puerto Deseado in Argentina. NOTHING MORE. On the other side, it is the coast line from Portugal to Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire.

Amazing content!

HIC SVNT GRAHAMHANCOCKES. Thank you. I've always found old maps fascinating. One can marvel at them for their accuracy as well as for their fantasy. I have read once a fascinating book about the first encounters between Europeans and Japanese, with a long introduction illustrated with many ancient maps, the first ones inspired by Marco Polo's (heavily fantastic) description of Cipango, then integrating the discoveries of the new world around Colombus' times (the book including also Colombus' notes on Marco Polo's description, as well as excerpts from his journal, and the guy seemed obsessed with the idea of proving he had indeed reached Cipango). Anyway, many of these maps showed Cipango, and often as a rectangular island the very shape of the one you pointed at. Maybe the Piri Reis map was in this book, actually, I can't remember... Anyway, fascinating topic, and thanks for the video.

I can tell just by the way this man delivers his self assured ‘knowledge’ that he’s come to believe fully in the flawed education he’s received over his years in school. Don’t let this smug attitude convince you that this guy knows anything more about our ancient past than you or anyone alive today. Our ancient past remains a vast mystery to us all

Hot air balloons are very simple technology. They made clothes back then, so all you need is a basket and a stable fuel source. So mapping from the air back then is not completely crazy to think. More then likely tethered to the ground and rope weight would help keep control by it dragging.

Well done, sir.

I still wonder if the Piri Reis map of the Antarctic coastline somewhat resembles the area, from where did the information come? I’m not concerned about how ancient knowledge is but from where and how it was found! Has not the Antarctic coast been covered by ice and snow for millennia? Then how could anyone have any accuracy reporting a location? Approximations and dead reckoning navigation is still more accurate than total fantasy and the Antarctic coast is supposedly located positional similar to Piri Reis’ map. Is it not?

_"Assumptive balance"_ often drove ancient cartographers. In other words if where they lived there was habitable land to the east = they assumed the same must also be so to the west. If you could sail south to inhabited lands - yet the far north was unknown to you = you simply assumed a similar landmass might exist there as well much as you see elsewhere. So ancient maps were often part reality and part = assumption. This is why as an example Columbus assumed they could sail to the west to arrive at the east. Either they were unaware of something and left it out = or they simply assumed where something might be. 🤔

Its amazing how many details are omitted in those theories.

Interesting, in Brazil we still call world maps as "mappae mundi" (actually "mapa mundi", in Portuguese)

Watched this while having lunch-thanks for the delicious entree and tasty dessert. The Map notes were the highlight and good for a few laughs. Hope that Graham catches this vid.

Thank you David. It is amazing that with additional investigation and objectivity that truth can be uncovered relatively easily. Historians like you given enough time can enlighten us with truth.

I have two copies at home.i find it fascinating!

I have been fascinated by the Piri Reis Map for Decades - Nice to hear some Sense. - I've actually been to Topkapi Palace. - btw - There is a UFO museum in Istanbul too I seem to remember...