Monroe effect in a nutshell.

‘Aw, I thought I could re-use this shaped charged that *explodes*!’

At the end it says “entire assembly is destroyed”

The rare and elusive SCHEDULED Rapid Disassembly. :)

Like university

@@tickleisweeb tbf, I didn't know if it would typically be destroyed or made thick enough to withstand the explosiin to ensure as much of the explosive force went into the liner as possible so I still learned something.

Metal is a very hard plasticine

Precisely. The shockwave hits the metal so hard that it creates a microfragment superfluid, though the material is often still hot enough to cause post-armor incendiary effects. HEAT warheads are... not pleasant weapons. The aftermath is nightmarish, to put it simply.

A solid can be made to behave as a liquid by subjecting the solid to immense pressure or melting the solid under high temperature. The later is the traditional method. In either way the material will possess the properties of a liquid.

In small sizes metal is soft.. most things got soft when size reduced to a certain point.

yep its just like having water in a vacuum chamber and making it boil

Yes, but unironically.

@@squidlybytes Ah yes, please excuse my lack of proffesionalism. That "xd" seems a bit unnecessary to me now... I reckon an M16 would be a "Hand-held long distance piercing machine"?

@@rubinolas6998 you've got to wonder tho, just how well would this breaching charge type would work as an ammo type in a conventional firearm?

@@rubinolas6998 no that would be a 50cal sniper rifle with antitank round

There are many applications where shaped charges are used to separate stuff, many rockets use them.

Why does c4 smell like almonds

Is this how anti submarine torpedos work?

@@suyashsingh9865 I think they just carry a big heavy block of explosive. Hydrostatic coupling with the hull of the sub will do the rest.

Thanks. Really appropriate it and welcome to Operational Facts.

@@operationalfacts5602*appreciate

Sure. You can use the video for your research.

@@operationalfacts5602 Hi, I am working on a project and want to make an animation like this on a different topic. Would you please tell me which software is used to create such animations. Thanks

@@abdulrahim2237 The images were created in Inkscape(free) inkscape.org/ and the Animation was created in HitFilm Pro (paid) fxhome.com/product/hitfilm-pro but HitFilm express(free) might also work. fxhome.com/product/hitfilm-express

@@operationalfacts5602 Thanks. Much Appreciated.

Thanks! Yes it was kinda abrupt.

It looks like shaped charges were used to make the diagonal cuts in the columns of the twin towers on 9/11. In some of the collapse videos you can see hundreds of very fast streaks of white light emanating from the collapse area. The buildings fell at nearly free fall acceleration, so it's clear that the columns were "taken out". If the structure were intact, t's impossible that the buildings would collapse through the path of greatest resistance, which was the steel structure designed to support 5 to 10 times the building's weight.

Correct, the distance of the copper cone and the surface to be penetrated needs to be very precise, for maximum effect.

A tutorial please?

​@@a.s2156 you just watched one

Yes they are extra dangerous. You never know when or what will set them off

There is the concept of the Cassaba Howitzer, a shaped nuke to produce an intense directed xray pulse.

damn it, 3 weeks to late

Damn it 3 months too late

@@FenrizNNN damn it 3 weeks too late again ?

Damn it 3 years too late

I'm not an expert but I'd assume the self lubricating aspect of copper helps it flow and jet under pressure more easily and accurately. One of the reasons why it works as a bullet jacket material so well. Graphite is a good dry lubricant for the same kind of reason. The particles slide past each other smoothly without hanging up. Its a pretty cool effect. Colloidal liquid/grease type lubes with high solids amounts usually contain lots of very fine copper to take advantage of this effect. I think Geisselle has a gun trigger lube like that if I remember correctly.

The solid state hardness of the material used isn't really important, whats important is the pressure/force driving it being greater than the resistance offered by the material it's being driven into. Kind of that whole water jet cutting thing of "water is not compressible" so it can move the comparatively more compressible steel aside.

Speed and density count above all else when considering armour penetration. A copper jet at 10,000 ft/s has both of these things by the boatload.

@@chloedemeter5473 water is more compressible than steel

@@meixo9083 Yes, but not when it is already compressed. The dynamical pressure scales with the square of the speed, so it could even be possible to cut steel with a jet of air if you accelerated it enough. But anyway, water cutting is typically enhanced with abrasives (e.g. tiny grains of quartz sand or something even harder) added to the water.

Interesting idea. i'll look into it.

@@operationalfacts5602 sorry if i seemed harsh in my comments, I actually really really like your videos, which is why I commented; Your doing really well and have covered and explained everything very well. I had to learn about the monroe effect from books, without the absolutely awesome graphics which can instantly show what once took a lot to figure. Please keep up your good work, and if there is anything I can do to help in the future it would be my pleasure

@@cascadianrangers728 No problem. I think the next video will be on explosively formed penetrators. I looked it up briefly and it look very interesting. If you have good source link, please let me know. I have some already but yours might be more in-depth. Thx

@@operationalfacts5602 The first time I heard of an EFP was on connection with the very very rare destruction of an Abrams with crew fatalities, which was terrifying. They would punch thru our mraps like tissue paper, and the Iraqis were lovingly hand making them. Imagine a solid copper manhole cover with 30 pounds of semtex plastic explosiv behind it. Flash forwards today and we have crazy awesome efps like the m2 slam. In theory, you could use depleted uranium as the metal for an efp...that could get nasty! I'm glad you like efps! Maybe after that you can do fuel air explosives

Thanks for reminding me. I've added Standoff to the pinned comment.

It depends on many factors such as liner composition, amount of explosive, total mass to total explosive mass ratio, etc. A standoff distance of 10 to 20mm seems to give the best penetration depth. This paper describes in much detail the efficiency of a Linear Shaped Charge. bib.irb.hr/datoteka/644458.tv_21_2014_3_525_531.pdf

​@@operationalfacts5602 Wow, that's an answer I can really learn a lot from. Thank you very much!

I think its called standoff distance, something like that at least

@@operationalfacts5602 Ooooo! There's a paper I never knew I needed!

Yes, the explosive shapes the lining in a jet. A solid jet. This solid jet is ejected at such a high speed that its kinetic energy alone is enough to breach the armor.

Well simply shaped charge munition back then wasn't as researched as now, and also was more crude and unreliable, for example there was an attempt to up-gun the sherman, also known as the M4A3/M4A1/M4A2's 105mm Howitzer, it had a HEAT round called the M67 which can only penetrate around 130mm of RHA, meanwhile the Abram's 105mm M456a2 shell can penetrate up to 400~450mm of RHA. Another example would be Germany L/48 guns mounted on Panzer 4's, their HEAT was so crude it only penetrated about ~80mm of RHA. Other than that, the effect of these shaped charges were also reduced due to it spinning thus the copper liner losing the ability to form the jet properly. At least what I know, correct me if I'm wrong.

Yes it takes advantage of the Munroe effect.

I don't know what those flashes are but I would assume that they are electric arcs caused by short circuits the building's electrical wiring.

Penny pinching building operators and bad maintenance.

Shaped charges arent just used in tank shells. HEAT shells use a shaped charge. like the one in the video. rocket launchers and missiles also use shaped charges. Bank robbers might even use them to cut a hole into a vault

@@orbitalpotato9940 oh ok

@@orbitalpotato9940 are you saying that i could rob a bank with Shaped charges

@@MrBlack75922 A safe is nothing but a tank without wheels ;) EDIT: that means you could also rob a tank, of course

@@piazzollalucagordon4149 :)

this is me when

what...

what...

i hope you like shredded cookies with metallic fragments in them

@@gidoiurafael just like momma used to make

Yes, that's correct. The explosion deforms and ejects the lining without melting it.

@@operationalfacts5602 Thanks!

Thanks for pointing that out. It's fixed now.

@@operationalfacts5602 wow! A response! Legitimately, thank you! So many channels ignore complaints, but it sincerely effects the content, so thank you for responding and fixing it! Subscribed!

No

Correct. The metal is stretched into a jet of solid particles. As this jet starts to cut through the target, it will also generate lots of heat from the large amount of kinetic energy that the particles in the jet has due to their speed.

@@operationalfacts5602 so is the jet actually molten? I think it's a misconception people think shaped charge is molten jet at extreme high temperature that melts its way thru metal that quickly.

@@operationalfacts5602 oxy-actelyene cutting torch. It takes time to cut the metal. I would have not expect a shaped charge cut melt its way thru steel that quickly. So I think it actually "pushes" its way thru not and not "melting" its way thru steel right?

@@prandomable Correct.

@@operationalfacts5602 T ≈ PV / nR v ⬇️ p⬆️ E= Rdx H Ceramics + Ti Casing the deeper penetration

No. The liner can made from other metals or even glass. The material you use will determine the characteristics of the jet created. It will determine for example how deep the jet penetrates a target.

Heat isn't much of a factor. Plasma isn't formed using modern APFSDS. Where did you get this information from?

Under extreme pressure the copper does become a liquid but not at its melting point of 1083º apparently and simply pushes its way through armour. So it is kinetic energy and not burning through. To understand this a quick google search shows that ice will form water under pressure but with no increase in ambient temperature, the graph shows that the colder the ice the greater the pressure is required to “melt” it.

@@teeanahera8949 I believe heat is a major factor in its ability to push through the armor... if it was a cold liquid I just don't think it would penetrate as effectively

@@Howleebra No, heat or heat-transfer are not major influences when it comes to depth of penetration at these velocities. There is some influence of heat on yield-strength (and density) of the material and in that way it does play a role in penetration. There is also an influence of heat when it comes to the formation of the jet. Here it gets really complicated but it boils down to how big the jet gets before breaking up and how long the tail of the jet is (bigger jet means more mass impacting the target -> more penetration). But overall, the penetration is over too quickly for heat-transfer to play a role. We are not burning or melting our way through a target; we are pushing through. We apply about a few 100 times more force than the material can sustain. So it will yield and do so in such a way that it appears as if it is fluid (as if it doesn't put up any resistance). Studies have shown that the material after impact showed large grain-deformations (elongation). If the material was melted and re-solidified, it would show new grains that are round-ish. Hope this helps understanding the physics involved.

@@DreadX10 but the penetrator is so hot? The impact looks melted thru Kinetic energy of an ultra dense material turns solid into plasma creating phenomenal heat?

Because it adheres to the definition that a group of particles is expelled forcefully from the cone/shaped charge. The dictionary talks about fluids or gas but forgets about rapidly expelling solids. When you are sand-blasting something, the sand stays firmly solid but you are still using a jet (of air + sand). Physics are hard to understand for linguists apparently.....

Yup, that's me. I started this channel for people who just want straight info without the story.

@@operationalfacts5602 haha I thought I recognized your voice. I subscribe to this too then

This channel is about illustrating the concepts behind the various topics that are covered. For a more scientific analysis and the math behind these concept, a good place to start is in the description of each video. There is usually a link to the actual science paper on which the video is based. Beyond that if you append the word PDF to the end of a google search on a topic that you're interested in, there a good chance that it will return results that includes scientific papers. Hope this help.

No. The entire video was done in Hitfilm Pro. Power Toy looks cool. May find a use in future videos.

The diagram in video is a cross section of the munition. So the front is actually a hollow metal cone.

HEAT rounds, like the m830, will have an impact sensor that will give the copper penetrator time (read distance) to properly form and be most effective.

Thanks for your additional detail on the subject manner. I'd like just to clarify the info in the video. 1)This video never said at any point that a liquid or liquid jet was involve in the process. 2)The source that I used came from the US Army Research laboratory. In the source document they go into more detail on how the liner composition affects pentation depth. Please see the link in the description. If that info is wrong then I would agree that this video inaccurate.

@@operationalfacts5602 I believe your source material may be a little dated...i know the metal liner jet thing has been passed on since WWII; I will try and see if I can find you a literary source to reference, but I don't have anything relevant in hard copy

@@cascadianrangers728 Ok thanks. I'll definitely do an up update on shaped charge based on the new stuff.

wtf

@@karolus28 wtf yea lul

powering imagination

amogus

Shaped charges are meant to be detonated on the surface of the target, passed a couple feet it would lose most of its energy

@@bop3752 Doesn`t it fly ridiculous fast? and straight enough. There was a german politican who was killed by RAF (Rote Armee Fraktion) back in the day with one as a roadside bomb on a bilke or something like that. Should be fast enough for modern body armor, light vehicles and walls. That`s just my guess though. When in the military on an introduction to exlosives we cut through the motorblock of a car with one.

​@@mrd7067He's wrong - Soviet studies showed that it'd take 4 - 5 metres for a shaped charge (type unspecified) to lose its penetration effects. So we can assume 1 metre is a standoff distance

i don't think so, he explained it very well and directly to the point, and did not took 10 minutes, a good amount of information in a short video

Okay make a better more comprehensive video explanation and upload please

@@andrewrossell3782 I would rather not for several reasons, If idiots gain information sans knowledge at best they die at worst others die, and that will not be on me. Also when you watched well I don't know your taste, "the last air bender", or "Twilight" and you found one to be BS, you did not go out and made one of your own you just warned your buddies. So buddy be waned this is BS. This is not right. This is so erroneous it is almost funny if it was not so dangerously wrong

@@drinkyourwater1039 He is wrong, wrong wrong. what he say is not fact. Rather read research papers on the subject. The net is rife with them. Get real and true information don't fall for this

@@emilmckellar4932 nice troll dude, i bet you are the inventor or shaped charges, you may be one now that i think of it