In the late 19th century, Otto von Bismarck introduced one of the first social security programs in Germany. It provided mandatory accident insurance, health insurance, and retirement benefits. Similar programs were adopted by other countries. Some argue that systems like Social Security in the US function like a Ponzi scheme, relying on current workers' contributions to pay current retirees. As life expectancy increases and birthrates decline, the ratio of workers to retirees becomes unsustainable. Reforms are needed to address these demographic changes and ensure the long-term survival of social security programs.