Why Kendrick Lamar Is An Existentialist

Рет қаралды 226,706

2 жыл бұрын

Start your free 7 day trial with Blinkist and get 25% off of a Premium membership: www.blinkist.com/sisyphus
NEW MERCH: sisyphus-55.creator-spring.com/?
PATREON: [www.patreon.com/user?u=3261155](www.patreon.com/user?u=3261155)
MUSIC: [ / @izaakthomasmusic ]( / @izaakthomasmusic )
TWITTER: [ / 5isyphus55 ]( / 5isyphus55 )
EDITING & MUSIC By HOUSECAT: / @izaakthomasmusic
SOURCES
www.uri.edu/features/hip-hop-...
www.philosophyforlife.org/blo...
ambrosiaforheads.com/2022/05/...
Good kid, m.A.A.d city: Kendrick Lamar's Autoethnographic Method Author(s): James B. Haile III
Source: The Journal of Speculative Philosophy , Vol. 32, No. 3, SPECIAL ISSUE WITH THE SOCIETY FOR PHENOMENOLOGY AND EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY (2018), pp. 488-498
If God Got Us: Kendrick Lamar, Paul Tillich, and the Advent of Existentialist Hip Hop
James D. McLeod Jr.
Toronto Journal of Theology201733:1,123-135
djbooth.net/features/2017-04-...
archive.philosophersmag.com/e...
www.complex.com/music/kendric...

Пікірлер: 489

@Sisyphus55 2 жыл бұрын

Start your free 7 day trial with Blinkist and get 25% off of a Premium membership: www.blinkist.com/sisyphus

@kinginblack1120 2 жыл бұрын

Sadly, he ain't an existentialist, because you need to have no ego to reach existentialism, and for some, even no mind. He still has an ego.

@thesunthatneversets4579 2 жыл бұрын

Philosophy and hip-hop all in one video, this is like a perfect intersection of my interests

@acedia_14 2 жыл бұрын

Filthy commie

@NothingHumanisAlientoMe 2 жыл бұрын

All Genocide and no fun make Mao a dull boy.

@markbrown4290 2 жыл бұрын

@@NothingHumanisAlientoMe lol

@heatthen6571 2 жыл бұрын

Zedong bingbong

@thomasobrien1034 2 жыл бұрын

Yep same

@Earthling2424 2 ай бұрын

I dont understand how people say kendrick’s last album was boring. ITS INSANE

@johndotcue Ай бұрын

i think people are just looking for banger dancable hits. the modern hip hop community is more closer towards the pop community where every song has to be catchy and dance-able, and mr morale is the complete opposite of that, aside from like 2-3 songs in that album. also the subject matter might be too heavy for many listeners. tyler the creator pointed that out specifically and i agree, it's a lot of deep subject matters that makes you think that not many people like dwelling upon.

@sajiste Ай бұрын

They haven’t gone thru a healing phase just yet i assume. I was going thru my healing when it dropped it turned me into a fan and all his ither works made more sense to me.

@nothinghere4338 Ай бұрын

RIGHT?! he just made me cry over a godsent beat my guy. Few do that

@warpendant-mh1ec 18 күн бұрын

Everyone's saying the same thing: they just don't get it. Which is true, but it's because they really don't want to. It's way too easy to listen to tootsie slide and rot instead of voluntarily listening to the very subjects you've been avoiding like the plague all your life. "A conversation not being addressed in black families The devastation haunting generations and humanity" It's not easy to hear this and allow yourself to understand it.

@youre_totally_right_but_ 14 күн бұрын

@@johndotcue And that is the difference between drake and kendrick.

@brendanleong9715 2 жыл бұрын

Anthropology major here, having anthropological concepts be applied to one of my favorite artists was a joy. The combining two things I love! Well done great video

@dmystfy 2 жыл бұрын

Same!

@capitalistsocietybots9976 Жыл бұрын

same

@g.soda4 Ай бұрын

Yes

@shameonyou1681 Ай бұрын

Me toooooo XD love that others also said that lol

@thomaswilliams2723 Ай бұрын

Another anthropology major here. How do you guys plan on ever affording a house lmao

@thanksyoutubefortakingmyhandle 2 жыл бұрын

Kendrick is so dope he's one of the most unique rappers I've heard in years

@arch7143 2 жыл бұрын

Ever. With respect to people as Andre 3000

@daconfi1453 2 жыл бұрын

Are you Ethiopian?

@davidaugustofc2574 Ай бұрын

@@daconfi1453 ?

@daconfi1453 Ай бұрын

@@davidaugustofc2574 I Don't remember why I said that but it's probably because his user name was amharic lol.

@davidaugustofc2574 Ай бұрын

@@daconfi1453 XD

@not__edward Ай бұрын

How this video only got recommended to me now is beyond me. This style of commentary on not only just philosophical figures and literature is a great area to explore. I hope you make more akin to this.

@HailToTheMeep Ай бұрын

His whole channel is like this. I’ve been following him for years. Welcome 😬

@kulu_SM Ай бұрын

Sisyphus talking about Kendrick Lamar was not on my 2024 bingo card

@chanson8508 24 күн бұрын

Right 😵‍💫✅️🫠 I think I'm subbed and never saw this 👀 until the recent shenanigans where Kdot told BBL Drizzy, an unhealed boy, how to be a man 🎶

@galaxybiscuit 3 күн бұрын

this was 2022

@shanefoster2132 2 жыл бұрын

Yup, all very accurate but I feel that you did not mention something everyone is aware of yet is still important to this exploration. He did it in style. Not just in a book or mediocre music but in world renowned and still popular music. Sometimes it is simple and stripped down and sometimes it is complex and jazzy. Whatever fits the needs of the song. It is on point and stylish. It is appealing.

@kriterer 2 жыл бұрын

Agreed, but Sartre and Camus' books were certainly stylish at the time they were published

@shanefoster2132 2 жыл бұрын

@@kriterer true, even to the point that I read the myth of sisyphus. Even so, those are books. Lol

@EnclaveHater07 2 жыл бұрын

@@shanefoster2132 books r cool 😎

@Wonnernaus 2 жыл бұрын

Kendrick’s albums To Pimp a Butterfly and Damn have an interesting intersection with the two most popular works of Kierkegaard, “Fear and Trembling” and “The Sickness unto Death”, where Kierkegaard makes mention of the caterpillar and butterfly allegory as a vessel to portray that it’s the quality of a lower nature to forget yourself and become something new. Also in the case of Damn it has a heavy relation to what Kierkegaard lays out in his “Sickness unto death” which would align with his points made about those who are in despair either become weakened or made wicked.

@evr4699 2 жыл бұрын

sickness unto death is also one of the best evangelion episodes

@kiera4955 Жыл бұрын

@@ng9047 i would love to know this too!

@erppi8718 2 жыл бұрын

Such a well-put analysis. Surprising to see that there's no mention of The Heart Part 5, as it encompasses the themes of this video quite well.

@TheOpouly 2 жыл бұрын

He did include a screenshot from the video at one point which I think was his way of including it without having to directly include it and make the video even longer.

@glitchinthematrix3559 2 жыл бұрын

8:08 is what ur looking for

@YehudiNimol Жыл бұрын

This track is only on the streaming version. It's not a part of the official album. It functions more as an after-credits and isn't part of the narrative

@KGDHMF 2 жыл бұрын

I believe that philosophy and hip hop go quite well with each other. I wish there was artists who made an album talking about philosophy.

@youtubeviolatedme7123 2 жыл бұрын

Philosophy is just about trying to answer the question "why?" For that reason, philosophy can basically apply to anything.

@NegationOfNegation 2 жыл бұрын

Check out Artin Salimi's channel. You'll see a lot of philosophy rap there

@TheOpouly 2 жыл бұрын

@@NegationOfNegation also nathanology has quite a few raps specifically about philosophy. He’s a professor of philosophy and even did a short video explaining his thesis using rap.

@chrisshannon1125 2 жыл бұрын

You have never heard of the rapper Milo, hes got a lot of frill imo but check out his album budding ornithologists are weary of tired analogies, I think its what you're looking for.

@Brockington_ Жыл бұрын

eyedea & abilities - first born

@thecringedude7304 Ай бұрын

this aged great

@joeyg29jgjg 2 жыл бұрын

one of Kendricks best examples is "the art of peer pressure". it embodies what so many young black men go through and why they fall down a road of crime.

@kipp4805 2 жыл бұрын

As someone who studies the sociology, history, and anthropology of my ethnic group, this video's framing (combined with your production skills) is delightful to watch. Kendrick's unique perspective is so captivating and relevant because of his introspection and raw lyrical talent. His music gives me, as a non-black person, perspective that I will never be able to have (understanding of course, Kendrick is just one person and his perspective does not speak for all black people). You can never truly understand what it's like to be someone from a different ethnic/racial/socioeconomic group than you. All you can do is listen to those who wish to share their experiences and try to empathize. Kendrick fortunately, is a remarkable story teller.

@davidelupini6726 2 жыл бұрын

thank god for Kendrick Lamar Edit: thank Kendrick for Kendrick

@moonshoes11 2 жыл бұрын

Shouldn’t you thank Kendrick for Kendrick?

@davidelupini6726 2 жыл бұрын

Actually, you're right

@oiinahgiiusadurrybrahchuck7209 2 жыл бұрын

Thank Duckworth for God*

@rcamhess 2 жыл бұрын

We cannot undermine the efforts made by Sis to deliver such awe-inspiring content. It is creators like Sis and artists like Kendrick that allow us to step out of our own boundaries. My whole life I’ve yearned to become a part of something greater than myself, and it’s shared knowledge like this that act as a stepping stone on my journey. As always, bless you Sis.

@dmystfy 2 жыл бұрын

Well said, I feel the same✨

@anneselkrewi8107 2 жыл бұрын

I’ve found my people

@alexsolli6680 2 жыл бұрын

ib got us.

@YehudiNimol Жыл бұрын

well said

@PelonP117 2 жыл бұрын

I would LOVE for you to make a similar video on Earl Swearshirt. His stuff has so many layers

@amarevanhook7453 Жыл бұрын

Yess bro

@myyoutubeaccount4167 Жыл бұрын

Are there any videos about Early worth checking out that dissect his music a bit?

@Rawi888 2 жыл бұрын

Dawg, the wicked vs weak turmoil is something that I struggle with every single day of my life. Thank you for shining that light.

@tdwwxyz 2 жыл бұрын

“A compassionate confrontation with oneself”. Love you For this one

@nielsholmlassen8275 2 ай бұрын

This video shows why Kendrick is the greatest rapper alive

@TheDancelow Ай бұрын

The greatest rapper ever, no one comes close to him. Mr Morale is therapy

@AsTheCrowFlies745 Ай бұрын

Thought the same for awhile. Not anymore. I think billy woods does everything Kendrick does but way better. Kendrick's still my number 2 or 3 all time though next to earl sweatshirt

@yfn_iceyy3624 2 жыл бұрын

This man only had received a Highschool education. This guy transcended hip hop tbh.

@youtubeviolatedme7123 2 жыл бұрын

The point of this video is that he embraced the boundaries his limited experiences place on his ability to represent African-American culture. In doing so, he inspires us to recognize how our own unavoidable ignorance is perpetuated by our situated knowledges, and he encourages us to collectively unite in order to form a mutual understanding of what it even means to "live in a society." This guy didn't just transcend hip hop. He transcended existence. And he took society along with him.

@EMPANAO321 2 жыл бұрын

@@youtubeviolatedme7123 poto

@anshuuu9708 9 ай бұрын

@@youtubeviolatedme7123 really nice, really really nice, bruv

@alexandermcclain5561 2 жыл бұрын

every time the chords from 'United In Grief' started playing in the background I started rapping the first verse over and over in my head. Lol. seriously though, this video was stellar. I've been watching your videos for years now, and I just wanted to let you know that I appreciate and respect your work more than you'd probably imagine. Your video 'on su!cide' has saved me from the edge more times than I can count. I'm so happy that you liked this album. I've never understood how anyone could dislike 'DAMN.' or MMTBS just because the sound is slightly more accessible than GKMC and TPAB, because the content remains extremely poignant and potent. I loved the inclusion of Eckhart Tolle and the fact that he didn't lean into the political manifesto of an album that people were expecting, and instead gave us an intense and introspective opus of the soul. Love your work, man. Thanks for another excellent video.

@thecollectivist 2 жыл бұрын

I hope kendrick sees this video. Absolutely incredible.

@BenKuyt64 Ай бұрын

Turns out Kendrck's entire existence could be summed up as calling Drake out on his bullshit. Worthwhile. King Kunta

@sepehrbagheri2963 2 жыл бұрын

This was awesome. I like to see your opinion and same structured videos about other albums from other artists like Radiohead.

@Sridarsh 2 жыл бұрын

and J Cole

@Urelasir 2 жыл бұрын

Aesop Rock *wink wink*

@frippster 2 жыл бұрын

Pink floyd

@sint0xicateme 2 жыл бұрын

Modest Mouse!

@treyking2066 2 жыл бұрын

Viper

@user-hl1ct3yh1r 2 жыл бұрын

At one point in time jcole and him were up there on my top favorites. But as I listened to more of kendrick’s, the wording and the attitude he emphasizes, I preferred to listen to his music more. It speaks to people more, in my opinion. Whereas the subjects J.Cole talks about are important and almost the same, the way he expresses those sentiments aren’t as impressive and within the track, it gives me the impression that it’s coming from a place of ego. It’s all up to the listener. J.Cole still has some great tracks though can’t deny that. Great video btw just wanted to give my two cents on this.

@tunez4moodz34 Жыл бұрын

I feel the generation that Kendrick, J cole , Big Krit and etc was who was gonna be next sort messenger in hip-hop of this generation and we saw listeners lean more towards J Cole and Kendrick in that aspect. But the thing that sets them apart is talent of course but I think the core of it all is how naked can you get in your truth and sort stick your chest bear naked to world and let them cast their opinions. So in the case of J cole he was sort left with his trousers on . And that's how listeners I think gravitate towards messengers, through nakedness in their truth, like Tupac, Bob Marley

@amirsattar Ай бұрын

Ps: Don’t mess up with quite ones.

@YehudiNimol Жыл бұрын

Little note: Big Steppers is the first part of the album. Mr. Morale is the second. You can see it in the themes on each part: In the first part, Kendrick reflects on how he and others present themselves as 'big steppers', mainly stemming from the need to overcompensate for past traumas. This seeps into romantic relationships and how he interacts with his environment. It also has the track 'Worldwide Steppers', that talks about exactly that. In the second part, he mainly reflects upon himself and on how fame has affected him, addressing his ego and the relationship between him and his fans. 'Mr. Morale' acts as a metaphor for how he's put on a pedestal and expected to lift everyone up while his own struggles are denied recognition, and addresses how he needs to take care of himself in order to care for others. This theme is present in most of the tracks on this part, including in the title of one.

@roccky760 Ай бұрын

BBL Drizzy

@FilmedbyH 2 жыл бұрын

This is Great. Thank you. You made a mistake on the name of double disk.@17:35. It’s actually “Big Steppers” for disc 1 and “Mr. Morale” for disc 2.Once again, thank you for your hard work and research on this.

@jacksongrant9487 2 жыл бұрын

I’m glad I’m not the only one who was thinking this

@alexandermcclain5561 2 жыл бұрын

Also, loved all of the ghostwriting that he's done for Keem. People act like we didn't get three amazing Kendrick albums in between DAMN. and MMTBS.

@daconfi1453 2 жыл бұрын

Yo 😂

@anshuuu9708 9 ай бұрын

Brutal

@qhamaclaasen4049 5 ай бұрын

@@daconfi1453The Melodic Blue, Black Panther soundtrack & ?

@zanedoellman5016 3 ай бұрын

i love analyzing an artists journey throughout their albums and I believe kendrick is a perfect example of an artists evolution.

@treyandrews5716 2 жыл бұрын

Suggested this a while back and it was definitely worth the wait, amazing and extensive video

@MuXu96 2 жыл бұрын

This was really great. I come from a very different musical direction and write philosophical lyrics in the heavy metal scene. I would've never seen this if not for you and now I will have to go though is albums. Thanks!

@NegationOfNegation 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for this video! It's very rare when there is content made on the intersection between philosophical anthropology and hip-hop - understanding certain cultural and structural problems via pop culture - truly becomes a point of praxis to the theory we learn and understand in philosophy. Kendrick is for me, the greatest rapper, who is also a philosopher and one of the greatest writers of our time. He deserves his flowers while he is alive.

@marcusking4087 Жыл бұрын

Big Kendrick fan and have always felt something special about his music, but I have never had the understanding to put that feeling into words. Thank you for the analysis in this video. It is awe inspiring and appreciated.

@keatonramey2274 2 жыл бұрын

On the screen where you show the track list for Mr Morale and the Big Steppers, you got the discs backwards. Mr Morale is the second disc and the Big Steppers is the first disc. This is an amazing video

@luzukovetezo9004 2 жыл бұрын

This was amazing. You can tell a lot of research and care went into this. WOW. Just 👏

@TheJ0026 Жыл бұрын

If you wrote a book analyzing people like kendrick's philosophy, it would be a hit

@tonywords6713 2 жыл бұрын

His stuff always reminds me of Hendrix or a Kubrick movie go figure all three are known for endless retakes and experimentation. It's always great when someone at the peak of pop cultural zeitgeist can tap into such deep roots

@Grumbo98 2 жыл бұрын

DUDE. THANK YOU FOR THIS!

@creationfied 2 жыл бұрын

Love these longer videos, got recommended this before I started workout out for a reason, so I had it playing while doing it, was interesting to listen to lol

@ronlucien3365 2 жыл бұрын

That was really cool to watch. Makes me want to go back to college. Well done!

@aubreychatriot9617 2 жыл бұрын

Great video. You even nailed what the old anthropological editions from the 60’s/70’s you find at the back of the shelf in the library look like hahahaha. Content was on fucking point too. Subbed.

@urielsztar290 2 жыл бұрын

the best Kendrick essay I've ever seen! really good stuff, I hope to research a lot of the stuff you said here as I relate to a lot of the philosophy said here...

@gabrielle3080 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for this video from France ! 🇫🇷

@callumarmstrong5224 2 жыл бұрын

the sound mixing in this video was brilliant

@RealDemimondaine 2 жыл бұрын

Damn. What a fantastic video. Great work!

@Echani3007 2 жыл бұрын

Wow, man, this channels been killing it recently

@oiinahgiiusadurrybrahchuck7209 2 жыл бұрын

Goat profile picture

@naniwakkohafu Ай бұрын

This makes me happy that I graduated with an anthro degree lol

@BeautifulEarthJa 14 күн бұрын

I'm glad you did too 😊

@jocareding533 Жыл бұрын

I was so hopping for Carolyn ellis's quote to have a "the artist and the muse" sentence

@happygucci5094 Жыл бұрын

You nailed the genius of DAMN ( in particular) and Kendrick's discography in general. Fantastic work sir.

@MISO999100999 2 жыл бұрын

what a great music artist to make video about, big like

@AsTheCrowFlies745 Ай бұрын

If anyone's interested in "philosophical" hiphop, I highly recommend billy woods. He's the most interesting act in hiphop to me. And I'd start with any album from 2022 onward

@TheSublimeLifestyle 29 күн бұрын

🚮

@rawrimbord 2 жыл бұрын

You have no clue how much I love this channel

@andrestheman10 Жыл бұрын

very good video analysis man, you write super well sys!

@Violexie-wb7op 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for this video essay about my favorite rapper. This was done beautifully.

@jam541 15 күн бұрын

drake could never

@OSNLebuna Ай бұрын

Your definition of an anthropologist at the start is just a good artist bro

@OSNLebuna Ай бұрын

Great video

@taugj Жыл бұрын

This is well done. Thank you!

@guntherrittengard3326 2 жыл бұрын

You just keep getting better and better

@KingofScrapMetal 2 жыл бұрын

Favorite KZfaqr covering one of my favorite icons? Hell yeah

@bmo229 Ай бұрын

Hearing you say the words "content" and "context" back to back sparked me to wonder what your takeaways from the game metal gear solid 2 would be, if you're familiar with it. I think that'd be a fantastic video. Though you probably won't see this comment, thank you for this one!

@weasel6843 Ай бұрын

why don't you make that video (or essay or blogpost or whatever)

@EvonneLindiwe 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic Essay.. I have to re listen when I’m not working.

@gabby222themoon 2 жыл бұрын

such a great video this analysis was so fascinating.

@theconsciousobserver6829 2 жыл бұрын

Through careful analysis and deep thought, I can finally admit that MMATBS is Kendrick's finest album.

@BilsonBoi 2 жыл бұрын

Really hope to see more music based vids from you 👌🏿

@swagcatnana 2 жыл бұрын

Superb analysis. Reminds me of the quote “Know thyself” from Socrates.

@karstenoverbosch595 2 жыл бұрын

i loved this. great video man

@myzhionhill5879 Жыл бұрын

Beautiful dawg 🔥✊🏿

@Thecorpuschristiclub 2 жыл бұрын

Amazing stuff thankyou for your hard work

@TheGrayWorld 2 жыл бұрын

Astonishingly well written and insightful video.

@Rawi888 2 жыл бұрын

Broooo, Smooth King Kunta in the background. I don’t know how I could love you even more.

@FallingFeeling212 2 жыл бұрын

This was a great video i think your the first to do this I would love to see you touch on other rappers hell maybe even some metal music

@alanmendes3666 2 жыл бұрын

Ok, now I need to listen to Kendrick Lamar!

@hlg3501 2 жыл бұрын

Hey look guys, I found one!

@kingcrimson4133 2 жыл бұрын

Yes! Good Kid m.a.a.d City is a great place to start but you can start anywhere tbh (just be aware that you won't be getting his best work if you start with DAMN)

@oiinahgiiusadurrybrahchuck7209 2 жыл бұрын

TPAB earned a Pulitzer prize in case you don’t know, which is a monumental award for literary excellence and also one which is rarely awarded for music. His entire discography is iconic but personally the narratives and delivery of everything from GKMC to MMBS is simply unparalleled. Section80 (earlier on, prior to GKMC) gets a lot of respect and is brilliant in it’s own right but not quite as polished as everything after it, imo, but it definitely shouldn’t be overlooked.

@edwarlock8244 Жыл бұрын

DAMN. Got the Pulitzer, not TPAB.

@jihyelee7140 2 жыл бұрын

Great video. Tysm!

@MrZakXero Ай бұрын

Damn really good video

@mjolninja9358 2 жыл бұрын

Mr. Sisyphus and the Big 55s

@notsadsisyphus6224 2 жыл бұрын

fav youtuber fav artist colab lesgoooooooooo

@applebutter6230 2 жыл бұрын

Wow this video is definitely one of your best

@Porururidimu 2 жыл бұрын

Damn I refreshed just in time

@GuardianReborn_ArcBladeDancer 2 жыл бұрын

Well put together video, Kendrick 🔥

@calvinstaropoli4448 2 жыл бұрын

this was so interesting. i would love to see more music related videos on here!

@arch7143 2 жыл бұрын

Is there this "I" rendition/version of the song? We neeeeds it Housecat!

@danieltranter4164 2 жыл бұрын

Interestingly anthropology's existential anthropologist is a guy named Michael Jackson (no relation) - his best works include "minima ethnographica", "the varieties of temporal experience", "paths toward a clearing" and "lifeworlds: essays in existential anthropology"

@Datura.. 2 жыл бұрын

God please make more videos like this on artists this is so good

@iiiama_ 2 жыл бұрын

i love ur channel dude, thnk u for this video

@diegobobadillaperez5321 10 ай бұрын

As an Anthropology Student, a Kendrick fan and a big fan of your content, this is fire. Thank you. :3

@kate4733 2 жыл бұрын

Sick vid big love

@Urelasir 2 жыл бұрын

Loved it :) Would love to see one about aesop rock.

@pearsonalized805 Ай бұрын

This summary is almost great! Imagine if you quoted the lyrics to prove your points. So many missed gems 💎 However, your insight has incited so much inside.

@damon7972 Жыл бұрын

If you haven't heard lupe fiasco's music, espicially in the last 5 years, I'd recommend checking out some of his stuff. Anybody who loves kendrick for the reasons in this video would love Lupe.

@micahrichardson6371 Жыл бұрын

I love your videos!

@sdf1000 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic video

@radau1545 2 жыл бұрын

great vid

@bertoonz 2 жыл бұрын

Man u are do good at this

@jiovanirodarte8625 2 жыл бұрын

This video goes hard fr fr

@gmeister3022 Ай бұрын

Interesting. I reached a completely different conclusion. I reckon Kendrick’s philosophy seems to be religious and Eastern, mixing themes of a monotheistic religion as well as Eastern concepts of spirituality (post-death existence, meditation as a means to asses that).