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MCQ Part 1 Social Pharmacy
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MCQ Part 2 Social Pharmacy
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Explanatory video
Part 1 Practical National Immunisation Program
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Part 2 Practical National Immunisation Program
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Part 3 Practical National Immunisation Program
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Part 4 Practical National Immunisation Program
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Part 5 Practical National Immunisation Program
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More parts coming soon.....
Immunity and its types Part- II
Immunity:
Immunity is defined as the “ability to produce and possess specific protective antibodies or the cellular mechanism, as a result of previous infection or immunization or body condition so by such previous experience as to respond sufficiently to prevent infection or clinical illness or both, after exposure to a specific infectious agent”.
OR
The power of the body to resist the effects of the invasion of pathogens is known as immunity
Immunology:
Immune + logy. It is the complete study of the immune (our body’s bodyguard) system which majorly includes antigen, antibody, and their interactions, resulting in desirable or undesirable biological actions.
Types of Immunity:
Natural immunity / Innate :
Species
Age
(Children of age 2-5 yrs. are susceptible to diphtheria whereas most adults are immune to it)
Racial (Negros possess high resistance to yellow fever than white men)
Individual
Active Immunity:
A) Natural:
i) It is immunity developed after infection or by specific immunization and usually associated with the presence of antibodies or cells with specific action on an infectious organism or its toxin.
ii) It is developed after clinical or subclinical infection or following immunization and it is humoral or cellular type.
B) Artificial:
i) This is acquired by the administration of antigen usually by injection. Example: vaccine either live or dead.
Here antibodies i.e. immunoglobulins of 5 types are produced as IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA ( Ig i.e. immunoglobulin ). The antibodies work to destroy antigens. This is called humoral immunity.
iv) The other type, cellular type active immunity works mainly against Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Candida, and many viruses.
v) It is long-lasting, less expensive, with the least side effects, and characterized by memory mechanism; as compared to passive immunity.
(It depends on the immune capacity of individual some are resistant or some are sensitive)
2. Passive Immunity:
i) When antibodies produced in one body (human or animal) are transferred to another (formed in the mother in response to disease and may be transferred to fetus through placental blood) to induce protection against disease, it is called passive immunity.
ii) Passive immunity is effective immediately as ready-made antibodies are given to humans (gamma globulins are immunoglobulins antibodies) by injecting the preparation known as the antiserum. These are the antibodies produced in animals.
iii) It is rapidly established, it is of very short duration, possesses no memory mechanism, and may show side effects; there are some disadvantages.
3. Herd Immunity: / community immunity/ population immunity/ social immunity.
i) It is the level of immunity or resistance of a community or a group of people to a particular disease on the background of past experience of a disease.
ii) Herd immunity develops in the community because of immunizations, infections, and subclinical infections.
iii) The continuous or ongoing immunization program can keep up the herd immunity at a very high level.
iv) It is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that can occur with some diseases when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through vaccination or previous infections, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.