Respected Sir, at 15:22 , it should be that ADH inserts Aquaporins-2 into the Epithelium of collecting tubules and ducts rather than endothelium. Please reply.

I was about to write it in comments then I read it😂

+aspiring MD I'm glad you found it helpful!

Yeah true at time guyton gets really confusing

Rawdon Waller You're very welcome!

Thanks! There's an annotation that points this out, but unfortunately annotations don't show up on mobile. Glad to know viewers are keeping me honest! =)

Sophie, that was a very Holmesian observation! Good luck with step 2!

I have never once seen hypernatremia caused by loop diuretics in clinical practice. In contrast, maybe 1/3-1/2 of all patients on loop diuretics are hyponatremic, though whether the diuretic is the direct cause, or the hyponatremia is being caused by the disease for which the diuretic has been prescribed (e.g. heart failure, cirrhosis) is usually unclear.

Evelynn, thanks for the feedback. Unfortunately, I'm pretty unimpressed with the available textbooks out there that cover electrolyte disorders, and don't have a specific recommendation. When I was a med student (1998-2003), most students used either Renal Pathophysiology: The Essentials or Fuids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient (choice depending upon anticipated specialty); however I was quite underwhelmed by both books. I honestly don't know what most students use these days, other than First Aid for Step 1 (which I don't recommend for the purpose of studying for a physiology course). The professional standard text is Clinical Physiology of Acid Base and Electrolyte Disorders by Burton Rose, but it weighs at at 1000 pages, and I can't imagine a non-nephrologist having enough patience and interest to get through it. If anyone else on here has a recommendation for Evelynn, feel free to list it here!

Trollbead M Hi, I am in Sydney with similar issue. Wondering if I can get in touch to help each other.

For most videos, I start with creating a slide set in PowerPoint, and export them as high-resolution jpgs. (PowerPoint, at least older versions like mine, defaults to exporting them as low resolution jpgs. Changing them to higher resolution literally requires altering the Windows registry; there are sites on line that explain how to do this - See: support.microsoft.com/kb/827745 , but any manual change of the registry is risky, and you should only attempt it if you know what you are doing) The majority of original images and diagrams I use are drawn directly in PowerPoint (it's actually half decent as a drawing program, once you figure out the work-arounds for things it can't do, like any complex 3 dimensional structure). More complicated pictures are drawn in Adobe Fireworks or Illustrator. I then record the narration using a free program called Audacity, exported as a wav file. The music is arranged and rendered in Finale, and also exported as a wav. The jpg version of the slides, and the wav files for the narration and music are stitched together and synched up in Premiere Pro. For the videos that include animation (e.g. chest X-rays, PFTs), these are created in Premiere itself. Animations in Premiere may be much more limited than in Flash or a dedicated animation program, but are also much simpler/faster to create. I experimented with trying to use Blender with the intention of mind-blowing animations, but quickly realized that if I spent 90% of the creative process on the animation, my priorities were probably misplaced.