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Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE): In this extraction process, mechanical energy generated by ultrasound waves, is applied to the samples to accelerate the extraction. This technique is based on the application of high-frequency sounds and a limited amount of solvent to produce an effective extraction of the compounds contained in a solid matrix.
Principle of Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
The main driving force for the extraction effects of sonication is acoustic cavitations.
When ultrasonic energy in the form of waves pass through a liquid solvent containing solid particles, it induces a series of compressions and rarefactions in the molecules of the medium. Such alternating pressure changes cause the formation and, ultimately, the collapse of bubbles in a liquid medium. This phenomenon of creation, expansion, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in ultrasound-irradiated liquids is known as “acoustic cavitation”. When cavitation bubbles oscillate and collapse, several physical effects are generated (e.g., shock waves, microjets, turbulence, and shear forces). Implosion at the solid sample resulting in localized high temperatures (about 4500°C) and pressures (about 50 MPa). Temperature and pressure changes that occur from these implosions cause Increase mechanical stressing of the cells, Thinning of cell membranes and cell disruption, Increases the permeability of the cell walls
Resulting in enhanced solvent penetration into cells and in this way the mass transfer rate and the solubility of the analytes (target compounds) into the solvent are improved. Hence effective and fast extraction is possible
Types of ultrasound-Assisted Extraction System
1. Direct/ Probe-based system: In direct UAE, a sonotrode (inert acoustical tool) is immersed into the sample-solvent mixture followed by direct application of the ultrasonic radiation. If a probe is used, it has to be cleaned thoroughly prior to the next sample to avoid cross-contamination.
2. Indirect/ Ultrasonic bath : Indirect UAE ultrasonic radiation is applied to the sample-solvent mixture via an ultrasonic bath, which can be used simultaneously for multiple samples. In a sonication tub, the energy is unevenly distributed, which could cause poor reproducibility, so multiple extractions are required.
Common parameters to optimize UAE are temperature, sonication cycle, granulation/grade of homogenization, and extraction time.
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