Stephen Gardiner: Wily Winchester?
Рет қаралды 13,661
4 ай бұрынLet’s take a look at the things we know about Gardiner’s life to see what we think about his character, actions and legacy…
Please check out my website and sign up to the mailing list to receive updates from me: www.katrinamarchant.com/
I hope you enjoy this video and find it interesting!
Please subscribe and click the bell icon to be updated about new videos.
Also, if you want to get in touch, please comment down below or find me on social media:
Instagram and Threads: katrina.marchant
Twitter: @kat_marchant
TikTok: @katrina_marchant
Email: readingthepastwithdrkat@gmail.com
Intro / Outro song: Silent Partner, "Greenery" [ • Greenery - Silent Part... ]
SFX from freesfx.co.uk/Default.aspx
Images (from Wikimedia Commons, unless otherwise stated):
Portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey by Sampson Stong (1585-1596). Held by Trinity College.
Portrait of Henry VIII by Joos van Cleve (c.1531). Held by the Royal Collection.
Portrait of Stephen Gardiner by an unknown 16th century artist. Held in an unknown location / collection.
Portrait of William Warham by Hans Holbein the Younger (1527). Held by the Louvre Museum.
Portrait of Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke (1545-1546). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Portrait of Thomas Cromwell by Hans Holbein the Younger (1532-1533). Held by The Frick Collection.
Screenshot of frontispiece for printed version of De Vera Obedienta from: buff.ly/3uQT6pj
Artist’s impression of the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 by Fred Kirk Shaw (1913). Held by Lancs Museum.
Draft of the Six Articles (1539) amended in Henry VIII’s own hand. Scan from "David Starkey, Susan Doran: Henry VIII, Man and Monarch, exhibition catalogue, 2009.
Portrait of Katherine Parr by an unknown artist (late 16th century). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
King Edward VI and the Pope by an unknown artist (c.1575). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain by an unknown artist (1558). Held by the Royal Museums Greenwich.
Portrait of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon by an unknown artist (c.1555). Held in a unknown private collection.
Portrait of Elizabeth by an unknown artist (c.1546). Held by the Royal Collection.
Quoted texts:
Michael Riordan and Alec Ryrie, “Stephen Gardiner and the Making of a Protestant Villain” (2003)
C. D. C. Armstrong, ODNB entry on Stephen Gardiner.
Also consulted, were:
Other relevant entries from The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online.
#History #Tudor #Reformation
@user-xg1gk8bm6s 4 ай бұрын
I am so thankful for all of these videos. I had a stroke in late December and it’s been wonderful to take my mind off of things. Thanks Dr Kat!!!!!! ❤
@trustmemysonisadoctor8479 4 ай бұрын
Hello from Texas USA, I do hope you have a speedy and complete recovery.
@duanemoses9571 4 ай бұрын
Speedy recovery! Blessings on you and those assisting you.
@AnimalisMD 4 ай бұрын
Sending prayers and best wishes for a full recovery from Michigan USA!❤🙏
@vlmellody51 4 ай бұрын
God bless you and your carers. I pray for your speedy and complete recovery. 🙏 ❤️
@lisalking2476 4 ай бұрын
Praying you have a complete recovery and feel better soon,God bless 🙏 Michigan USA 🇺🇸
@curlyfryzzz1 4 ай бұрын
It seems like a miracle he didn’t lose his head with how many times he directly or indirectly challenged Henry, Edward, and even Mary
@mike-myke22 4 ай бұрын
One of the best channels on KZfaq! 👍
@ReadingthePast 4 ай бұрын
Thank you, I’m really pleased you like the channel ☺️
@radicalmama135 4 ай бұрын
Fully agree! I wish she taught everyone history!
@R08Tam 4 ай бұрын
Such a busy boy. You really wonder how he found time to look after his geese.
@danielholden5847 4 ай бұрын
Lmfao
@lauracassie9842 4 ай бұрын
When I was studying Tudor history at A level, there was a general impression that Gardiner was a bit villainous by the time of Elizabeth’s reign- glad to see some different evidence in this video, he sounds more like someone playing a cautious game of survival during changing times. Thanks Dr Kat!
@lucyosborne9239 4 ай бұрын
It seems to me that the more I hear of Gardener, the more he seems to be a self-serving and cunning servant to the immediate goal of survival. In the 16th century Royal Court of England, that took talent.
@rosevale3218 4 ай бұрын
I know that being a court official was a coveted position. However, the mercurial nature of the Monarchs and losing their favor often meant losing your head seems hardly worth the risk. 🏰
@user-fq8rs7rz3i 4 ай бұрын
That’s what I’ve been thinking. Why would they do it? Unless they couldn’t refuse.
@2012Ursula 4 ай бұрын
Some people enjoy risk taking, for various reasons.
@juliedurden9479 4 ай бұрын
As the character of Anne Boleyn’s ghost in “The Tudors “ series said, it was as if they were “drawn to a flame “.
@woodrow60 4 ай бұрын
There were more than a few wealthy families who did their best to keep a low profile
@SmartStart24 4 ай бұрын
Seriously! I’d take skilled tradesperson of the middle class any day of the week lol. No court for me please!
@penneycason9269 4 ай бұрын
I’m now curious about Wriostheley. 🧐 Gratitude Dr Kat
@FaunaturaleOG 4 ай бұрын
I think even despite Gardiner's views of Elizabeth, I think Mary would've still shared some sense to not harm her half sister, I do feel like if she had any desire to off her, she would have done it a lot sooner
@janetmhardcastle8163 4 ай бұрын
Always informative and educational. Can't wait for your next one🏵. Thanks for all the work!
@jfs59nj 4 ай бұрын
Love this. Would love to see more on monarchs and their archbishops and how they worked together or against one another. Your Majesty vs Your Grace
@susanross1651 4 ай бұрын
I think Gardiner, considering how many times he risked his head on the block, was slightly more concerned with religion than power. But he certainly wasn’t averse to pushing himself forward.
@DenethordeSade.90 4 ай бұрын
Your short of the sneaky peek worked as although I have hit the bell, sometimes I don't remember to actually always check out the video. Ty Dr Kat, as always
@gaylesuggs8523 4 ай бұрын
I guess there were perks in working for a monarch, but my goodness there were incredible risks too! Another enjoyable video, Dr. Kat - thanks so much!✝📚🏰
@jwilli7434 4 ай бұрын
Very interesting as always! I am reminded how affected we are by those things we experience as youngsters. I remember Basil Dignam clearly as Gardiner in the 1971 Elizabeth R series when I watched it as a boy, and later rewatched several times as an adult. The way his character was written and performed, he seemed to have regretted his previous actions in Henry's great matter and in Mary's reign was intent on righting his wrongs. But as you present, he was a bit more "opportunistic" (if that's the correct word) in real life. As an FYI, looking up Dignam's name, I fell down a Vivien Pickles rabbit hole lol!! And God bless, she's still with us!!!
@juliedurden9479 4 ай бұрын
Elizabeth R will always be my favorite Tudors series! For me, no actress surpasses Glenda Jackson’s portrayal of Elizabeth I!
@nichola607 4 ай бұрын
Look forward to seeing 😁
@rycoli 4 ай бұрын
Another great video Dr. Kat. ❤
@arcola44 4 ай бұрын
What a great video!!! Thanks to you and all your viewers who suggested this subject. I wonder if Gardiner had a change of heart while pursuing Henry's great matter. He may have viewed the will of God and the will of God's anointed King (i.e. Royal Supremacy) as synonymous, but worried about the direction of the reform. His seeming sympathy for the Pilgrimage of Grace, his reluctance to pursue Pole, his work on the Six Articles, and his persistence even after the threat of arrest for treason all seem to point toward this. Again, awesome video!!!🏵🏵🏵
@danielsantiagourtado3430 4 ай бұрын
Love your content! can't wait!
@julzy3 4 ай бұрын
The picture of your little boy with the mask is so cute.❤
@lornaperryman489 4 ай бұрын
Enjoyable and informative as always. Thank you😊
@karensilvera6694 4 ай бұрын
❤❤ great as always Dr Kat
@comshawqueen2534 4 ай бұрын
Insightful as always! Bravo👏
@Blueyedbunni 4 ай бұрын
I love your videos! Your insight and knowledge are incredible!
@weezie422 4 ай бұрын
Thanks once again Dr. Kat
@MarilynRB 4 ай бұрын
I've always been fascinated by Gardner. Thanks for this! ❤
@j.t.lennon177 4 ай бұрын
Thank you. I needed a reminder about this person.
@michellecranford9238 4 ай бұрын
A new listener to your historical tales..Really riveting and informative..Can't wait to see what else you investigate..Thank you for your entertaining videos..😊❤
@bellamamma767 4 ай бұрын
🥰🥰🥰 I absolutely love your videos!!! I very much enjoy reading The war of the roses and tutor history books as well as fictional novels, and so I relish when you provide these biographies to us. You give another dimension to these individuals who played their part in historical events. Blessings.
@victoriamorgan7037 4 ай бұрын
Thank you, Dr. Kat ❤ History so interesting especially this part
@eshim3961 4 ай бұрын
He could have given doublespeak lessons to today's politicians. Excellent video, as always!❤
@peggyh4805 4 ай бұрын
Always a great program. 💙 from 🇺🇸
@Kristine709 4 ай бұрын
Wonderful video! 👑👑👑
@prettypic444 4 ай бұрын
This guy took "don't poke the bear" as a personal challenge. You've gotta give it to a guy who manages to piss off Henry, Edward, AND mary and STILL avoided being executed! ⛪️🧏♂️🗡️
@kathleenmilligan5408 3 ай бұрын
Really love your channel. Thinking of Bishops of Winchester, would love to hear your take on Cardinal Beaufort - and indeed the Beaufort family.
@Szyq003 4 ай бұрын
Thank you.
@johnteague8414 19 күн бұрын
I love this channel! ❤
@kathrynmast916 4 ай бұрын
Another great presentation!👏👍⛪️
@sheridowsett9929 4 ай бұрын
Thanks!
@lisaniven367 4 ай бұрын
I have yet to be disappointed when ever I click on to your videos ❤
@jeevikab359 4 ай бұрын
amazing video 🛐🥀
@user-sv9bt3md8b 4 ай бұрын
I’d love to have you do a video on my ancestor Nicholas Felton! He has a bible translator (Greek to English),scholar,personal clergy to King James and held prestigious positions in the church and at Oxford and Cambridge. He came from a long line of people who served the kings and queens of England going back to the Conqueror. Love your videos and am always entertained by them!
@annemorton5236 4 ай бұрын
Had to re-subscribe after being 'mysteriously unsubscribed' - I suppose it's to prove one keeps showing up for another great video - this one, like the others, was fair and balanced in its assessment of the people being discussed. I felt sympathetic towards Gardiner. ✝✝
@johnthehistorian9889 2 ай бұрын
Story about Bishop Bonner and Jane Dormer Lady in waiting for Mary I and Count de Feria would be interesting.
@heyguysimstuck5196 4 ай бұрын
Love your channel!
@user-tw1qr6ni4w 4 ай бұрын
I cannot believe it you seemed to have disappeared! When you popped up again I saw that I was 'unsubscribed"...... YT is driving me crazy by deciding to drop some of my favorite channels !! Well, I am subbed again... so hello again.... and thank you again for all you do for us !!
@patriciadean1649 4 ай бұрын
Enjoy your vids-thank you
@marcelabeltran6216 3 ай бұрын
🏰loved the lesson
@briandelaney9710 4 ай бұрын
I always went for unpopular historical figures and Gardiner was definitely on that list. Standing up for the traditional Church in a time when it was threatened. He realized that Catholic orthodoxy was only possible within union with Rome
@susanbland-medicis7944 4 ай бұрын
Awesome 🎉
@12snac 4 ай бұрын
❤ it sounds like Wily Winchester was a complex man trying to navigate a very complex and turbulent time. The emotional intelligence needed to survive Tudor court never ceases to amaze me. I wonder in 600 years will there be a Dr Kat reviewing the American Senate of 2016 -?????. One needs to be incredibly emotionally cued in or blind to survive.
@BlackCatMargie 4 ай бұрын
Like him or hate him, he was a survivor in the Tudor court, and that's pretty miraculous in itself, really. 💪
@meganferraro8145 4 ай бұрын
Hi Dr Kat!! A question popped in my head this morning...do you think the Lady Jane Grey coup would have been successful if the Dowager Queen remained alive?
@ellencook1658 4 ай бұрын
Hmm 🤔. She certainly could have used all the help she could get.
@cakt1991 4 ай бұрын
Would the coup have happened at all if she were still alive? I think Catherine’s death was at least partially responsible for setting the chessboard for what happened in 1553.,If Catherine hadn’t died, she might still be married to Thomas Seymour, who wouldn’t have been executed for attempting marry Elizabeth and abduct Edward VI. Would Edward Seymour have fallen from power and been supplanted by John Dudley? Dudley taking power was what led to the Jane Grey coup. Thomas Seymour was at one point Lady Jane Grey’s guardian, but there’s no indicator he wanted the throne for her…he wanted to marry her to Edward at one point, however, in contrast to the more formal plans for betrothal with foreign royals, like Mary, Queen of Scots and Elisabeth of Valois. Also, I don’t think there’s an indicator that Catherine would be more sympathetic toward Jane’s cause even if the situation did happen…the only concrete indicator of their relationship is that Jane was chief mourner at her funeral. But regardless of any domestic dramas or religious differences, I feel like she would hope she would be sympathetic to her stepdaughters as legitimate claimants, and just as she did in 1546, I would hope she would be able to read the room and understand when to push for religious reform and when to step back.
@bonnieskilton3247 4 ай бұрын
☕️🫖… Thank you for your informative video. I enjoy each and every one.
@CrazyArtistLady 4 ай бұрын
I wonder if he stared out as a good guy, but eventually greed and or desire for power got to him.📚👨🎓⚔️
@user-dt7ir7zl9e 4 ай бұрын
✝️ ⛪️ Thank you for a very balanced and well researched presentation!
@MazMedazzaland 4 ай бұрын
Only just started watching this but I had a bit of a brain melt when I heard 'two Stephen Gardiners' and I wondered who the bloody hell the other one was, and how did I miss him?
@Elvertaw 4 ай бұрын
Thank you so much for this video. The only reference I have to Gardner is from “A Man for All Seasons”. He come off rather oily and self serving. But the maybe he was. His convictions held until something better came along. That did insure survival but lacks self convection. But then again, what would I do in a structure where all things good flow from the monarch and I wanted to live and live well 🤷🏽♀️ At least he meet his end in his bed.
@machimigookbutterfly 4 ай бұрын
I wonder if you might consider doing a "what if" type video on what it would be like had he lived on longer 🤔🤔 I like all of your videos and lives, but those are my favorites.
@susanshelton9937 4 ай бұрын
🎉thank you😂😂😂😮
@kimberlyperrotis8962 4 ай бұрын
Gardiner was such an interesting and compelling, if not at all likable, character in the wonderful Wolfhall trilogy by the brilliant, late and much missed, Hilary Mantel, and beautifully acted in the series adaptation. I thought the actor who played Norfolk was amazing, too, perhaps the very best of all. Gardiner and Norfolk stood out as two of the finest performances in the series, in my opinion, in addition to Claire Foy’s. These actors all fully inhabit and “become” their characters, an achievement that our American actors rarely seem to attain. A rare exception was the American actor who played Francis Poldark so beautifully in the (more recent) Poldark series. If I want the best acting, I watch your British actors snd productions, who are almost alone in the world’s top tier. Perhaps it’s the daily Shakespeare! I’m a loyal American, but don’t always think we’re the best at everything, because we’re just not❤
@virginiawylde9765 4 ай бұрын
Surviving under Henry VIII was quite the dance! 💃 princesses Mary and Elizabeth, Anne of Cleve’s , and Queen Katherine Parr are join by Stephen Gardiner in managing the correct steps to survive the daily dance of freedom and life vs imprisonment and death by execution. During their lifetimes both Mary and Elizabeth had to illnesses likely connected to the stress of survival PTSD. Gardiner seemed able to play both sides, getting rid of the right heretic at the right moment.🎯 More intriguing to me is the ‘love’ ❤, use the cautiously, Henry had for Cranmer.
@mummamortitia Ай бұрын
Gardiner had a hand in the torture and burning of my direct relative during the reign of Mary I, so it's interesting to know more about the man.
@elizabethdibble5159 4 ай бұрын
I have always wondered about his motivations, mixed like those of most people I am sure. ⛪✝
@AnimalisMD 4 ай бұрын
Great video as always Dr. Kat. I think Stephen Gardiner was driven be a combination of religious zeal and a quest for power. Gaining power and high office would just help him root out his enemies in religion more easily.👑⛪✝
@cmcg9035 4 ай бұрын
Thanks for the video on this interesting person. Gardiner was an academic, and like many, had strong opinions. I wonder if his fervor in routing out reformers was him trying to prove his point to the monarch and persuade them. Gardiner certainly had a talent for staying alive, which I think was a matter of luck (Edward's reign) and perhaps his personality (Henry was lenient with him, where he was not with others). I'm not surprised that for the most part he got along well with Mary, and that his eventual capitulation over Philip happened. Maybe his age left less of a fight in him. I don't think that Gardiner's death saved Elizabeth. Mary was hesitant to execute political rivals, especially family.
@glendaeden2501 4 ай бұрын
Religious and political power are still intertwined to this day. Thank you for this insightful presentation.
@Myke_OBrien 4 ай бұрын
Fascinating as always. I suspect that young Elizabeth’s life would have been in peril if he lived. ⛪️
@bridersurris904 4 ай бұрын
The way you tell it, he seems like an individual with integrity, more than wily - not necessarily someone I'd admire, but not somebody I would think didn't work fearlessly for what he believed to be right. ⛪
@Boudicca527 4 ай бұрын
🙏🏼
@Thepourdeuxchanson 3 ай бұрын
Seems to me that he was motivated by power. He was capable of changing his course when he needed to - not a devoted self-sacrificing adherent to anything except what would advance his career. But he was clever and able to survive Henry's rages. What an unpleasant man.
@saucywench5152 4 ай бұрын
❤❤❤
@nicoleburke1918 4 ай бұрын
Stephen Gardner sounds like the Pharisee, Saul in the Bible. Persecuting genuine Christians. He was clearly power obsessed, and obstinate. Really fascinating podcast, thank you.
@DOGCAT307 4 ай бұрын
Hi Dr Kat, What are your opinions on Alison’s Weir’s books? I am really enjoying making my way through them but am wondering about their utility to a historian?
@JuliahistoryLover 4 ай бұрын
❤
@joshuabell5580 4 ай бұрын
Was Stephen Gardiner the bloke in the last series of the Tudors who looked like a Turkey? That program was so rushed at the end I barely knew who anyone was however the CGI Holbien at the end gave me the best laugh since the odd look on Anne Boleyn's face as it flew through the air.
@johnsullivan6843 4 ай бұрын
Great work Dr. Kat. I do think Gardiner was focused on religion, and this weirdly... weirdly... 😆remined me of this person I met at our church who was so zealously faithful that he seemed to have a hard time trusting the leadership of 'his' faith to others. Perhaps Gardiner's faith was also the motivation behind his career-climbing interests? Hey side question(s), unrelated here: When in your opinion (whether successful or not) was the last usurper who made a real run at the throne? At what point did the business of 'usurping to the throne' seem to become a thing of the past?
@ReadingthePast 4 ай бұрын
Thank you, great question! My initial answer is going to be the Jacobites, but as their claim was disrupted by the “Glorious Revolution”, one might argue that they weren’t attempted usurpers but rather rightful claimants denied. The Jacobites were kept at bay through the Georgian period and as our current monarch has a very direct line of descent from the Hanoverians that may explain the lack of attempted usurpations more recently. Additionally, as the monarchy has become more rigidly constitutional, I wonder if the usurpation cake simply isn’t worth the baking anymore 🤷🏻♀️
@johnsullivan6843 4 ай бұрын
@@ReadingthePast Outstanding!
@micheleheddane3804 4 ай бұрын
I think he was primarily a politician,he had beliefs but was able to dodge and bend
@anniegetchergun 4 ай бұрын
🔥
@jenniferroxy5956 4 ай бұрын
⛪♟👑 good show, always is ❤🙂
@michellecornum5856 4 ай бұрын
⛑⛪ How did he get so lucky as to not lose his head to Henry? A little bob and weave. I like to think that if he'd have lived long enough to deal with Elizabeth as Queen, she would have taken him out.
@nicolenox7882 4 ай бұрын
🌻🌻
@debracrump1107 4 ай бұрын
😊
@sophiekampitsch829 4 ай бұрын
❤️😍
@DneilB007 4 ай бұрын
I suspect that, like many other men of faith during the Tudor era, that there was no dividing line between his faith and his desire for power. Authority comes from God through His chosen tools, after all, so whatever advanced his powers advanced God’s Will. Which is, of course, very convenient for those in power. 🙄
@arcola44 4 ай бұрын
I think you nailed it! The will of God and the will of God's anointed King were seen as the same. And it's all so convenient until your conscience starts to get the best of you !
@laurieduerr4757 4 ай бұрын
I feel that Gardiner always tried to balance his support of the positions of the current monarch with his own personal beliefs, but which didnt always work out for him...
@ankavanluyn4337 4 ай бұрын
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
@Dragonfruit_Iceream224 4 ай бұрын
can you do some Irish history?
@ReadingthePast 4 ай бұрын
Is there a particular event / period / person you have in mind?
@Dragonfruit_Iceream224 4 ай бұрын
@@ReadingthePast Queen Maeve and Gormlaith ingen Murchada and Grace O'Malley she was a pirate princess
@AmberWatson-1921 4 ай бұрын
I second that! I would love to see Irish history as well. ❤❤
@weezie422 4 ай бұрын
@@Dragonfruit_Iceream224I think Dr. Kat already has a video on Grace OMalley,
@Shane-Flanagan 4 ай бұрын
@@ReadingthePast The Irish Famine and Queen Victoria and Britain's views and response to it
@Rosedawn321 4 ай бұрын
Lucky Elizabeth! He was a sycophant from the get go. Every time he expressed a real opinion and pissed off his monarch, he back pedaled so he could get back in power.💋🐴
@johngordy8071 4 ай бұрын
The intrigue going on in those European courts make for better reading than much skillfully written fiction.
@dr.kathleenpereillo7702 4 ай бұрын
⛪🙏💪
@Rachel-art-and-design 4 ай бұрын
👸
@jackpayne4658 4 ай бұрын
For me, Gardiner's true motivations are a mystery. For a pure opportunist, he seems far too willing to risk his head by defying his monarch. But his convictions do seem to vary over time - perhaps as a natural response to events, in a time of great division and confusion.
@lpcherry2324 4 ай бұрын
💪🏻🙏🏻
@HelenGriffith-hv3fy 4 ай бұрын
🙂
@francesnash5872 4 ай бұрын
⛪️👑🏰
@lynneh5951 3 ай бұрын
🏰 ⚔️
@missytanner3501 4 ай бұрын
What happened to Katherine Grey two son?
@octavianpopescu4776 4 ай бұрын
They lived on after her death in 1568... As far as I know, Edward Seymour continued to try to prove his marriage to Katherine was legitimate, for decades. By the time she was nearing her death, Elizabeth was asked... again... for the nth time... about the succession, whether Edward (Katherine's son) should succeed her, as would have been the law according to Henry VIII's will. She started railing against Katherine and her children, because Elizabeth never got over it, so that was no. Not sure what happened to Thomas, but Edward eventually died before his father. Edward Seymour (Katherine's husband) managed to finally get his marriage recognized during the early reign of James I (I think he finally found the priest who had married them, after 40 years) and he finally died in 1621. Now, Edward (Katherine's son) had a son, William who was involved in another "secret marriage" scandal with Arbella Stuart... it was a family tradition at that point. I think William was the one who removed Katherine's remains and moved them next to her husband's at Salisbury Cathedral in 1640, where they are to this day. And their kids kept having kids... in fact to this day, there are direct descendents of Katherine Grey and Edward Seymour... I think, I'm not sure, but I think it's possible that King Charles III is one (via his grandmother, Elizabeth the Queen Mother), but I'm not sure. I saw it somewhere, but I don't vouch for the accuracy. But there is a guy, John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset, born in 1952... he's still alive and kicking, who's a direct descendent of Katherine Grey. So the bloodline is still going. By the way: a funny detail regading Katherine and Edward's burial spot. So, in the exact same place, Salisbury Cathedral, was buried in the early 1600s Henry Herbert (Katherine's 1st husband) and the guy who at one point sent Katherine a... strongly worded letter... I mean we're used to them using polite flowery language, his letter to her is extra-rude even by today's standards. It's his reaction to finding out Katherine was pregnant. I like to think of Katherine's and Edward's grand tomb close to Herbert's as a sort of giant middle finger to him for all eternity. 😀
@missytanner3501 4 ай бұрын
@@octavianpopescu4776 👍🙂🍁
@marcywaldenville862 4 ай бұрын
⛪️ 🏰
@nancycampbell8671 4 ай бұрын
🙏🤴
Fabiosa Animated
Рет қаралды 7 МЛН
Reading the Past
Рет қаралды 19 М.
Reading the Past
Рет қаралды 27 М.