The oesophagus is a long muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the
stomach. Contractions called peristalsis push food down the oesophagus.
At the bottom of the oesophagus, food passes through a muscular valve called the
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) into the stomach. This valve acts as a one-way
gate, allowing food and liquid to pass from the esophagus into the stomach and
preventing stomach contents, including acid, from flowing back up.
After the food enters the stomach, the linings of the stomach secrete a highly
acidic juice called gastric juice.
Stomach acid is incredibly strong. Its pH is around 1.3 to 3.5, about as acidic as
battery acid. it comprises digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid and other
substances important for absorbing nutrients -
about 3 to 4 litres of gastric juice are produced daily.
In such an acidic environment, The lining of the stomach has several clever
adaptations to minimize damage and promote self-repair.
The stomach lining produces a thick layer of mucus that acts as a physical barrier.
This mucus layer separates the stomach acid from the wall, preventing direct
contact. Also, Specialized cells in the lining secrete bicarbonate. This bicarbonate
helps neutralize some of the stomach acid, creating a slightly less acidic
environment near the stomach wall.
On the other hand, The stomach cells are constantly undergoing renewal.
Stomach epithelial cells have a short lifespan and are regularly replaced by new
ones with a new gut lining produced approximately every 3 days.
This continuous renewal process helps repair any minor damage caused by
stomach acid also, These cells are tightly packed together, forming a sort of seal.
These tight junctions prevent stomach acid from seeping in between the cells and
damaging deeper layers of the stomach wall.
Stomach contractions mix food with gastric juice. This process is known as
mechanical digestion.
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