♻️ The plastic crisis gets a lot of attention as pollution, but the environmental impact of plastic’s life cycle starts long before it ends up in our waterways and ecosystems. Watch our latest animation, The Story of Plastic: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/n7VjhqRlvt-piYk.html

RAM soldered to motherboard is an EXCELLENT example of design for the dump! thanks "green" Apple!

In my area, we have a place called "Free Geek" where you can donate your electronics and they break everything down and recycle each of the parts in different manners. For example, gold used in motherboards are sent to people who'll salvage the gold and reuse them to make new motherboards. It's volunteer based; I've volunteered there myself and helped take apart old hard drives or computer monitor stands and such. What they can reuse, they send to their build program, where volunteers are taught how to build computers and then the computers are donated to local places in need, like schools. It's a great place!

Anyone here watching this for school homework? so many teachers sent this

"You made it, you deal with it." In Germany we have a law, that forces the manufactures of TV-Screens, monitors and the like to take it from the consumer for recycling, because it is illegal to send such waste into third world nations.

There was a major shift at the end of the 1990's from fixable to non fixable products. I studied to be a technician with specialization on fixing consumer electronics but by the time I was done with my studies, no one fixed electronics any more. Today I develop and produce industrial data capture devices and we have a subscription based payment model. Because our customers rent our equipment we have huge incentives to make our products fixable and long lasting. We also do our own manufacturing in our micro factory so we have huge personal incentives to reduce our toxic chemical usage. We where able to cut PVC almost completely out of our production. (PVC is everywhere in electronics.) Sustainable manufacturing and recycling is possible.

What could go wrong if profit-driven corporations gained control your city's public water systems? Watch our latest animation, The Story of Water! 👉🏽 kzfaq.info/get/bejne/Zpqah8-Wu5bLe2Q.html

This've been 8 Years ago and nothing changed

My friends motherboard broke, he gave it to me cause the shop refused to repair it. I found few low quality capacitors blown, i replaced them not hoping for anything cause caps don't explode for no reason (except when they are sh*tty quality) but it did the job and i got decent gaming rig. Don't throw away broken stuff, give it to the people that can scavenge it!

Moore did not say proccesors power will double every year he predicted that transistors number per unit area in a chip will double every two years

Do you know why child labor exists?

Finally. A video explaining the "designing for the dump" without saying don't use electronics at all. Good job guys!

Well it would help if people stopped buying the latest smart phones on a yearly basis. Fact of the matter is that these things do last, the masses are just that desperate for entertainment or attention and are therefore easily fooled and impressed...Can't make shit if no one is buying... I still have my Nokia 5800 which I got about 7 years ago and it works great. Last year, I decided to upgrade to the Samung S4 just to keep up with the clear gap in technology. Now until the next gadget released is significantly more advanced than my S4 (Just like my S4 is to my Nokia) I won't be spending a dime. And seeing as you still can't tell the overwhelming difference between an S4 and an S6, I am sure I won't be upgrading for another 5 years at least.

There are a lot of people who don't buy new gadgets every year, I still have an iPhone 3GS, iPod touch 4, and 2012 MacBook Pro, all work fine, and aren't going to die anytime soon.

I would caution people not to be so harsh towards these videos. They're made for people who have no clue about any of these issues, and it's scary how many people really don't know. 1/2 of my sustainability class have no clue. Just keep in mind at the heart of it these videos advocates not polluting and stopping the destruction of the environment. And they're only 7-10 min long-she can't go into every facet; people don't have that long of an attention span/don't have the time anymore.

I have a Tandy 1000 SL/2 from 1989 which has a motherboard (the computer's primary circuit board, FYI) that has sockets for pretty much every microchip on it. This means that the user or a humble repair store can effortlessly replace only the broken chip with a new one without having to swap out the entire motherboard. This also makes it easier to repair the computer 27 years later because many of the Tandy 1000's chips are still manufactured today even though the board itself is not. WOW, HOW DEY DO DAT???

Motivation is what gets you started, HABIT keeps you going...

Why not just call it planned obsolescence, like it is?

that "TAKE IT BACK" idea is awesome !!!!!!

dunno if its a placebo effect but I do feel happier so to speak when I put my groceries in a canvas bag, when I recycle old clothes into 50 items that I would normally bought (ei bags,shirts,holders,recyclable items) and I feel a sense of accomplishment when I make something from junk (recyclable crafts) then going out spending money on something new. Also when I make it I know it's going to last,not fall apart at first use and cost a ton.

Thank you Annie and team for your hard work and research done! Hopefully KZfaq will feature more of your videos to spread the word around on saving our one and only Earth! Keep up the fantastic productions!

Who are these people buying junk that gets tossed in 18 months? All of my electronics usually end up outdated before they're replaced.

I wished to see more realistically possible options. It just sounds like endless loop of "it is your fault" to me.

This is a responce to Sammy Wang's statement; "PVC is not toxic". Well Sammy, You are wrong, PVC is very toxic, especially when on fire, you try breathing that TOXIC mess, you will soon understand what TOXIC is.

wake up you fools! The purpose of the video is to educate people to choose smart technologies, stop buying new stuff just because its "newer or cooler", so we could finally save our planet !

508 dislikes are the designers of these electronics!!

I don`t understand why people hate this video and this woman. I think is good that someone cares about the health of others instead of just thinking in themselfs. Is it really bad saying the true? Do you feel uncomfortable? Maybe what they say is not complete or even wrong in some parts but still the message they want to transmit is good for everyone. It is true that some people wouldn't like the idea of paying twice but in my opinion is worthy enough.

There is a company that recycles electronic gadgets. But the thing that needs to be done is to convince manufacturers to stop using toxic substances and to change their attitude that making more money is more important than to stop the damage that is created by making these machines disposable. THAT is the hardest part. Money blinds people .

The Mac I'm watching this on is really old (at lest 5 years) and it still works just fine. Sure it's not perfect, but that's my fault for dropping food on it. This is a good laptop and i probably won't buy a new one for the next couple of years.

But but but... You don't buy a monitor and throw it out after a year... I have some as old as 12 years and they work just fine; I only own new ones because of higher quality. I don't throw away old electronics or even batteries. Have you real labels? YOU'RE NOT SUPPOSED TO THROW YOUR ELECTRONICS AWAY! They contain mercury and heavy metals! You have to take them to a plant that handles such materials, it's even included on boxes like battery packages.

I admire Annie Leonard's approach and message - she is one of the few who have rightly criticized the 'buy our way out' strategy of vanity eco-products. There is a subtler problem here, though: the pace of advance. Many consumer electronics are 'designed for the dump' purely because they are technologically obsolete after a few years. It is slightly naive to think we can 'design around this' as we don't know where the technology is heading (though we can certainly be less wasteful than we are).

Thanks for the subtitles for my english work. It is very usefull.

Not so much The Story of Electronics - More of let's look after our environment by clever design. Yes I agree, but please retitle your video.

I dont drink bottled water, it tastes wierd to me.

Toxic chemicals are necessary for electronics. Not saying that they are good for you but that the electronics need these toxic chemicals. They can't properly work without them.

Hi Annie, my last cell phone was almost 10 years old when I replaced it. By the way, it still works, but I needed a two in one Smartphone to replace my phone and PDA. My new phone will last just as long. By the way, my PDA is 14 years old and it still works. Its amazing how long stuff lasts if you look after it and don't abuse it.

I'm so glad I know my TV has lead in it now cuz I was gonna eat it. Thanks

I had to stop watching about 2:00 in. Electrical engineers are given parameters to work in and price points to deal with. A 6 year old laptop, and it's wall wart, could not possibly have been forward thinking enough to know that you would loose your power supply and design in enough extra capacity for every wall wart to power just your lost one. Repairing can be done, usually on very expensive bits of equipment, not the under $5,000 consumer equipment. If you want it cheap you get a cheap design. Complains about not being able to repair electronics has been a siren song of technicians since the early 1990s when they started using full custom chips and 'system on a chip' devices then and there is/was no way to buy those chips in quantity 1 to do a repair. The guy wanting $50 to look at your device is just his way of ensuring that he doesn't work for less than minimum wage because if it is a semiconductor issue your 'torked'. You want something upgradeable? Build that time machine use it to see what the next 'break through' physics or electronics thing is, come back and tell the engineer of present so the can plan ahead.

Instead of defaming the industry, people should try to increase public awareness on handling e-wastes, disposing off old batteries and magnetic discs and other discarded electronic items.

This is true, I'm a mechanical engineering student and our teachers/professors always tell us not to design or engineer products too good. Not because it increases the cost of a product by a small percentage but because in that way you can sell more when the old stuff breaks down. You could have a refrigerator, washing machine or even a car that will last forever, but it just isn't profitable enough.

I love all your videos and I am completely inspired. I want to thank you and ask you to please continue informing us. Lisa Tibbitts

I heard a story where a company made a light bulb that had a life span of nearly a hundred years (if I remember correctly). The company went under because no body needed any new light bulbs after buying there first one.

Thank goodness for thoughtful people like you. Thank you!

the company automatic who makes the OBD2 dongle for your car uses something they call functional packaging. solves the problem of waste by having the package be something you can use. In there case their packaging can be used as a togo cup with a lid. Ive had the product for two years and the cup I use regularly

Thanks to my DT teacher making me watch this bs for homework

everyone should watch this video!

You might see me as a pessimist, but I really think that manufacturing products to last longer would be worse for corporations because they wouldn't make as much money by selling the same thing many times more. As such, innovation and technology would slow down, only to be overtaken by China and India, which practically don't care at all about the environment or their people, which they send by the hundreds of millions to what basically amounts to slavery.

In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years for the next 10 years. David House predicted that performance would double every 18 months. The cell phone you showed gets tossed because the rechargeable battery has worn out, and often/usually building a more efficient or longer lasting product isn't efficient. Both customers and companies enjoy trading discounts for 2 year service contracts, and new phones are more efficient.

Who is using a computer that is 2 to 6 years old if you are Welcome to the #OLDCOMPUTERCLUB

If big companies didn't care about standardization then why do we have big standards like USB? Also the cost of making a dvd player that was "modular" and easy to fix would drives costs way up. Should we put breadboards in all electronics???????

Sorry but the lead you mentioned in the TV is needed to have it work longer. By removing the lead you have solder that is more likely to grow what are called whiskers. We added the lead to the solder to prevent the problem with the whiskers so that electronics can last longer. Also if you are going to quote Moore's Law get it right the first time. Moore's Law is "The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months."

Your phone and computer are probably higher quality than mine. However as long as I am able to use my computer and phone for all my practical needs without any major flaws (such as freezing while trying to open a document) I am completely satisfied. I don't see the need to scrap something that's still perfectly usable.

you rock!

kaway-kaway mga grade 10 SSCs!! HAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHHA

For all the thumbs down people could you take 10 seconds and google 'rag pickers' and just look at the pictures?

My PC is 7 years old, I just changed the graphics card last year and can still use the latest video games. Electronic design is not that bad, and you also have to see that the technology changes really fast. The problem is more on the producers side (toxicity, bad recycling) and on the consumer side (do you REALLY need that new fancy cell phone ?).

This is my favourite story I'm addicted to my ipad

That is a lie at 1:00! Those chargers did not fit your computer because they put out around 3-12Volts, your computer uses 15-24Volts depending on who made it. If you buy say only Dells most of the chargers from 2001-2013 will work that is why I save Dell chargers. They are universal with Dells from 2001-2013. This is pretty much the same on ASUS or HP or ACER even some Apple. Those chargers that are in your hand are for phones not laptops. So before you blast computer companies make sure you know something about electricity. I know you going to say "Well why can they only make chargers with say 5Volts or 19Volts?" The answer is simple a phone would need added electronic components to convert that 19Volts to something that it can use and the battery can accept making it MUCH larger! A laptop cannot run off of 5Volts because it has a bigger screen, more components, a hard drive and a more powerful processor! You said that you were mad about you DVD player braking. Well I can tell you why but first who made it? Coby or Jensen or LG I assume, well those are junk they do NOT last. Why did you buy the cheapest? Buy Sony, Panasonic or Pioneer or Oppo. Do not buy LG, Coby, Jensen, GE, Toshiba, Phillips, and defiantly do not buy brand X! About your computer. Well you can upgrade just one part! I have upgraded CPUs graphics, Hard drives and many other things in a computer. It is so simply that most customers can do it. The reason that they do not is because they feel intimidated. Also you left out the real problem and that is that YOU want the newest. You don't want to fix up you 5-year-old computer you want a new one! I can prove this, just give me a trip to the local transfer center. I go almost every week and find wonderful things such as a 6-year-old Sony mint condition discrete output 7channel amp. Or my Dell Inspiron 530 that I can edit with Sony Vegas Pro 12 on! So that is why. In my opinion you cannot say that things are designed for the dump. Companies like LG, Coby, Jensen, & Phillips maybe, but Sony, ASUS, Pioneer do NOT. Also thanks to people like you, YOU are making stuff harder to manufacture to last by restricting the use of lead and mercury. Now stuff is harder to repair because we have to use tin and tin melts at a much higher temp! So you are actually making stuff harder to manufacture and repair! Now isn't that funny! I keep my stuff for much more that 18 months! HA! and you can to they last much longer than 18 months! So before making a video like this check your facts! Plus do not buy cheap! Wow I wonder how many words that was?!? It is all true though Also companies did not know how to make the equipment without lead and mercury back then so they did not know any better. Companies are not evil "all I want is money" Evil companies they want some quality! This video is a lie! Only parts of it are true. If you want to know were I got all this, well I do electronic repair and I know all about electronics! So I know how they are made. Do you? Yes you whom made this video? Also are you going to smash your tv? That is the only way to get the lead out! -Josh from Joshua's Recordings and BLUEX Electronic repair!

These videos need to go viral.

I think one can not stress that fact enough. Moores "law" is actually not an order but only an observation. it can rather be seen as the laws of physics. So even though the idea of a green Moores law would be appealing, it would not match the terms or ideas. One can not simply demand greener products every cycle. It always requires much research, which can fail (and our economics is not tolerant to that). the only 100% green computing we are aware of to date is biological neuronal networks (brains). So yes, I think devices should and could be much more repurposeable. but that would not only cost money, but also demand higher use of energy (per action) but also limit possibilities and the amount of parts required. so putting up this kind of demand is simple and even trivial. the solution however is much more difficult

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Hmmmm, not really big on solutions, just saying make things last longer and with less chemicals doesn't really take you very far. Seems to put very little responsibility on user/purchase behaviour, saying 'it's bad designers, bad capitalists and bad policy makers' is over simplistic. If users are unwilling to pay more to repair their products, would they be willing to pay more for the product in the first place? There seems to be no link made between what buyers/voters actually do and how this behaviour influences business and policy makers. Would we vote for a politician if their environmental policy made all our electronic products more expensive, or would we buy them if a company changed its products, but they cost us more?

The truth is the design for the dump concept came in from the early 80s, when manufacturers realised that the products they designed in the 40s and 50s (cookers, refrigerators, cars) looked after, were lasting too long and governments financed companies to develop higher turnerover items to keep the workforce in employment to maintain countrywide economies. Modern electronics doesn't allow for component switching, but in becoming smaller (think whole computer on one chip) less materials are being used. Material recovery however does need improvement and needs to remain a first world concern and not passed off to a third world nation.

The alternative is to go back toward the days of large circuits that required a room for a simple computer and a team of expensive engineers to keep running. You can throw away a lot of modern components with less waste than just making the old stuff. Something that would help longevity is to go back to using led, but my equipment lasts until it is so old that it would be more environmentally friendly to recycle it for something new, more capable and much less power hungry.

ELECTRONICS DON'T BRAKE AFTER A YEAR! AND THEY DON'T DESIGN THEM T;O BRAKE QUICKLY, BECAUSE NOBODY WOULD BUY THEM AFTER THAT.

I think one way to promote Design To Last would be for governments to mandate that all electronic devices sold in their country carry a minimum warranty period of five years, preferably ten, during which all costs associated with repairs must be borne by the manufacturer, including shipping.

I saw this in The Story of Stuff as well. Why does she get rid of the stuff she bought 18 months after she bought it? That's 1-1/2 years. I use stuff up. I don't hold on to it forever, but I try to make it last a while, like 4 years, or longer. I like the idea of "greener" electronics that pollute less, but I don't think everyone can afford that. If customers demand it, the electronics companies will offer models that pollute less, but don't shut out lower income people.

When you buy an electronic product it's no longer the person's product who sold it to you. It's now yours! You bought it. If you make the companies responsible for things you buy, then you no longer completely own what you've purchased or even yourself for that matter. People have a lot of power. They can choose NOT to buy things that are toxic to the environment.

We were taught in ENV101 that the slum peoples of Bangladesh throw their waste outside the house and lives in an illusion that the waste is gone... that same thing actually applies to all of us in the west who buy and think about buying more stuff, and throw all our old stuffs without even thinking and believing firmly that once we put it to recycle it is all cleaned up.

People will attack me for saying this, but companies CLEARLY know, that if they produce a long lasting product, people will buy that product, won't buy any of their new products because the old one works like a charm, companies will slowly loose money, and eventually go out of business. Not the most charming way, but somewhat understandable.

Its been 10 years and not much has changed

You aren't forced to buy anything and Microsoft offers a utility to read and write the new files in older versions of their software. Open source software also does the same thing. Software isn't planned to be obsolete. It is constantly being updated because of bugs, security flaws, and major improvements that improve your ability to do work.

Yes, it's true, people like us techies aren't going to waste our money or time and buy a whole new device when only a part breaks and buy things that last but we're only a small part of the population. Many more people exist that don't have the knowledge to buy parts or buy to last. Not to mention the issue of obsolescence still remains, regardless of if you're technologically inclined or not. In the end, it's a no-lose situation to push for cleaner and longer-lasting products.

Yeah, it's not easy to make electronics safe. It take lots of time and research to make non-toxic semiconductors and this problem can only eliminated through quantum computing, but I know that won't be safe at first. But the goal of the video is to make a change and I respect this.

I have had the same computer for 5 years and the same phone for four years. You don't need to upgrade devices every two years. As long as something is working and in good condition you don't need to get rid of it and buy a replacement. People who are constantly buying new electronics seem to be doing so to be trendy not for practical use.

5:34 "it would be cheaper for them..." lady, in fact enforcing something on manufacturers is only going to make you paymore for the product. Do you think taxing a manufacturer is anything else than taxing a customer?

Annie Leonard has a unique an insightful way, of enlightening the consumer of ways to have a greener tomorrow. She has cleverly made us aware though an animated video of , big business external cost.

Most of the people working there are probably either unaware of the unsafe conditions, or live in an area where subpar working conditions are the norm

Anyone who learns and educates about this, is helping to change the world. Regarding the transition, as our system collapses due to lack of sustainability, people will look for other ways of doing things (ex: the great depression). The Venus Project is working on educating many people about society and the way it COULD be. I myself talk to many people about this, gathering as much info as I can along the way. Be the change you wish to see in the world mate, it's up to all of us!

659 Apple employees disliked this video.

Fantastic video! Very well explained...

I agree with many comments that recycle is the real problem, cause obsolescence will always be there as long as we develop new software. And as software is unstoppable, so is hardware, that must be upgraded every 18 months. To me, there is a great hope: everyday we own more software and less hardware. I expect to have all electronic stuff in a single device in a few years. Just think of how many things your mobile does now: with a mobile you don't need a clock, alarm, lantern, dvd player, HiFi, console, etc. I guess in the near future, everything will be on the cloud, and we will just own a cheap device which is basically a cheap network card that projects a screen in the air (maybe directly in our brain). So only big data centers should care for recycling, which will make it easier than it is now. I expect much more contamination in the next 10 years, and then, if software continues to grow this speed, a drop in the indices of pollution, as atoms convert into bits.

This video doesn't take in account that people are throwing away perfectly usable stuff all the time. Also modularity is already in most electronic gadgets, you can repair anything if you want (and if you are ready to shell out some money), but people prefer to buy a new computer rather than repair an old one.

She absolutely IS correct!!! I'm in electronics since 1985. It is called Planned Obsolescence.....make junk, buy junk,junk fails in a short time, make even more junk, buy even more junk, a short time later, even MORE JUNK FAILS. (Repeat cycle) Well, that is their nasty ways. I remember a time when the USA made QUALITY and LONG LASTING machines. JD tractors from the 1950s and 60s, and they are STLL plowing when they are older than me. 10 years? Your post looks like it is written by a 10 y/o.

You and me agree on that. I am not disputing Moore's law. I am disputing the conspiracy this woman suggests in this video; that your phone should be "designed to upgrade without purchasing a new device"... how can you do that when 18 months later the chip is 2x faster, 2x smaller, the screen is 2x clearer, storage is 2x larger... how can you "upgrade" your "same" device that much every 18 months? She is insane... there is no conspiracy, it just cant be done, nothing sinister.

Designing things to last is most definitely possible and doable. We can also design electronics to be upgradeable and easily recycled. Use of toxic materials is not needed. Mining the Earth for materials is an outdated practice because we piled up on the landfills enough resources to produce 10x more material goods and services in every field and for each person on the planet, using 3x less (compared to what we do today). We also need to create things from superior synthetic materials.

You seemed to hate the "recycling operations" you mentioned. If it is profitable to reclaim the metals from an old computer, it is an efficient use of resources. You don't seem to like the idea of these workers putting themselves in harms way to make a paycheck, but consider that the workers aren't slaves. They chose to have that job because it was the best option for themselves and their families. Shutting down such operations only puts these workers in worse situations.

In 2006, I had a used 1997 Toshiba Techra laptop I bought for $200 in 2005. The on/off swicth was broken and the Fry's Electonics Geek Squad in California wanted $200 to replace the stupid little switch. It was an obsolete Windows 98 PC anyway and I said the devil with that. I then bought, from Fry's, a new Toshiba Satellite Windows XP upgradable to Vista for about $700 new then and got about 11 years of service out of it with one memory upgrade and one hard drive replacement in between. Nowadays, I bring as many old/unserviceable electronics as I can to Staples to be recycled hoping I am helping to save the planet by doing that.

It's unbelievable how many clueless posters there are here saying that Annie's somehow 'got this wrong'. She's not wrong, she's spot on.

I love how she acknowledges that processing power is increasing exponentially yet also clings to the idea that it is desgined for the dump. As computers become more powerful, and often smaller, people will buy them because they can do more tasks more efficiently. Also her concept of "toxic chemicals" is vague and clearly fearmongering. Is she going to complain that fruits and vegetables have loads of pesticides and even carcinogens in them? No because that does not push her agenda.

CRT monitors last forever! I still used one for the longest time but it just takes up too much room. I interviewed a teacher at the nearby elementary school and they are still using the CRT monitors on their newer computers that I used when I was at that school 10 years ago!

hey... come to think of it~ My PSP lasted till now and it's still too precious to throw away knowing that there are millions of games out there waiting for me to play :D

Alright this women tries to get these videos shown in the classroom including my own classroom. So I'm a 17 year old senior in high school who has a startup that was just accepted into a tech incubator in Manhattan. We raised 60k in capital and have an office. This is due to the tech world she insults. My town is a poor upstate New York dump and communicating on smart phones and macs was how I got here. Her world would have kept me locked up.

In “Inheriting an Abundant Earth” a simple rule tweak on inheritance ends up changing the direction and purpose of modern human life! Here’s a fair way to transition forward! It's something specific we can demand. If this isn’t the best answer, at least we’re thinking about what might be. Are we really just this close to having it work right? Oh yeah, it's a Ski movie! Watch “Inheriting an Abundant Earth” on KZfaq, then sign the petition, and share it everywhere!!

I keep recycling my ipod 5th gen since 3 years...i know that it is old, but it's so easy to disassemble that i can keep having a 30gb mp3 player running for how much i want just spending 15 bucks per year for maintenance...IF ALL THE ELECTRONICS WOULD BE PROJECTED WITH THIS FILOSOFY WE WOULD FIND THE WAY TO HAVE PRODUCE MUCH LESS E-WASTE

That's why I love PC! I have had one base model computer my whole life that has held for quite a while, every few years I go to a local electronic recyclers ( a non profit who sell and reuse donated electronics) and upgrade my computer. I haven't thrown added a single circuit to the e-waste crisis.

My Dell PC is 7 years old and I am happy to keep using it. No matter for clothes, electronic and cosmetics, I realise that I have more than I need. As long as stoping believing on the illusion sell on midea and advertising, I actually have all I need.

I just can't wait for graphene technology to kick in.

Actually Moore's law does exist. The law states that the size of a processor chip can be cut in half every 18 months. That just means that designers can develop products that much faster. I like that when I go to replace something that is broken, I have a huge selection of things available to me that are many times faster than what I have that was broken.

Disorder and confusion prevail in every domain and have been carried to a point far surpassing all that has been known previously..