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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ALTERNATORS
In a typical modern alternator, magnets, called rotors, rotate in or around fixed conductive windings, called stators, which are wound on iron ore. As the mechanical energy rotates the rotors, the magnetic field around the conductors changes and electric current is produced.
Since the alternator does not require a commutator, it is often more convenient and advantageous to place the field winding on the rotating part (ie rotor) and the armature winding on the fixed part (ie stator).
The alternator has a 3-phase winding on its stator and a DC field winding on its rotor. This DC source (called exciter) is usually a small compound generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator.
The working principle of the alternator is similar to the basic working principle of the DC generator. This principle is also related to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This law is based on the induction of current in a conductor in a magnetic field when there is relative motion between the conductor and the magnetic field.
The induced electromotive force (EMF) is variable, as the N and S poles of the rotor cross the armature conductors in turn. The direction of the induced EMF can be found by Fleming's right-hand rule.
The magnitude of the voltage induced in each phase depends on the rotor flux, the number and position of the conductors in the phase, and the speed of the rotor. When the rotor is rotated, a 3-phase voltage is induced in the armature winding. The magnitude of the induced EMF depends on the rotational speed and the DC excitation current. The magnitude of the EMF in each phase of the armature winding is the same. However, they differ electrically by 120° in phase.
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