The Corona Oil Shock

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Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs

Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs

4 жыл бұрын

Join Professors Jeff Colgan and Mark Blyth for a discussion around the implications of COVID-19 on global politics and the environment, followed by an interactive Q&A.
Oil used to be a big story. If it rose we feared inflation. If it fell we celebrated a boost to consumption while worrying about green investments.
Over the past few months, the story about Oil has disappeared under an avalanche of COVID-19 concerns. But its price has collapsed and this time few are celebrating, or even worrying that much. Mark Blyth, Director of the Rhodes Center for International Economics and Finance at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs talks with Professor Jeff Colgan, the Richard Holbrooke Associate Professor of Political Science and International and Public Affairs, about why Oil is still a big story and why we need to pay it more attention.

Пікірлер: 323
@BodyByBenSLC
@BodyByBenSLC 4 жыл бұрын
Silver lining from corona is we are getting more Mark Blyth
@thalesnemo2841
@thalesnemo2841 4 жыл бұрын
@Athiest Monk Hear, Hear!
@Theomite
@Theomite 4 жыл бұрын
Internet porn doesn't stand a chance against this.
@TheUAoB
@TheUAoB 4 жыл бұрын
I found this discussion surprisingly naive about net energy dynamics. Peak Oil never "went away", nor was it "solved" by fracking. Conventional Peak occurred in 2005, since then Finance Capital has been pouring into poor ERoEI projects like the US fracking industry which has resulted in starvation of investment in other parts of the economy. This in turn kept a ceiling on the price of oil since it meant the growth from the 2008 crisis has been constrained by reallocation of resources towards the energy sector. The idea that there would be no dynamic system response to falling net energy from fossil fuels was predicated by ideas espoused by some that supply constraints would cause prices to go ever higher, there never was any basis for that. The market mechanism alone (assuming no rationing) would ensure allocation of scarce resources would be delivered to those most able to pay, where the economics of refining oil to maintain ever longer supply lines for just-in-time manufacuring and food distribution and to drive around in personal vehicles just does add up. High energy costs are incompatible with a system built on cheap energy.
@thalesnemo2841
@thalesnemo2841 4 жыл бұрын
@hike oganessian Right ! That “doctor” is a nutter!
@huss4realz
@huss4realz 4 жыл бұрын
Always a good thing
@kylelee2
@kylelee2 4 жыл бұрын
I am a 36 year old home owner father of two, I watch and search out Mark Blyth like I use to search out new bands and girls in my twenties. I thankfully use him and his discourse with others to help shape the conversations with I am having with the people around me. Epecially the Booming Babies in my life. Thank you to all that help to make things like this happen. Hopefully nudging policy one conversation at a time.
@alanmann6099
@alanmann6099 4 жыл бұрын
Good for you ☺
@uttaradit2
@uttaradit2 4 жыл бұрын
leeeky
@adam-yk6yd
@adam-yk6yd 4 жыл бұрын
Mark Blyth needs to be doing interviews/conversations like this all the time - incredible insight
@adam-yk6yd
@adam-yk6yd 4 жыл бұрын
@Flash Gordon yes, I like to be sheep herded by the oil companies. That is absolutely what my comment said
@amyjones2490
@amyjones2490 4 жыл бұрын
Economy of enough should be adopted for a humanistic based society.
@alloomis1635
@alloomis1635 4 жыл бұрын
raise yer sights to angelic, human-based has had ample analysis and little result/
@antediluvianatheist5262
@antediluvianatheist5262 4 жыл бұрын
@Joakim von Anka Humans need trees. These are not in conflict.
@bohansenboh
@bohansenboh 4 жыл бұрын
@@alloomis1635 the field of economics was invented in 1776 by Adam Smith. That's 244 years, the bible has been around for 1,950-ish years. Stop projecting.
@bohansenboh
@bohansenboh 4 жыл бұрын
The U.S.S.R. tried that and if all the rest of the nations agreed to it and there wasn't a cold war they might have been alright, but that's not the reality we live in.
@jeanf6295
@jeanf6295 4 жыл бұрын
@@bohansenboh they did not exactly tried that, from what i know, the USSR was as set on growth as the Capitalist world, but with quite weaker innovative capacities and higher bureaucratic inertia, which in the end seeded their downfall. Cuba came closer, but mainly because the embargo forced their hand.
@por15canada48
@por15canada48 4 жыл бұрын
Two intelligent, well spoken men, quite a breath of fresh air.
@MrValz0
@MrValz0 4 жыл бұрын
2020 - the decade of debt forgiveness...just not for the individual.
@thalesnemo2841
@thalesnemo2841 4 жыл бұрын
@David P Revolution is inevitable! No QBI NO MEDICARE FOR ALL! No debt jubilee No rent freeze! People will simply NOT PAY! No freeze and elimination of student debt! Etc Etc TIME TO END CAPITALISM! It has FAILED three times in the last twenty years!
@irresistablejewel
@irresistablejewel 4 жыл бұрын
Well I've got 10K and my income currently doesn't cover the bills (due to virus concerns); all this debt forgiveness but why none for me? Perhaps time for a universal income, maybe even just in the short term, I'm tired of seeing the rich forgiving each other anyway... some should have gone bankrupt in 2008; taxpayer largely got the bill; now we are all going bankrupt. Something a bit pointier than forgiveness I suggest...
@brochrock007
@brochrock007 4 жыл бұрын
Oil isn't a mystery, supply & demand. A rampant stock market is.
@llothar68
@llothar68 4 жыл бұрын
And cost. There is something like "Shelf costs" which is the reason why Walmart throws out products for $1 and make a loss, storing stuff is expensive.
@TheSimonScowl
@TheSimonScowl 4 жыл бұрын
The 'shell game' is distinguished by 'mystery' (a.k.a.: ulterior motives).
@timothycurlee9682
@timothycurlee9682 4 жыл бұрын
The stock market is also supply and demand. Corporations . wealthy stock owners and politicians demand the markets go up, the Fed supplies trillions of dollars in essentially free money voila done
@bohansenboh
@bohansenboh 4 жыл бұрын
The stock market just got the biggest boon in human history. When congress gives the FED (for some unknown reason) $4.25 billion and the FED uses fractional reserve banking to hand out $4.55 trillion in unearned assets, that's the equivalent of the city of Chicago investing in the Bulls (a team that sucks right now). The Bulls franchise in turn invest in their own stock to make it look like they are still profitable in hopes that they can tempt rubes into buying worthless assets. The Bulls would basically be the microcosm of the entire stock market right now.
@erylevans1185
@erylevans1185 4 жыл бұрын
English Teacher in Vietnam. It used to cost me 50,000 Dong to fill up my motorbike now its 30,000. Some countries are passing down the savings to the people. A silver lining?
@nayanmalig
@nayanmalig 4 жыл бұрын
LOL dirty communists passing on benefits to the people
@kabukiwookie
@kabukiwookie 4 жыл бұрын
One good thing that has come from oil prices plummeting and demand sinking like the Titanic: I can go outside and I see no smog. The air is clear. I can finally smell the flowers that are growing in my suburban yard.
@charlesashurst1816
@charlesashurst1816 4 жыл бұрын
Peak oil went away because of fracking and shale. The new worry is the other half of fossil carbon fuel, atmosphere, peak atmosphere. We're already way past where peak use of the atmosphere as a free dumping ground for greenhouse gas emissions.
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
The problem ultimately is that all the proposed alternatives aren't actually viable. Solar and wind require ideal geographic conditions and level entire environments because they are low density energy sources. The toxic chemicals that goes into making and replacing the panels are a SERIOUS problem too, not to mention wind powers effects on the population of birds of prey, endangered species. Then you get into the fact that there simply is not enough lithium on the planet for a battery system for the existing power grids so they can operate 100% on solar or wind. So coal or oil based power backup is needed. They just aren't options. The only option available are modern generation 4 nuclear reactors. Reactors like France has been running. Reactors that unlike the antique designs we have seen fail will render themselves inert in the event of an overheat rather than burst (most reactors are effectively steam engines.) But getting people to adopt that is a non starter. People don't care about science tbh.
@charlesashurst1816
@charlesashurst1816 4 жыл бұрын
@@colonel__klink7548 The solar electric system I installed in 2008 has paid for itself. The plug-in hybrid I purchased in 2013 has paid for its higher price through savings in operating costs. First step toward viability: go do it yourself.
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
@@charlesashurst1816 Good on ya for taking advantage of those heavy government subsidies that really made all that possible! I ride an electric bike to work most days and the experience has made me really appreciate electric vehicles but truthfully there is no possible way I could charge a car. I live in an apartment. But your missing the point of what I was saying. There physically is not enough lithium available on the planet for everyone to have their own electric vehicle. Your solar panels have been a huge benefit but as I explained there are huge environmental costs that you don't see (because we are happy to inflict them upon the third world, out of sight out of mind) AND the sun doesn't shine all day. So when it isn't shining your drawing off some form of a fossil fuel. The solution to that last problem is battery packs but finding enough lithium to create enough battery storage for the entire power grid of the existing world is even greater of a problem then finding enough for vehicles! Vanadium is another material option since bulk isn't an issue but there are questions about finding enough of that for it to really be viable either. If you aren't getting the gist, the serious problem here is storage technology that is severely limiting us, as well as the mind numbing volume of environmental damage refining the materials for solar panels causes. We simply need better technology. The department of energy is working on making batteries out of sugar of all things but in the meantime the best thing we can do is simply convert to nuclear energy which causes less waste, less environmental damage and fewer deaths per kilowatt hour than any other form of power generation.
@johncuthbert3445
@johncuthbert3445 4 жыл бұрын
Charles Ashurst I
4 жыл бұрын
@@colonel__klink7548 You spout horseshit. You dumb dishonest prick.
@willcampbell2114
@willcampbell2114 4 жыл бұрын
I would love to hear you two have discussion on the Canadian economy. With missive government spending before and during the virus, the two major cities (Vancouver and Toronto) in a massive real-estate bubble depending on Chinese investment, the oil industry tanking, the agriculture sector being held hostage with Chinese/US dispute, the manufacturing industry (auto) falling apart and a new NAFTA (USMCA) not being as good for Canada as it used to be. How screwed is Canada? Thanks from Edmonton, AB
@Canadian-bz7ch
@Canadian-bz7ch 4 жыл бұрын
Definitely looks like a bad time for the western provinces. But we'll survive. Best wishes from Halifax, NS
@kangaroo1888
@kangaroo1888 4 жыл бұрын
Green Canada ? For jobs and too loosen USA influence but limitations on overseas investment in property but increase it in Green infrastructure projects .
@jamesandrews1130
@jamesandrews1130 4 жыл бұрын
I am curious how much fish we can catch in sail boats. Romantic idea for me but if we give up oil someone gonna be hungry soon. Someday but not yet.
@pauldi7268
@pauldi7268 4 жыл бұрын
Montreal is a bigger and more.major city than vancouver , I know, cause I live in vancouver, but we do have the housing issue you mentioned but vancouver certainly not on the list if you are talking about Canada's 2 major cities.
@roc7880
@roc7880 4 жыл бұрын
you are still better than US. plus, your social infrastructure and public health is better. hope to move there soon
@gbailey1284
@gbailey1284 4 жыл бұрын
I hope cruse lines are toast they're pure evil.
@aw2031zap
@aw2031zap 4 жыл бұрын
they got bailed out, for some reason. I guess some senators are invested in it
@JosephusAurelius
@JosephusAurelius 4 жыл бұрын
Why are they evil?
@MsColl90
@MsColl90 4 жыл бұрын
J River environmentally...
@JohnMoseley
@JohnMoseley 4 жыл бұрын
@@JosephusAurelius And they're tax avoiders, registered in places like the Bahamas for tax purposes, then accepting a bailout from the US taxpayer.
@vladthecon
@vladthecon 4 жыл бұрын
@@JosephusAurelius they sacrifice homeless people to dagon.
@davidwilkie9551
@davidwilkie9551 4 жыл бұрын
Useful info, more value than speculations and accusations.
@spindlecitysister
@spindlecitysister 4 жыл бұрын
I’m just here for Blyth’s accent.
@ncaleb
@ncaleb 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome picture in the background
@mpetry912
@mpetry912 4 жыл бұрын
very worthwhile ! thank you gentlemen
@BIgBass255
@BIgBass255 4 жыл бұрын
They have been using the price of oil to raise the price of food for the last ten years, now it's .99 gallon where I live. Are they reducing the price of food? WTF!!!!!!
@mikegrant8031
@mikegrant8031 4 жыл бұрын
I want to see Mark Blyth and peter zeihan have a chat.
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
I've been wanting that for months now lol
@Theomite
@Theomite 4 жыл бұрын
Nononono...Mark Blyth and Slavoj Zizek. The accent fetishist in me's getting hard just thinking about this.
@spanosspanos
@spanosspanos 4 жыл бұрын
Taking us to school....thanks you two!!! :-)
@teddybeddy123
@teddybeddy123 4 жыл бұрын
Fascinating discussion, very interesting.
@davejohnston2700
@davejohnston2700 4 жыл бұрын
We are drowning in oil. The oil companies don't know what to do with the stuff. The fuel at the pump prices went down, but not nearly enough. I filled up the tank a month ago (it was still half full) and still have half a tank. I drive around sometimes, just to get out of the house and I still have half a tank. The car companies have acres and acres of unsold cars! Do I want to buy a car now? NO! Jeez, maybe I'll sell the car I have and buy a bike!
@DavidBagshaw
@DavidBagshaw 4 жыл бұрын
Great discussion, thanks for posting.
@lilgarbagedisposal9141
@lilgarbagedisposal9141 4 жыл бұрын
Did you re-upload this?
@rcmrcm3370
@rcmrcm3370 4 жыл бұрын
Gas prices are more a reflection of pipeline carrier wants than the price of gas at the field. As to the link between gas and oil, it's often inverse,
@rcmrcm3370
@rcmrcm3370 4 жыл бұрын
When oil production goes down, gas production goes down with it. Oil prices may go down because of an international oversupply, while gas is a local product and I may become extremely tight. High transport costs makes it difficult to arbitrage gas on the international market.
@Rob-fx2dw
@Rob-fx2dw 3 жыл бұрын
There was no 'negative price for oil' in the real sense. It's an over stated situation since long term prices id not substantially change and virtusally no oil was sold at those negative prices. All that happened is an over supply that resulted in storage issues which is similar to happens in a supply chain or where a continuous manufacturing line has a minor glitch and there is ripple wave that runs down the chain until the minor glitch is resolved. Somewhat like what happens on the freeway when rubberneckers slow down to see an accident and there is concertina that slows traffic back down the line.
@Nine-Signs
@Nine-Signs 4 жыл бұрын
3 points on climate change: 1. even with all the economic stoppages covid has caused our emissions are only down around 8% year on year, a drop in the bucket when you consider we are 25 years past 350 ppm red line. 2. Renewables under capitalism = a sick joke. To convert just the vehicles of the USA to electric requires the utter decimation of the remains of this world to get the resources needed to do it, billion of tonnes of lithium from a world that after a decade of ramp up still only produces 77,000 a year and no matter how many coups western countries sponsor in Bolivia in order to secure their massive lithium reserves that figure is unlikely to rise to the numbers needed to accomplish moving the economy and assets over to a renewably powered electric future for many decades if ever. As for other materials, we need cobalt from child and slave miners in piss poor african nations, more than we have mined over the last 200 years, within the next 20 to transfere capitalism as is, and many other materials too at even insaner amounts compaired to what is possible. And remember, this is just for the vehicles, never mind all the infrastructure, of which for the US to be fully renewable has to tripple the size of its energy grid and to keep below 2oC it has to do this within 20 years, and then to keep up with the perpetual growth of capitalism doubling consumptions of many materials and energies over 30 year periods you have to double all that infrastructure again to keep up, ecologically devastating entire nations and the world to do so. 3. You can't solve the dual symptoms of climate change and ecological collapse due to over consumption, with more of the cause, which is capitalism, and its demand for infinite perpetual growth to stave off its collapse. No amount of electric cars, solar panels, green new deals, taxes, regulations, nor any technology today, nor any coming down the road, will ever be capable of allowing an infinite growth consumption based anti democratic economic such as capitalism, to outrun the immutable physics governing a finite world. Capitalism is a socioeconomic belief system, the laws of physics are immutable, and they do not give a crap if anyone finds what I have written here difficult to swallow. Those laws will do what they are doing in response to what we are doing and have done, no matter our protests at that. The trouble with neoclassical economists is they rarely give two shits about the cost to society and planet of getting resources, those are externalities to their mind set which is why Jeff Colgan is pleased about electric cars, almost excitable, without factoring in any of what I have just stated.
@sturgis8483
@sturgis8483 4 жыл бұрын
That sounds plausible, so what would you have the world's population do instead of carry on the present course.
@Nine-Signs
@Nine-Signs 4 жыл бұрын
@@sturgis8483 dismantle the global economy and replace it with a steady state resource based economy with production localised and only for needs. Not wants.
@Nine-Signs
@Nine-Signs 4 жыл бұрын
@@sturgis8483 Dismantle global econ to be replaced with localised democratised production, no more salad from 3,000 miles away because capitalism makes it cheaper to do so via its bent incentives. Instigate steady state resource based democratic systems in all nations allowing nations to c-operate for mutual benefit instead of capitalism incentivising nations to compete against each other to war or collapse, with urgency. It would mean a radically different, far lower consumption life for all people, but, they would have more leisure time and all would live in dignity with the basic requirements for life met for all no matter their wealth in the previous system. The solutions are there, but we will refuse to take them, due to a love of and manufactured consent for capitalism. Media will sell them lies like geren new deals, "efficiency savings", solar, wind, electric cars, but the reality remains none of them have a cat in hells chance of allowing capitalism to continue doing what it must do for its survival without exterminating around a third to half the population by 2100 with the rest not far behind. Perpetual growth capitalism isn't compatible with the physics of a finite world.
@Nine-Signs
@Nine-Signs 4 жыл бұрын
@@sturgis8483 Aslo, thank you for having the polite discussion, many have an inbuilt reaction when I say such things that too often results in a centrist or right wing diatribe, I then usually try to explain physics is not political, it does not have a vote and does not care about personal opinions nor how inconvenient those who love the current way of life find its demand for systemic change if humanity is to have a future.
@sturgis8483
@sturgis8483 4 жыл бұрын
@@Nine-Signs ok thankyou, you answered my question and it makes sense. Now unless society is completely destroyed, everyone loses everything they own, part of the world's population dies in the process and its imperative that survivors cooperate. It would be in my opinion impossible for the haves to give anything up , Nancy Pelosi walking away from her 24000 dollar fridge stocked with gourmet ice cream for the good of the world. She wouldn't do it willingly nor any other 1%. And that's where we are. I apologize for bad grammar, spelling and rambling as you are obviously higher on the intellectual scale than myself, I'm more of a hands on guy.
@cbx500cbx
@cbx500cbx 4 жыл бұрын
To hell with oil,
@pamdemonia
@pamdemonia 4 жыл бұрын
I could listen to Mark Blyth say "tertiary" all day.
@jamesandrews1130
@jamesandrews1130 4 жыл бұрын
If gov owns oil then no opposition would be allowed. When Canada bought the pipeline from Alberta to the coast We knew it would be approved.
@robertlawson4295
@robertlawson4295 4 жыл бұрын
Get the Kindle version of a book written by Benoit Mandelbrot called "The (Mis)Behavior of Markets". Yes, he of fractal fame. Anyway, what I did not know was that Professor Mandelbrot had been active for many years in trying to understand the price movements of commodities and stocks. Everyone assumed the price movements were linear but it didn't look that way to Mandelbrot, a mathematician by training. The book details his gradual discovery that price movements are clusters of fractal movements and definitely not linear. This probably applies to oil price movements, as well, I would assume.
4 жыл бұрын
You should google OPEC.
@roc7880
@roc7880 4 жыл бұрын
I heard that if you look at the fluctuations of a stock in a day or hour, or any other unit of time, you see its pattern during one year. I checked my stocks and never look this way, maybe I am not using the proper instruments
4 жыл бұрын
@@roc7880 You have to be stoned out of your mind.
@roc7880
@roc7880 4 жыл бұрын
@ as I said, I am no economist. if you are please explain
4 жыл бұрын
@@roc7880 You must be joking. Why would there be any self similarity between the daily and yearly fluctuations of a stock.
@Ironborn4
@Ironborn4 4 жыл бұрын
One could argue that in times of peace (as much as the US can claim there is) the oil consumption of the US military is 2-3% but in the case of a total war the military oil consumption would dominate the market.
@Ironborn4
@Ironborn4 4 жыл бұрын
@B. Greene i meant total war
@JCResDoc94
@JCResDoc94 4 жыл бұрын
*☼ HEY! IT'S THAT DUDE FROM THE JIMMY DORE SHOW!*
@josehawkins4276
@josehawkins4276 4 жыл бұрын
Molten salt reactors are the answer, not only for energy but rare earth's as well.
@anthonycarlino4604
@anthonycarlino4604 4 жыл бұрын
José Hawkins link an article tho
@colinboyd9121
@colinboyd9121 4 жыл бұрын
Yeah smart people have been saying this for a decade now and no-one in power is listening. Pathetic.
@marvintpandroid2213
@marvintpandroid2213 4 жыл бұрын
Can you show a successfully run reactor, even a small test reactor?
@anthonycarlino4604
@anthonycarlino4604 4 жыл бұрын
Heads Tails en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor
@marvintpandroid2213
@marvintpandroid2213 4 жыл бұрын
@@anthonycarlino4604 I'm a little worried about the fact that most reactors are breeders.
@lizthor-larsen7618
@lizthor-larsen7618 4 жыл бұрын
It appears that the economic system is focused on oil instead of the things that we need...like air and food. Isn't it time for us to make the shift?
@geraldliesmaki9150
@geraldliesmaki9150 4 жыл бұрын
Russia is also dependent on oil and natural gas exports.
@kinanshmahell8065
@kinanshmahell8065 4 жыл бұрын
Russia can produce oil for much cheaper prices
@rcmrcm3370
@rcmrcm3370 4 жыл бұрын
If Trump put a tariff on Saudi Arabia, that would be the end of the Petro dollar and Dollar itself look just spiral down even faster。
@weareallbornmad410
@weareallbornmad410 4 жыл бұрын
Trump is just stupid enough to do that.
@Xandrosi
@Xandrosi 4 жыл бұрын
A couple of questions that I didn't hear asked. For companies that depend on oil and gas as the raw material for production and sales, I'd argue that they should be buying deflated futures stacked as far out as possible. So, even if the economy rebounds, oil and gas will remain depressed? Is that valid and might that actually be a cost/benefit disincentive to convert to green energy?
@jgelmirez
@jgelmirez 4 жыл бұрын
Cynthia - no healthcare - but let’s take care of the oil industry - right? Thorium energy needs to be utilized as well as water - so any and all energy that is possible - is accessible. It’s always a good idea to have alternatives - so there may be other options - and no limits
@jonathanedwardgibson
@jonathanedwardgibson 4 жыл бұрын
Should we stock up and keep this cheap oil in the pool, or tub?
@jasonhoyt9916
@jasonhoyt9916 4 жыл бұрын
"Generally, we've never seen oil prices go negative before in basically a century and a half of the oil markets." Generally and basically, yes.
@kevinbull84tube
@kevinbull84tube 4 жыл бұрын
26:10 - "higher than $40 you attract new production...so don't see it going much higher than that". What? The rig count was falling throughout 2019 with oil above $55. Production growth in the U.S. was teetering even at $60. Btw, he says at 26:43 that oil started 2020 at $70. No, that's Brent. US production mostly depends on WTI pricing which started the year at ~$60. A trend over the past couple years in the shale patch that's not discussed is termed 'high grading'. Shale producers have been drilling more of their best producing land in difficult pricing environments (much of the last 5 years). They've exhausted most of this acreage, which means every dollar they spend on drilling now gets less out of the ground. Sure, they'll get more at $40 than $25, but only marginally. We won't see meaningful growth until $60+, and even then the US will never reach their peak production rate. This is what peak oil is about. We hit a peak at a certain price level, for a certain type of resource. Conventional reservoir production peaked long ago, prices increased to allow shale and offshore to grow. Shale is now in permanent decline, unless prices get high enough. But obviously absolute production from all sources must peak at some point. We're talking about NON-RENEWABLE resources. Please stick to macro and politics if you don't know the essential details required to dig in to a certain industry.
@First_Principals
@First_Principals 4 жыл бұрын
What happened to peak oil?
@JCResDoc94
@JCResDoc94 4 жыл бұрын
☼ 27:00 peak oil lol
@First_Principals
@First_Principals 4 жыл бұрын
Mark Blyth should interview Martin Armstrong from Armstrongeconomics.Com Stephanie Kelton, Steve Keen, Jim Rogers, Jim Richards Peter schiff, Michael Hudson, and other economists that have a large following on KZfaq.
@geraldliesmaki9150
@geraldliesmaki9150 4 жыл бұрын
Is it possible we could have a W shaped severe recession?
@spartacusforlife1508
@spartacusforlife1508 4 жыл бұрын
So if the price of oil is rock bottom and storage capacity is full , who is still buying the oil being produced? Could it be speculators waiting for economies to open up?
@wthornton7346
@wthornton7346 4 жыл бұрын
Capacity is not full but near full. Consumption is still high enough to sustain a lot of production but some production will have to be cut as capacity does fill. If you cannot store it, you cannot produce it. Speculators buy commodities, that's how markets work. Nothing unusual in that. It may be inefficient, often corrupt and open to nefarious types but that is what we have.
@wthornton7346
@wthornton7346 4 жыл бұрын
@Joakim von Anka It all depends on whose money you are being 'brave' with!
@spartacusforlife1508
@spartacusforlife1508 4 жыл бұрын
@Joakim von Anka it appears producers are paying others to store it
@wthornton7346
@wthornton7346 4 жыл бұрын
@Joakim von Anka The supply side problem isn't restricted to the good ole USA but if experience and wit only allow you to consider the problem from a one dimensional perspective, such as yours, you are going to struggle to understand the bigger picture and will need to rely on cheap talk and name calling to make your point appear valid.
@wthornton7346
@wthornton7346 4 жыл бұрын
@Joakim von Anka Quod Erat Demonstrandum and all that
@AdamCiernicki
@AdamCiernicki 4 жыл бұрын
CORRECTION at 22min for comment on steel having to be made for windmills using coke: as renewable energy sector is faced with overproduction and low / negative prices the circular production models for steel are becoming economically viable in places like Australia, South Asia and North Europe. (Mix of Energy and carbon capture, green hydrogen process and arc furnaces). www.ssab.co.uk/news/2019/11/ssab-to-be-first-to-market-with-fossilfree-steel grattan.edu.au/report/start-with-steel/
@jonathonjubb6626
@jonathonjubb6626 4 жыл бұрын
Oil goes into plastics doesn't it? Not mentioned here...
@bouzirouge57
@bouzirouge57 4 жыл бұрын
check out at 39 mins.
@jonathonjubb6626
@jonathonjubb6626 4 жыл бұрын
@@bouzirouge57 thank you.
@bobguy3939
@bobguy3939 4 жыл бұрын
Huh, just occured to me that big oil would push for plastic production. Can't believe I never spotted that.
@buzoff4642
@buzoff4642 4 жыл бұрын
@@bobguy3939 Big oil & plastic, and trash. Dependent of globalism, and profiteering. Plastic to give products long haul shelf life, in which the packaging FAR outlasts the product. India now getting buried in it, trash. Oil, oil, oil burning, to ship the hyper packaged around the globe. "Consumption", built on throw-aways, "sterile", plastic spoons, forks, knives, gum wrappers, sock wrappers, etc. etc. etc.
@plnmech
@plnmech 4 жыл бұрын
The consumer pay the tariffs because price of the commodity go up and the the government gets the tariff. Thus we the consumer gets a massive tax increase.
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
Ooooorrrrr.... OR you could y'know not buy products made by slaves in countries like China and instead buy products made by free men, quite possibly your fellow countrymen who are getting a fair wage! And yes I said slaves. Foxconn is an example (they make your phones, Xbox ect.) If the workers live in the factory and the factory has to put bars on the windows so the workers won't kill themselves I hate to tell you this but its slavery.
@plnmech
@plnmech 4 жыл бұрын
@@colonel__klink7548 To be fair tariffs have to be applied to everything made outside of this county and the proceedes rebated in our taxes, one glaring example is your iphone.
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
@@plnmech that's not really the point. The point is to jack up the cost of such goods to the point that it simply isn't cost effective for these corporations to exploit slaves overseas anymore. The race to the bottom labor market has been brutal over the past 30 years for Americans. The reason why this is nessisary is obvious once you think about it. If your competitors are exploiting a labor source that will work for 60 cents an hour with no safety concerns or benefits, or even worse if they exploit slaves and you don't then you won't compete and you will go out of business. Right now iPhone or Android you don't have a choice of being able to buy something not made by slave hands because of this. The ONLY way to fix this is to make it cost prohibitive. So you raise tarrifs to the point that having Americans make the product will mean that your product price will be cheaper than if slaves made it.
@plnmech
@plnmech 4 жыл бұрын
@@colonel__klink7548 There is two ways to level the playing . ome wat is to prevent the outfow of capital, such as the Chinese have done ant the other way is to raise the price of goods comming in so that tthere is no advantage to manufacturing over seas/
@colonel__klink7548
@colonel__klink7548 4 жыл бұрын
@@plnmech I had considered why returning to a pre 1970 system just wasn't an option. Like TBH the tariffs are the short term solution being enacted. The long term solution being done, pulling down the entire Bretton Woods System is pretty extreme in comparison lol. Then I realized the sheer level of USD investment overseas is like a foot in the door, It probably isn't possible to shut it, but instead create conditions where keeping that foot in the door isn't a good idea. and yeah btw, the USA is pulling down the Bretton Woods system. The era of world police America is over, which will make international shipping so risky outsourcing isn't an option. COVID-19 just was a wakeup call to a lot of countries that it is happening, we are going home.
@ericsarnoski6278
@ericsarnoski6278 4 жыл бұрын
Comes down to storage capacity, dropping prices to beg buyers to take it off their hands . All that north slope and tar sands oil is crappy quality crude full of sulfer expensive to refine and usually sold cheaper since yield per barrel is poor. Canada has been subsidizing their oil sand production for years since it cost more to extract than its financial returns. US sells it north slope oil as primarily bunker fuel. US sells all it production on the global market instead just relying on domestic needs. So US has been overproducing . The overall global demand has been on a long declining slope for years while everyone simultaneously continue to ramp up production. Oil industry bailout is just another bank bailout since their debt is to the banks , which assumed the risk when they approve the loans. I'm tired of bailing out banks. Saudi accelerated the crash by slashing prices just as the economy collapsed.
@annjuurinen9484
@annjuurinen9484 4 жыл бұрын
American businesses are not truly capitialist any longer, they seem more feudal, or neo feudal . Some families seem to have extreme lines of succession over several generations. Hence the poor management in so many sectors. When greed and wealth become the prime motivation you are at the end of empire, not the beginning.
@KokowaSarunoKuniDesu
@KokowaSarunoKuniDesu 4 жыл бұрын
To what extent is the opportunity that this unusual oil shock affords for switching to Green and renewable sources *actually* going to result in that switch? In other words will there be a gadarene rush to try and get back to the business as usual that is destroying the planet?
@davidpearn5925
@davidpearn5925 4 жыл бұрын
I wonder to what extent analysts take into account the longer term threat to the ICE resulting from medical institutional advice on the harmful effects of particulates and gases on the residents of european/subcontinent/asian mega cities ..........and the impending legislation instigated by the administrators ?
@davidroberts1689
@davidroberts1689 4 жыл бұрын
They didn't bail out the small businesses, the banks gave it to their large clients defeating the purpose of the small business bailout.
@GoodBaleada
@GoodBaleada 4 жыл бұрын
This man does not speak with the required cynicism of his role. Mark seethes this.
@steeneugenpoulsen8174
@steeneugenpoulsen8174 4 жыл бұрын
I don't understand the definition of bad, so some Oil Sheik can buy one ferrari instead of two, how is that bad? People in the USA hitting unemployment is bad as they go from low amount of cash, to no cash, but how can it be super bad that someone go from having a little less profit, they are still making money.
@brianmolloy9393
@brianmolloy9393 4 жыл бұрын
A Scot and a Canadian making sense on the US. lol
@justgivemethetruth
@justgivemethetruth 4 жыл бұрын
"Peak Oil" .... LOL, I remember laughing hard at the people who talked about Peak Oil back about 20 years ago. Relative to where we are, our consumption, and the global carbon constraints, Peak Oil is completely irrelevant.
@itsme-nt2lj
@itsme-nt2lj 4 жыл бұрын
or the USG could just "print" $$$
@marvintpandroid2213
@marvintpandroid2213 4 жыл бұрын
They won't because the inflation it would create would make the bond market implode and the savings of the supper rich shrink.
@fangzification
@fangzification 4 жыл бұрын
Cue the "Money printer go BRRRRR" meme
@ChipmunkRapidsMadMan1869
@ChipmunkRapidsMadMan1869 4 жыл бұрын
I do get a kick out of the reference to climate denial.
@moestietabarnak
@moestietabarnak 4 жыл бұрын
isn't the Brics group looking to divert from US$ ?
@jimm3370
@jimm3370 4 жыл бұрын
30K views.... not a surprise.
@todjones6571
@todjones6571 4 жыл бұрын
Why aren't gas prices negative? I'd gladly gas up and be paid.
@vitruvianman7170
@vitruvianman7170 4 жыл бұрын
Besides Norway, what commodity driven country has fiscal reserves and is not running a deficit.
@Ironborn4
@Ironborn4 4 жыл бұрын
New Zealand and Australia
@vitruvianman7170
@vitruvianman7170 4 жыл бұрын
@@Ironborn4 The 2018 budget forecast a deficit of $18.2 billion. This would be Australia's eleventh consecutive budget deficit. The 2017 budget forecast government spending to be in surplus in the 2020/21 fiscal year, while the 2018 budget forecast a surplus of $2.2 billion in 2019/20. And that just got sneezed away by the virus.
@Ironborn4
@Ironborn4 4 жыл бұрын
@@vitruvianman7170 I thought you meant a trade deficit, not a fiscal deficit. But in all fairness, aside from some Northern European exporters no country really runs a fiscal surplus. It seems impossible as a sustained policy as an advanced economy except in the rare case you hijack a fiscal union.
@kinanshmahell8065
@kinanshmahell8065 4 жыл бұрын
@@vitruvianman7170 well that doesn't look too bad for Australia
@jeffhess4650
@jeffhess4650 4 жыл бұрын
Something isn't quite right here... I grew up in Southeastern Ohio (rural Washington County t be specific) and every farmer I knew had one or more oil wells on their property. They routinely capped the wells when prices were down and opened them up again when prices were better. Granted, these were small time wells, but I would think the principle would hold and scale up. Any petroleum engineers out there that can set me straight?
@bobguy3939
@bobguy3939 4 жыл бұрын
When looking at big business with shareholders to please, if capping and uncapping costs more than fire, the company will pick fire every time.
@jeffhess4650
@jeffhess4650 4 жыл бұрын
@@bobguy3939 That's true, you're absolutely correct. What bothers me is that the video tried to imply that there was an engineering, rather than an economic, reason for not capping the wells and I'm not buying it.
@SuperSk1llz
@SuperSk1llz 4 жыл бұрын
It's a mixed bag on that one. Some wells are using very complicated pressurized extraction techniques and others are simple and can be capped easily.
@sturgis8483
@sturgis8483 4 жыл бұрын
Shut in an oilwell for too long and it might not come back the same. Also tubing in the hole can corrode and fail on or shortly after startup . All depends on the field all are different, slow and steady wins the race here. Lots of company's broke and not doing proper maintenance to the pipelines when shutting in so if the field was started up there would be failures in the lines. When in 18months everything supposedly is supposed to go back on line it won't, and either the Saudis will supply the oil or we will see 300 dollars a barrel.
@Kboil
@Kboil 4 жыл бұрын
What's stopping you guys from inviting a political and industry person into the conversation by the last half? Maybe by phone?
4 жыл бұрын
No one needs to hear from liars.
@MonkeyBreadMagic
@MonkeyBreadMagic 4 жыл бұрын
There is an opportunity here that is actually very simple (if not simplistic in implementation) if we have the courage to finally examine it. All these future energy "problems" assume we keep consuming and living in the way we have been accustomed to, instead of radically changing our consumption and production patterns en masse. We know infinite growth in economic terms is a destructive sham, so why then do we believe this is not the case for our energy consumption? The red herring many go seeking is searching for some miracle energy tech to maintain our current way of life, because we don't have the courage to flexibly adapt to our reality. Even if we find a magic energy solution, by not bringing our environmental resources into the equation to be balanced with properly ascribed values, we will ensure that our behaviours remain unchanged. It will likely drive our consumption off the charts. The positive is to look at what has happened in very short term with the massive reduction in consumption. Granted it took us ALL on an individual level to be impacted directly by something external in the short term to take coordinated action. Nevertheless it has been amazing to see that we can given the motivation of self preservation. If we lengthen our short sighted self preservation machines to not just the next few months or years we can shift the entire way we structure our global civilisation that don't exhibit such a massive rape-y imbalance with our environment and can be supportive of our population for centuries to come. We all need to self reflect incredibly hard. I know people argue it's not the little guys that matter, it's industry etc, but who the hell produces the labour for these industries? Who buys all the crap we produce? We at least have some time left before automation and robotics takes that power away from us too. They are trying to cut human labour out of the equation of production asap. Why? So they control the entire pipeline. Robots don't go on strike. The virus is a gift. Not to diminish the loss of people but we have a major opportunity. Will it be taken, or will we scurry back to the status quo where the uber powerful sociopaths control almost everything and consolidate even more? They have for sure been using this time extremely productively for their own self interests. Have we?
4 жыл бұрын
Yeah the people who voted for Trump are all over that.
@MonkeyBreadMagic
@MonkeyBreadMagic 4 жыл бұрын
@ Voter shaming is a red herring unfortunately and is the reason there is no solidarity in the US. Hilary was such an awful candidate and the DNC so corrupt that a clownish baboon won against her. 😁 Votes need to be earned not expected. If you seek to blame, blame the corporate owned propogandist media, the fake "two party" system that only puts elite's rights above the people's and the poor education and brainwashing of the entire country. Neither party has done you any favours if your net worth is less than a few million.
4 жыл бұрын
@@MonkeyBreadMagic Nonsense. Trump is a giant crooked moron. The Republicans are much much worse than the Democrats. Then there's fuckwits like you trying to pretend there's no difference and team red is the same as team blue.
@markbrownner6565
@markbrownner6565 4 жыл бұрын
farmers are dumping milk & eggs but cows and chickens will continue to do their thing...seems like you can't stop producing oil either...but you can't just dump it out on the back 40....
@shyamdevadas6099
@shyamdevadas6099 4 жыл бұрын
I'm making a prediction today: If Mark ever becomes famous enough to be portrayed in a movie, they'll cast Simon Pegg to play him. (Think reprise of his "Scotty" role in Star Trek.) Anyone think differently? :)
@echoeversky
@echoeversky 4 жыл бұрын
The Mother of reboning all the Hams and the Father of Unbaking all the Cakes. That is the economic task ahead for our species. A time/carbon/scarcity denomination/valuation may not be unlikely. Oh who am I kidding, 3 wheat for 2 wood anyone?
@rcmrcm3370
@rcmrcm3370 4 жыл бұрын
Particularly since Saudi Arabia exports very little oil to the US,nothing again from this tarrif。
@marvintpandroid2213
@marvintpandroid2213 4 жыл бұрын
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mttimussa2&f=m It's not zero and low prices in other markets effect the US market.
@fightsports66
@fightsports66 4 жыл бұрын
@@marvintpandroid2213 Yes, it means americans are paying less at the pump right now. David Stockman talked about this a couple of weeks ago. He thought the Trump administration must have gone crazy trying to get the Saudis and Russians together to get the price of oil rising again. One of the only things consumers have going for them during this economic shutdown is that oil prices are low.
@marvintpandroid2213
@marvintpandroid2213 4 жыл бұрын
@@fightsports66 low oil prices are not a good thing. They are an indicator of much more turmoil to come
@weareallbornmad410
@weareallbornmad410 4 жыл бұрын
@@marvintpandroid2213 Why?
@langdons2848
@langdons2848 4 жыл бұрын
It's disappointing to hear the notion of peak, oil being laughed at. Peak oil is a mathematical certainty. Look at the production of any oil field in the world and it follows a bell curve. Therefore in the long term the industry as a whole must follow an aggregate curve. The only question is how many more unconventional oil fields there are to tap and if the money and will exists to do it. Peak oil as a social, economic, and political issue though is rightly being totally overshadowed by other issues like climate change. We may never reach the peak of possible physical oil production because we ruin the environment and destroy our civilisation, but that doesn't mean that the concept - and what can be learned from it about the costs and problems associated with resource extraction - should be laughed away. In doing that we miss a valuable lesson.
@brandoYT
@brandoYT 4 жыл бұрын
Natural Gas below Solar ?? - I call BS less than $0.03/Kw - cheapest Natural Gas I think is $0.07 half that? today? but we have to add transmission costs $0.02 to $0.12 produce on your factory roof, no transmission cost.
@sturgis8483
@sturgis8483 4 жыл бұрын
Have you watched Michael Moore's newest documentary?
@buzoff4642
@buzoff4642 4 жыл бұрын
Stock market rising due to persistent assurance of The Greenspan Put.
@jamesp3902
@jamesp3902 4 жыл бұрын
Oil volatility is nothing. Solar and Wind has daily volatility. Look at a power production chart for a solar farm that includes the time-period in which a cloud passes overhead. Renewable energy requires grid level energy storage to be stable and competitive.
@kinanshmahell8065
@kinanshmahell8065 4 жыл бұрын
true but I think thorium reactors might be a solution
@villelavikka7403
@villelavikka7403 4 жыл бұрын
The biggest source of volatility on the grid is and will still be for a long time consumption. Nuclear needs support from other forms of production too because it can't control the amount of production. Nuclear has been built because it was profitable not because it was great match to consumption is. No form of production is that alone. That is why there is a mix and will be mix of ways to produce energy in the future. Solar and wind will go up now because it is profitable. If it happens too much is built the profitability comes down due to competition and less new plants will be built.
@jamesbradford2378
@jamesbradford2378 4 жыл бұрын
Venezuela is the new Somalia ☹️
@richardmayger2716
@richardmayger2716 4 жыл бұрын
Could this herald the end of the petrodollar??
@thalesnemo2841
@thalesnemo2841 4 жыл бұрын
@richard mayger And collapse of US empire and the intact state of this country!
@richardmayger2716
@richardmayger2716 4 жыл бұрын
Possibly that is my question are we looking at the end of the world economy as we know it??
@knightalexius593
@knightalexius593 4 жыл бұрын
"Venezuela, a mess". No word about the causes of that mess, about the economic and clandestine war of the US and its satellite states against Venezuela.
@MartinScreeton
@MartinScreeton 4 жыл бұрын
We Are not getting away from oil anytime soon... we had cheap oil and gas before Covid... Now we have Historically cheap Oil and Gas! What do you think people are going to do when they get off Covid Restrictions? Travel everywhere and anywhere! :)
@sword7872
@sword7872 4 жыл бұрын
"If China dumps all their treasuries it will destroy their national savings." That assumes the US economy will recover and the USD holds its value. If the US economy /usd was going to crash, wouldn't it be safer for china to sell all its treasuries and get out early?
@georgemonster2025
@georgemonster2025 4 жыл бұрын
yes, it would
@wilhelmheinzerling5341
@wilhelmheinzerling5341 4 жыл бұрын
Yes, but China doesnt want to provoke the other superpower
@iankclark
@iankclark 4 жыл бұрын
Talk about nuclear energy
@patharvard
@patharvard 4 жыл бұрын
Can you two be any more ignorant about the shortfalls of green energy? Michael Moore and environmental reporter Jeff Gibbs describe the failings of green energy in their new documentary, “Planet of the Humans.” The film may prove to be the most explosive and influential exposé ever made. The producers rereleased the film on Earth Day. It is currently streaming for free on KZfaq. Presently, the only viable sources of non-CO2 emitting energy are Hydro and Nuclear.
@buzoff4642
@buzoff4642 4 жыл бұрын
We need to install SkyTran and ditch the cars/buses/trains. We need to ditch globalism, there's nothing "effective" about sole source and shipping (burning oil) to distribute around the planet. There's a whole lot of things we can do better, but only held in yesteryear, by those preserving monopolies.
@uncleshamus3451
@uncleshamus3451 4 жыл бұрын
A simple. Were fucked would suffice✌️
@qco5349
@qco5349 4 жыл бұрын
Scotland will end multi c in
@qco5349
@qco5349 4 жыл бұрын
Restaurant to close. 7 more months of sarcasm. Too stupid. Proud highway robbers? S 3 cops.
4 жыл бұрын
Quarter past four.
@victorsempiana7590
@victorsempiana7590 4 жыл бұрын
hello,, I was disappointed when Jeff Colgan explained peak oil,, we are past peak oil, exploration has peak,, for easy sweet oil that takes little effort to extract and cost little to produce,, , when Exxon/Mobil or any other big oil company's have to drill off shore or frack,, puts our environment air water in peril that tells one that oil is no longer in the earth,,,, it is true we have a lot of oil, yet not many leading country's are finding new on shore wells, or sweet oil that will cost little to pump or refine,, it is a matter of time the oil the world has been operating has been discovered during the late 60's and early mid 70's, will deplete , technology has improve resulting in off shore drilling and fracking, well not so safe,, couple accidents in Gulf,, well anyway,, the demand will be less because of crisis world is experiencing, yet when all of this subsides and normalcy re-boots,, lol,, demand will be serious,, and country's fall victim to IMF to pay their defaults they are experience now,, many have already are going under,, when all this occurs oil will be as high as $150 give or take,, the big country's that are producers will benefit,, and the rest well use ones imagination,, TAKE OVER,, they are waiting for that to occur,, perhaps even war,, the supply chains and air lines , any other big industries that depend on oil to operate well use ones imagination,, TAKE OVER,,, or war,, Russia, Saudi Arabia, China, will or maybe be world leaders, US, well say good by to US HEGEMONY,, well what happens TAKE OVER, WAR WAR WAR,, so Mr, Blyth talk about US dollar in all of this and what happens to the egos of our leaders,, well use one's imagination,, WAR WAR WAR,,
@normankeena
@normankeena 4 жыл бұрын
according to daniel elsberg, us is at war, 76 places, 'kinetic action' so what is new, food is a weapon, water is a weapon,,, what do ye thing is going on. The names of the places makes no difference,, this is normalcy,, no need to re-boots
@The_Angry_BeEconomist
@The_Angry_BeEconomist 4 жыл бұрын
Mark asks questions as if he doesn't know the answers.
@uttaradit2
@uttaradit2 4 жыл бұрын
do you really understand this?
4 жыл бұрын
This is the simplified version for plebs if you can't understand it you're slow.
@uttaradit2
@uttaradit2 4 жыл бұрын
@ Is there a grant for that?
@Nine-Signs
@Nine-Signs 4 жыл бұрын
Bailing out oil & Peak oil: There is no good way to bail out oil when if we burned all that we had above ground presently we would emit sufficient Co2 to push us over the +2oC line. Although I am glad these conversations are being had but it is 20 years late. As for what happened to peak oil, it happened. Most major oil fields are in decline and the rate of new finds has fallen to a blip compared to 60 years ago at its peak but capitalism demands cheap fossil fuel to be viable, so technologies were employed to frack the trapped oil and gas from porous rock which has been filling in the decline of conventional oil on global markets. As for fracking wells they are an ecological disaster, lasting only a hand full of weeks before a new shaft must be drilled they swiss cheeses entire sections of the natural beauty of america. Thousands upon thousands of capped, cracked, dead, damaged wells leaking the remnants of over 500 different chemicals used in the process into the ground water in order to recover lower grade oil and gas that pound for pound has a similar energy density to a box of breakfast cereal. The energy returned on energy invested for a conventional on land well is 1 to 100, for a fracking well it ranges from 1 to15 to 1 to 8. But hey, who cares about destroying tomorrow so long as we can shop today.
@Tenebrousable
@Tenebrousable 4 жыл бұрын
Fing Blythe, an absolute ignoramus, that knows how it all works. It's quite something to see. "you see this shit? What I want, is more of all of that." Not even kidding. Does the Joker know he's the bad guy?
@janick01ify
@janick01ify 4 жыл бұрын
We need oil production it’s security for everyone.
4 жыл бұрын
why would you expect a vaccine in 12 months when we have yet to see any studies....have you ever heard of long term studies being needed.......I will now consider if I will ever listen to you again...
@hornetobiker
@hornetobiker 4 жыл бұрын
Stop grinning all the time man.
@colinboyd9121
@colinboyd9121 4 жыл бұрын
Glad Blyth isn't on RT this time. Wasn't a great way to maintain credibility, Mark.
@kangaroo1888
@kangaroo1888 4 жыл бұрын
Please expand your argument ?
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