No ! The ocean is boss..70% of surface areas! , What of the Manta rays an manitees ?

Lmao 66 likes

Same. Title made it seem like they would replicate the sounds of horror during the Permian by playing the rock layers like a record player.

This isn’t warhammer 40k.

It’s Earth, not Alderaan. I think. 😂

Me too .

Yea, was curious to see what that could be.

it would sound like BOOOOOM!! AAAAAHHH AAHH AAHH (those are the dyin sounds) ahhh aahhh !

so it isn't?

I'm quite disappointed. When I saw the strata, I was expecting the camera to pan across strata with the sounds of death and dying associated with each layer.

Except the girl who had to ask what the other period after the permian was when it's right in front of her...lol

@@missmarasmenstrualmuffmunc2085 There are no dumb questions. At least she asked.

@@abelis644 a dumb question is one you could have answered yourself not a value judgment, just a fact (and if its not a fact, why do we test?)

@Cody Allen You may blow that right out of your backside. I have no time to tip toe through the tulips with peoples feelings YOUR FEELINGS ARE YOUR PROBLEM

3,300 years ago, Aris the Barbarian.

Thank you, glad you enjoyed them. I keep saying this, and I hope it is true, fall of 2019 I am hopeful that I will be able to do more courses and post the lectures here.

Very good instructor, but at some point, I afraid, he is going to repeat global warming propaganda, and I can't stand that. Better leaving.

@@seanleith5312 Propaganda... right... smdh

@@seanleith5312 Avoid learning something you might disagree with.

But isn't China the leading contributor? And currently threatening to stop their tiny efforts if the U. S. Isn't nice to them? Are you a ccp troll?

@@emilyhofland8219 ......no.

@@-OokySpooky- well that's strange. Cause John Oliver was sure talking about it.

Siberian Traps likely triggered end-Permian mass extinction: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/hrSjbLhl1ryzeX0.html

I have recently heard that only did the siberian traps occur but they erupted through Cambrian coal deposits that ignited and also released their CO2 and mercury into the atmosphere. Both adding to and driving the mass extinction event.

The siberian traps were not just a massive eruption of few days week. But they erupted with few breaks for around 500.000 years. So thats a loooooong time.

Ask Ben Davidson.

Most likely - since a lot of humans ( 90% ) are just biological replicators that thinks they are"special" because they can talk.

i dont know dude we will probably leave quite a radioactive layer

A PFAS layer probably. Isotopes will decay...

Marked near the very top by discarded surgical masks

@@pauldinkmeyer2712 and future scientists will look at that layer of discarded masks and state "fear drove this species into extinction. They surrendered liberty for false security"

You cracked me up. "Triassic Park! The Movie": 🦗🦗🦗 minus the 🦗🦗🦗

🤣

Indeed it was!

No defects that's fake how come most animals and people don't have defects even tho there a result of it?

He mentioned a reason, continental drift, subduction events. I live on Canada,'s West Coast, we await the next Cascadia event...😬

I am glad you enjoyed it. The Canadian Shield is primarily Precambrian, and is therefore very, very old, while the Siberian Trap is composed of materials from the PT onward. Both have some similarities but were not deposited by the same event.

:) reading this at midnight. Only started but it seems like a gem.

You need a geologist to answer this question.

Human civilization as we know it would be destroyed, but we are probably the large complex species that has the best odds of surviving because we are intelligent and tool using. We have the ability to intentionally adapt and to construct and modify our environment in ways no other species does.

meaningless. we live 100 years or so--there is no connection or need to be concerned if humans survive--we likely shouldnt. it makes no difference to a person what might happen if an asteroid hits in 200 years and wipes EVERYTHING out including microbes.

We may find out soon enough, at least on Mars. If life existed on Mars we may get to see fossils of another life in our lifetimes.

Species able to survive a wide range of conditions are called generalists. The exact number would depend on your definition of generalist. Squids probably lost their shells to help them compete with fish swimming. You can look that up on PBS Eons!

makes me sad too. We can find a few million year old sharks teeth or whale vertebrae or large crabs or oooh molluscs. That's about it.

Imagine living in the Netherlands were hardly anything older than the before-last glacial reaches the surface. Luckily, it's not a long ride to Spain or Italy were they have loads of older rocks to be found due to ancient mountain ranges and uplifting of former Tethys sea bottoms

Below the waves you have old rocks

Not sure if this answers your question but I read a book many years ago titled Out of Thin Air that talks about oxygen levels over the course of earth’s history

Yes, in some places to huge extent. Google 'Muschelkalk' for example.

He presumably means non-avian dinosaurs.

No. Fully aquatic means in the water and has to remain there. No birds are fully aquatic, and no birds ever have been fully aquatic so far as I am aware. The only currently extant fully aquatic reptiles are some sea snakes. They actually cannot move about on land and are thus obliged to stay in the water. Even sea turtles are not fully aquatic as they come ashore to lay eggs. Other extant fully aquatic non-fish vertebrates are the whales. Extinct reptiles which were fully aquatic included the Icythyosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Pilosaurs and Mosasaurs. All of them could not come onto land, as if they did they would die.

@@davidpnewton Just was online and instantaneously got your reply - thanks a lot!

frankos rooni oh 🐳 but ok I will next time

Not a fungus expert at all, it would surprise me if those groups were not around at this point. I will say of course there was no such thing as wheat yet, that would be millions of years in the future. So if you are thinking could I bake bread if I was there, than the answer is not like you expect.

I'm a microbiologist most fungus that lives in the soil have multiple states mycelia, asexual yeast, and complex sexual form like mushrooms many each given diff. name before new methods like sequencing . Most likely single cell yeast form evolved first

Spores are part of the sexual cycle

@@thomasevans3387 I have a couple things if you could clarify my first is with all the ships and everything else that goes into bodies of water do you think with the water being displaced and rise if it does do you think that it adds to the ice melting and the other thing is the world wars especially the first world war with all the artillery bombardment what impact does that have on the geology like the ground being compacted does it have an impact on earthquakes etc...

@@robertcolajezzi5273 If I may, your questions are awesome. I think you need to look at the scale of both issues that you ask about, compared to the size of the Earth and its oceans, its crust etc. There aren't that many ships on the immense oceans to affect sea level. Compared to the size of the oceans, the world fleet is but a speck. It would be like putting a cork in swimming pool, the rise of the water would be impossible to even measure. Look up the number of ships word wide. As for artillery affecting the Earth's crust enough to impact earthquakes, again it's a matter of scale. The bombs in WWI each affected a relatively small area. Yes, there were many, but look at the regions they affected, say in France and Germany for example, there are very few earthquakes in those countries. The dropping of the bombs did cause shaking, but again, the scale over all, although they affected people, local vegetation and wildlife, would not have impacted the Earth's thick crust. I hope this makes sense. It is only my opinion. Take care! Cheers.

Nah, it probably looks like an area near an active volcano. A lot of small plant life and small animals

We have good evidence large chunks of the earth became barren wastelands. Erosion from storms seemed to have regularly moved boulders as large as cars, which suggests little to no surface vegetation and flash flooding. While not all life died, certainly large tracks of the earth became inhospitable. Life did recover of course, and if you had moved towards the poles things would not have been as bad. But walking around the center of the continent would have been very dangerous from the high heat, and you might never have seen a living animal as you did.

@@thomasevans3387 According to some documentary I watched, the ocean would have turned pink as a result of the anaerobic conditions. So you would have the Earth with pink oceans, if seen from space. Not a speck of green, since all the forests have burned up, and the ground, almost all over would be red due to oxidation of iron. Red and dead like the surface of Mars, and then with a huge ocean of lava on top of that. Is this a fair picture of the Earth ca. 250 million years ago?

+E VT The Great Dying, I realized I was not clear enough about this in the lecture, is probably the result of massive volcanic eruptions of material with high volumes of CO2, about the same time as huge methane releases. These combined efforts rapidly increased world temperatures, but happened in bursts. There appeared to multiple times when life tried to recover before another massive eruption further heated the planet.

+Thomas Evans You were very clear you also hinted at something else in the video coinciding with the traps. This was the 2nd video now I have watched by you and I look so forward to the rest.I really enjoy your teaching style, you are so fantastic at teaching and putting scientific things into layman's terms so it appeals to the average student/person, and I like the way you interact with your students. I wish I had more professors and teachers like you. Again thanks so much for uploading these and I look forward to the rest and hopefully more in the future.

+E VT Thank you, I appreciate it. I hope you enjoy the rest of the lectures.

Cyanobacteria would have checked the CO2 and Methane too. Unless you block the sun and cook a ton of them...

Its impossible. The Solar system itself hasnt been formed for enough time as it would take for a few organisms to evolve into what we see on Earth today, let alone the time since the Earth cooled after formation. Evolution does not explain speciation. It explains incremental change over time. Thats it, nothing more. Science itself has been hijacked, and turned into a religion. Its "priests" make ludicrous claims, without actual evidence, and demands everyone to accept those claims completely on faith. Darwin himself questioned numerous aspects of the hypothesis(which is all it actually is), because he was actually interested in the truth. Just like every other human institution, Science has become corrupted, Dogma has been introduced, and it isnt in the business of finding the Truth.

@@carllennen3520 It feels good playing God , its a past of own desire .

@@carllennen3520 yep, anyone who denies that science has been corrupted must be reminded that humans are corruptible and scientists are merely human. Then for specifics point them to the disaster that has befallen peer review process (or as scientists who sounded the alarm a decade ago said, pal review) and add to that. Scientists are paid upon publication, publications are hidden by pay walls (even drug clinical trials!) and what most people perceive to be science is in fact publications PRE pal review. Finally, publishing certain studies with specific findings is a BIG business. Not just billions, but trillions of dollars on the line.

@@TheBelrick Of course. "Science" is 40% of Government expenditure. Prepaid conclusions, paid out through "research grants" is how academia is subsidized. If they want the spigot to stay open, they have to provide what they where paid for. For some reason, people can accept that "experts" funded by private companies are obviously biased, and any claim made must be looked at with skepticism, but if the Government is the entity paying for it, it must be gospel. The Government would never lie. They are both playing the same con. Governments are just entities made up of people, no different than companies. Their structure is the same, the only difference is who gets to control the military. This concept is not so complex that the average person couldnt understand it.

@@carllennen3520 you hit the nail on the head. Like you said, Scientists are the new priests for the religion of science.

Comments, when many people comment the video moves back up on the algorithm search tool.

It is indeed the Deccan Traps. Wrong type of vegetation for it to be the Siberian Traps. Picture afterwards IS the Siberian Traps however. A VERY big mistake is the description of the Siberian Traps as being fueled by a subduction zone. Flood basalts are NOT related to subduction zones. If it were subduction zone volcanism then all that would have happened is that an island and/or continental volcanic arc would have formed. Subduction zone volcanism does not lead to mass extinctions. Even the biggest VEI 8 explosive eruptions only cause problems for a short while. Yes they might kill off a few species if the entire range of those species falls within the ash deposit zone of the eruption, but the worst they will do outside of that ash fall zone is cause a bit of a population bottleneck. They are not nearly large enough or destructive enough to cause mass extinctions. It is also wrong to say that it is the oceanic crust which feeds subduction zone volcanoes. What actually happens is that water driven off from the subducting oceanic crust rises and lowers the melting point of the mantle material immediately above the subducting crust. It is THAT which rises and forms the magmas responsible for subduction zone volcanic arcs, with those magmas also interacting with the overlying crust and forming things like andesite and dacite and rhyolite. Large igneous provinces formed by flood basalts are related to hotspot volcanism. Effectively take a giant blowtorch, burn through a section of the crust from beneath and let the melt loose. Vastly larger in scale and hugely more destructive. KT extinction? Deccan Traps. Great Dying? Siberian Traps. End-Triassic extinction? Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. The KT extinction wasn't entirely caused by the Deccan Traps, as the Chicxulub impact really did a number on the ecosystem as well. Nevertheless the Deccan Traps certainly didn't help things. As for describing the Siberian Traps as a VEI 10, that is also utter nonsense. The VEI scale does not measure effusive eruptions. The VEI measures explosive eruptions. The VEI scale also describes individual eruptions, not massive series of eruptions many years apart. To give modern examples consider Mt St Helens in 1980 and Kilauea in 2018. The 1980 eruption was a VEI 5. 1 km3 of DRE (Dense Rock Equivalent) was released by that lateral blast. Kilauea's eruption in 2018 (really the end of the Pu'u O'o eruption that started in 1983) had a volume of about 1 km3 as well. Its VEI? 3. Why? That volume was released effusively and not explosively for the most part. Even the Laki eruption in 1783 was a VEI 4 with 14 km3 released effusively and only 0.91 km3 released explosively. Since the Siberian Traps was not one eruption but a massive series of hundreds or even thousands of eruptions over a period of several hundred thousand years that makes describing it as "VEI 10" even more ludicrous.

I agree with you. But I don't think we know what causes effusive eruptions. Maybe they are really, really large hot spots. But what caused those? By the way have you seen Deep Dive's "Why China's Largest Volcano Is So Unusual"? This is a third mechanism which can drive a volcano. But it doesn't explain effusive eruptions.

@@mmandrewa2397 "But I don't think we know what causes effusive eruptions" What on earth gives you that idea? We know perfectly well what drives effusive eruptions. In the vast majority of cases it's simply because it's a mafic magma which have a low viscosity, and there aren't confounding factors around such as water to cause any explosive activity. Where it gets a bit trickier is when more evolved lavas are involved in effusive activity such as the current Soufriere St. Vincent eruption. One possibility for that is simply that the melt in question is much more degassed, since it's the dissolved gases in magmas being released which causes explosive activity unless surface or ground water is involved in phreatic eruptions. That then shifts the question to why the melt is more degassed or not? That we genuinely don't know. As for Baekdu, that video does indeed do a good job theorising why melt reaches so far from the subduction zone. As with so much else about arc volcanism it's all down to angle of subduction and related factors. As for the hotspots? Again we know why they happen: convection. Why they happen at particular places and whether it's whole-layer convection or just part-layer convection of the mantle are still very much open questions. The important thing is that we know the overall mechanism: the questions are about the details of that mechanism.

I said it wrong. What I meant was that we don't know what causes these huge and massive effusive eruptions like what created the Siberian Traps or the Deccan Traps or even the Columbian Plateau. Or at least I don't know. It could be that these are perfectly ordinary events, so to speak, that have always been occurring on a geologic timescale and have no unusual cause or it could be that events like these are being driven by something more unusual than just the basic nature of the mantle.

@@davidpnewton Nice elaborating comments! Do you think the hotspots causing this huge traps, deccan, siberian etc are related to huge meteor impacts "close" to the antipode?

Both, since you need both to understand past earth.

Thank you! Someone gets it. Climate models are based excluding continental drift in relation to the poles. As if the continents don't drift or even disappear due to subduction... Taking polar evidence with them....

@@coreym162 Thank you! When i talked about this on 'SkepticalScience'. they told me that this is wrong because ice will build as shelf ice on water.. As if shelf ice is not a result of continental ice in the first place.. The climate models. Actualy the coolest ones like the russian INMC series do meet the observations, they just ignore this irrationaly as in: "All models are equal". As much as they ignore that 1,5°C is actually the lowest threshold of all aprehensions.

take a look at iceland, it is primarily basalt, from a mid-ocean ridge. it has cones, cinder cones, and that can make pillow lava too.

The answer is at about 32 minutes. Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, some animals return. -> Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, fewer animals return. Repeat until 99% of terrestrial animals don't return.

This cataclysm is documented in historic records, in different languages by people more than 16,000 km apart, who tell us the exact date that dozens of supervolcanoes erupted in North America as thousands of smaller volcanoes erupted across four continents - these reports were then corroborated in Russian, French, etc., by those who observed the on-going horror which included some of those volcanoes erupting for decades - since we have the exact date that this occurred, and since we know the names of the dozens of supervolcanoes that erupted, theories about this destruction are unnecessary.

@@WhirledPublishing Really? Historic records?

@@oidipositas A tiny fraction of these hundreds of historic documents include reports in the captain's logs from the sailing ships going back hundreds of years - I suggest you begin with those and in particular study everything the captain's had to say about the Antarctic Circle and anything and everything they say about the regions south of the Antarctic Circle - take their words exactly as they wrote them which means you'd need to disregard the idiotic timeline from the ice cores, you'd have to toss out the timeline for the Antarctic Mountains which the idiotic geologists swear by and you'd have to toss out everything the fake experts tell us about the South Pole - that will be an excellent introduction to how the historic documents expose the unintelligent fake experts on parade as a pack of insane imbeciles.

@@WhirledPublishing Ok buster... is it ok if i say hard pass on crasy?

Dear life, I actually hadn't finished forming the crust, you began prematurely. sincere apologies; The Earth.

"Dear Merciful God"...

@@osbertsnudge4385 Dear merciful God, thank you for sending acid rain to burn my flesh!

Could they scream?

Back when the Republicans weren't completely stupid and the Nixon administration created the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

​@@whatabouttheearth It's a more difficult problem than restricting a chemical for which we had reasonable substitutes. For an empirical demonstration of just how difficult it is, I will note that global CO2 emissions are still increasing. And also that the list of countries which are increasing their CO2 emissions is much longer than those that are decreasing them.

@@mmandrewa2397 Well yeah, because CFCs were a specific problem and are not GHGs caused by anthropogenic release such as with fossil fuels or feedback loops caused or exacerbated by that release. Including the Carbon Monoxide our cars release (while increasing GHGs) which is poisonous.

@@whatabouttheearth Is carbon monoxide a greenhouse gas? Other than people being poisoned by it when concentrations get too high -- because it binds to red blood cells and thus blocks oxygen uptake and thus suffocates people (I think that's what happens), I rarely hear about carbon monoxide.

@@mmandrewa2397 I don't think it's a GHG because it doesn't really block IR, but it cause some other crazy effects that I don't understand.

Zink, magnesium, acid etched metals, barium sulfate, ash. Once the methane clathrates exploded HS2 producing bacterial pumped out gobs of acid causing HS2. This helped produce pyrites and other compounds that only produce in oxygen free environments. It might also be calcium deposits from billions of tonnes of dead carbonate producing animals. 500ppm HS2 is death to anything that respirators with oxygen.

Matt: "a 1cm layer of pyrite" see: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jNSFpJZkramwqok.html

The Ash layer mybe like the K-T but thicker?

Not really, the terrorist attack would have to be what's called a 'Complex attack' which isn't the most common type of attack even though Security Forces are always cautious of the possibility of an attack being a complex attack. Even if it is not necessarily a rapid complex attack like at the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania where a distraction explosion was set off to cause people to run to the side of the building that was the real target the security forces don't know that at the time and it could be a delayed complex attack and not a rapid but still a complex attack. Many times terrorist attacks are low intensity simple attacks, so more like a single bomb at a club. Something like 911 was a very high intensity very complex attack. So my point is that in most terrorist attacks it's a simple attacks, single bomb or shootings, and of course there is safety fallout for the people in the attack but not really for post attack bystanders, EMS or the broader public. Statistically you are vastly more likely to be killed driving a car than in a terrorist attack, a plane wreck or a shark attack, oddly cars are even more dangerous than gun violence, but in the US at least, things like congestive heart failure are leading causes of death. As far as fallout goes, yeah, there is usually some residual effect on surviving victims of traumatic events from mental or physical issues or even death. But with extinctions were not talking about individuals, were talking about species, genera, families (in the taxonomic sense), orders and entire clades.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche This is a concept that factors can be used to separate species into functional spaces in the environment. There are many reasonable critiques of niches and these concerns point to a wider problem, the concept is limited at some level.

Material settles and then is left undisturbed until it turns to rock. Take a look here too: pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/rocks-layers.html

@@thomasevans3387 thanks for the link, I guess I had a vague understanding of how it took place but didn’t fully understand it. Thanks again for your help.

Check out Dr. Christopher White, Kevin Ray Evans and the other geology series in this playlist, they clearly explain alot (especially the old geology series further down the list, lol, that one's just old school cool) kzfaq.info/sun/PLgRoK-eyLjolmC7Hp1wmaNeyAR4wRlzt8