+JessLe Berry funnier at 5:36

+Nemo's Channel Indeed, LOL.

+Nemo's Channel Even better at 8:19

+Jakob7539511 I see what u did thar.. Which means you made me look >:|

:3

What's SMEG?

@@keval2137 Please see Red Dwarf, the other definition may be on an on-line slang dicktionary. Wallace and Grommit's one was called Smug.

03:47

Allan Richardson No I am not paying extra. My ISP was the first one ever in the UK and they were pretty innovative developing new technologies which most other later ISP's adopted. They were true techies. They offered an excellent service without relying on irrelevant bells and whistles, or questionable business practices such as AOL. Unfortunately they were eventually bought by a larger ISP, and once the suits took over, the quality of the service started to drop. Tech support used to be by Brits who really knew what they were talking about. Now it's been outsourced to India where you get some random person with a hard to understand accent reading through a script.

IoEstasCedonta The US defence department heard he doesn't like them

Nitay A. He did conclude. "No, they are nice people... Oh dear." Hopefully not "famous last words":)

nimim. Marko Mikkilä I do believe that the Defense Department handed over full control of the Internet to five regional consortia of universities in the U.S. quite some time ago, now. It is they that own the backbone, in any case, and I don't believe that the Defense Department is paying for any of it at this point. So Professor Clewett can relax! As for his wondering about domain names, they were instituted by the same team that developed IP and have always been part of the Internet.

Those are computer fans just saying. I mean it's not like theres an open computer lying right next to them.

Not infinitely, NAT extends IP addresses by combining IP address and port number to uniquely identify a computer. Port numbers are limited to 65,535 (16 bits). So NAT can extend 32bit addressing to at most 48bit, usually much less because normal work on a computer (such as watching KZfaq) needs a dozen or two of port numbers.

Why infinitely extensible? I guess it's about 72,000,000,000,000,000 total addresses with NAT

Was the problem that Internet Servers needed unique IP addressing? Most Net users are normally clients and dont need the full address exclusivity, just a unique, dynamic or translated return path. Was IPv5 going to be a 64 bit system, but the technology jump to 128 came in faster than IPv5 could be commercially developed

@@stensoft more NAT

Steven Titus For website hosting on a dedicated address without depending on a centralized proxy (which NAT based upon), you need to buy the right to a IPv6 address from the IP address managing group (name was in the video, but I don't remember off the top of my head), or you need to find a willing seller of a IPv4 address holder. Market Pricing via supply and demand is a temporary and decentralized solution to this as you, but if the expansion of the Internet of Things keeps up its exponential pace, then the demand will overwhelm the supply of sellers to the point where prices of IPv4 addresses will skyrocket, thus forcing individuals and companies to either accept the pyramid like structure and centralization that NAT forms (which we somewhat have now), and/or buy the rights to never used IPv6 addresses. Big ISPs like comcast already use NAT for their customers. All of the comcast customers in my area use the same public IPv4 address from the regional hub, so then from the centralized hub, every customer is given a unique IPv4 address from the viewpoint of the central hub via NAT as an intranet. All router-based LAN networks work the same way - all devices have their own IPv4 (and usually IPv6 address as well) from the view point of the router as a intranet, and connect to the rest of the internet via NAT on your router and your modem.

Kyle Herbig Yes, I know how NAT works. I was just making an observation that he didn't mention it in the video. At 2:16 he could have mentioned NAT. Its just a little bit misleading, that's all i'm saying.

Steven Titus I agree - I thought you knew, so I was writing for the casual comment reader. ;)

+Steven Titus Yea, I too thought it was a bit strange to leave that out. Since the statement that all your devices need a unique address just isn't true.. I even heard from people in India that they actually got internet via some sort of LAN network with their ISP. Which, although not a great solution, is a solution to the problem of running out of addresses. (Btw I understand that in the end we just need ipv6 )

It's not a bad solution either, you can stuff 16 million machines in the class A private range

Isaac Karjala To be honest, about a decade ago I would have agreed with you. There was a point in time where I really wanted to have every computer on my home network with a routable address for protocols like you mentioned. But the way that so many Internet-connected home devices these days work, you go through some third-party portal site that interacts with the device using a proprietary protocol. My Nest thermostats (yeah, I have two in my house for different zones), for instance, are stuck behind NAT but the Nest website straightens all that out for me. Western Digital has a sort of similar service for their network attached storage devices. It's like the future is to hide protocol details behind some cloud service. I hate the phrase "Internet 2.0", but that really seems appropriate ;)

Simple solution: _watch the whole video_

Simple answer: _I did_

Connor Wright Simple reply: _why suggest it then?_

Simple, but unrelated comeback: _Because you're adopted_ hahahah

+Кэтишкэт Старье 7 number addresses + a point of origin. And if i counted correctly there are about 40 symbols on each stargate - 1 for the point of origin. Without all the working its about 15.4 million 15,380,937. Pegasus ( at least in real life ) is a dwarf galaxy and it only has a few billion stars, so lets be generous and say 10 billion. Using the parts of the drake equation we need it comes out at about 3.2 million planets that can support human like life. So no there are plenty.

Andrew Joy Nice explanation, but I hope you did get the joke.

+Andrew Joy there is a 9th spot to denote a moving ship

How does that work ? no point of origin and no fixed address as the ship moves!

Andrew Joy 9th Chevron is dependent on distance between Destiny and Earth (SG:U).

Cheers

GodlikeBlock which is nearly everyone -_-

so does 64x mean 64 bit and 32x mean 32 bit then?

OrangeCreeper217 Yesh i think

OrangeCreeper217 no duh?

This is supposed to change with IPv6 though, isn't it? With the incredible amount of available addresses, basically every device in a household should be able to get a public address themselves.

more like a billion addresses lol

+SirLugash That would be a ton less secure, I genuinely hope that's not the case lol

Wade Stutzman Well that's what I've read. We'll see.

no less or more secure. saying its non routable is not 100% true. My understanding is the outer header for the packet contains the ipv4 address for your house, then your local address is at the next stage of the header. you can start pinging for the local adresses, guessing at local routing names (usually people will have 192.168.0.1 or some other std format), and find the full address for a computer behind a local network. Also most attacks originate from the computer itself in the form of malware, in that case you already know the address. also I don't know the ratio, but most budget internet connections do not assign a unique ip address to each home, instead sharing them by assigning a dynamic IP address each time you reset your connection (and sometimes while its still running). usually doesn't cause an issue, but you can't run a home server accessible offsite, or be the server for an online game, or home host a website with a dynamic ip (easily). switching to ipv6 would make things alot easier on many levels, and in reality the added layer of obscurity in ipv4 is only an annoyance to an attacker, not something that significantly reduces the occurence of attacks.

It is actually the 4,294,967,286th in a series that starts at zero , but by convention we start counting at 1, not zero. So it rolls over to the next place even though the next register doesn't exist in the computer. It gets to 4,294,967,296 because we talk about it as if we started counting at 1.. Another example is when a dollar equals 100 cents - where this takes three places. But you can count to 100 if you start at zero as the first, and 99 as the hundredth. That only requires two places. That's the difference between computers, where IP tables are maintained, and everyday reckoning. And yes, iIt can be confusing.

4,294,967,295 would be 11111111111111111111111111111111

It's not confusing if you ask proper question. How many 1-digit numbers can you write? 10 - first 2-digit number. How many 2-digit numbers can you write? 100 - first 3-digit number. ... How many 32-digit numbers can you write? 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 - first 33-digit number. And it's true for any system as long as 0 mean zero and 1 mean one :)

Carpey computers count from 0, and we count from 1, e.g. the first number would be 0000000 in 8 bit, if you count from 0 it would be 11111111111111111111111111111111

which converts to a single bit in -24h clock notation-

It's not that easy. If You have only internal IP's then You don't have Your own external IP.

+Byamarro2 Well internal (or private) IP's are a HUGE contributor to conserving IP addresses, as essentially every household need only 1 external IP address (companies might have a few, as they might have a few different connections outbound but still, likely less than 10 for hundreds if not thousands of machines)

6:00

Lukasz Baldyga I know that was my thought through this whole thing

+Andrew Shirley I caught that too!

Right... 64bit seems enough.

They probably want to avoid the same problem in the future. Humans are notoriously bad at predicting the future, people said the car would never replace horses, no one would ever need a computer in their house, people would never need more than a megabyte of memory etc. Back in the 80s and 90s they probably figured that there would never be billions of computers using IP addresses or that by that time computers would have advanced past the severe processing limitations they had then. Given the proliferation of computer technology who knows how many devices will require IP addresses in 50 years or 100 years etc? Better to just make it 128-bit and never worry about it again, its not like its too demanding in processing power. There are also more technical and security reasons as well

whos to say how the future will work like thereine said who knows what will use them perhaps nano machine will use them up or small drones best go with the big number

But that's only planet earth! So small! What about the entire galaxy? Or bigger? Sure we may not get there, but if we do, it'll be well worth the investment. Also, imagine fixing 18 quintillion devices to support IPv24658. Doesn't sound very easy, does it?

What most forget is that a single device might use multiple addresses at the same time. There are multicast or unicast addresses which devices can "use" to actually hook into a stream. That's already happening with IPv4, though there are just a few multicast addresses out there ^^ There are a lot of special addresses which are locked for special uses. For example the IPv4 reserves a whole class A subnet just for the local loopback address. This address can only be used locally on each device and always refers to the device itself. The whole 127.X.X.X space is wasted for that ^^. That's 16 million addresses or 1/256.of all addresses in the IPv4 address space. It would also simplify the assignment of IP addresses. You could actually define certain addresses to be bound to the location on earth. So each square meter might have a million addresses available. A seperate address space might be used for mobile devices (as they very likely change position). The GUID also uses 128 bits. It's "said" that the possibility that the same GUID is picked twice is very very unlikely. Same for MD5 hashes, they are also 128bits long. Since modern computer hardware is already able to natively handle 128bit values it's no suprise they picked 128bits for IPv6.

Well fast forward 3 years and Despacito has more than 4,294,967,295 views. So what is their new number?

9 sexdecillion i think

Doesn't matter. We're still running out because of the number of servers.

I never said we weren't.

Including public/private address spaces and mechanisms like NAT in this video would just add confusion on the topic. It also doesn't help since the problem described still applies.

+ComandanteJ that's a solution we're using rn :)

Lol, not really. Source: CCNP

ComandanteJ The only difference is there is no classful boundary or broadcast addresses and hex characters versus decimal. I guess the difficulty of the process is debatable. I found it to be about the same since your main concern in both ipv4 and ipv6 is how many bits represent the subnet bits and how many represent host bits. In IPv6 you are converting to binary from hex instead of decimal. In my opinion the difficulty of the process is the same.

yea realized that later,,

+Hilal Just what I was thinking.

+Hilal well it would fix it if everyone would switch over but the ISPs of the world really dont have any reason they should switch over. Its just expense for them, and it still works on ipv4 because of the patches we have with how routers work. Almost everything is still ipv4 but it hasnt broken because they can use routers to fake more addresses.

6:00

That makes sense I was watching this video and wondering... isnt my ip (Home IP Address):(Device #)

do enlighten us

How so?

Brandon Phillips so does the majority of people now but is you router on IPV6?

+lisa lavergne +Brandon Phillips 2^128 - 2^64 = 340282366920938463444927863358058659840 IP6 64bit you see why yet? its MUCH bigger space of bytes to have.

why can not just allocate all the ipv4 adresses as a subdomain of ipv6 :P

My N64 has 64 bits

It's not space for things we're having not enough of, it's not enough of garages where we can store these things!

That's not what he said... They govern the IP tables... The origins of the internet is TCP/IP (the protocol that every computer is using to talk to each other) and that was created in CERN in Switzerland.

OverSoft Well, the technology of the internet was created by the United States Defense Department(or at the very least was funded by it), but the WWW was created at CERN.

To be complete the WWW was created on a NeXT computer, btw (which is now Apple's Mac OSX).

TheGreatRakatan They're not the creators of the internet, they just determine public ip adresses. The first people that connected computers to communicate with each other and they've called it net were from some California university. I'm sorry, if I'm wrong, but this is what i remember from the CNA (Cisco Networking Academy) interpretation.

TheGreatRakatan CERN created the internet to link up their computing grid I believe.

(2^(x-1))-1 if it's signed, even. Fortunately, your IP address has no need of being signed seeing as we don't expect to address any negative devices.