A belated Merry Christmas to everyone! Hope it was a good one, and all the best for 2024! After more than 6 years since the previous episode, Complex Border has returned with a 4th part. Here are links to the previous episodes if you haven't seen them: Part 1 - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/ndp8q72aztvFiKc.html Part 2 - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/acCUntSiz9XXc4E.html Part 3 - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/gMuRnNyL3LynYJ8.html For a limited time during this festive period, Nebula is offering a lifetime membership! Pay once, and have access for life. Check it out here: go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=wonderwhy If that's not for you, the annual plan might be a better suit, with a 40% discount using my link: go.nebula.tv/wonderwhy Thanks for watching! See you next year!

Nothing is more complex than WonderWhy’s upload schedule

This series (especially the first episode) was literally a part of my childhood, I used to watch it multiple times and it's a core memory of mine. Now I'm nearly 20, that truly explains WonderWhy's upload schedule

i swear to god this series' release schedule rivals rockstar's. i was 10 years old when part 1 was first uploaded, and here i am now 20 years old with part 4 being released just a few minutes ago. jesus.

Can’t wait for part 5 in 9 years

Every time I think WonderWhy has quit KZfaq for good, he surprises us with a new upload and it's an awesome gift each time :D

I swear whenever two countries start to get along with each other, oil gets discovered and then they become worst enemies

Another complex border in Africa is the Congo Pedicle, the piece of the DR Congo that juts into Zambia. Basically when the Congo Free State was drawn, the Belgians and British debated over the southeast Katanga border because of the lack of an obvious geographical feature for the border to follow, as the Congo-Zambezi watershed and the Luapula do not meet as there is a 70-150 km gap between them. The British wanted a southwest to northeast line from the watershed to the Luapula, but the Belgians hoped for access to the Bangweulu Wetlands and pressed for the borders to stick to the river and watershed. The king of Italy was called in, and he drew a longitudinal line through a point on the map where the Luapula was thought to exit from the Lake Bangweulu swamps, which gave birth to the Pedicle At the time the Congo Pedicle wasn't a problem, though it would be a problem for Zambia when it got its independence as the Pedicle cuts off the Luapula Province and the western part of the Northern Province from the Copperbelt which is the country's big industrial hub. For most of the 20th century, there was no road built through it due to lack of resources available and the swampy geography. As well as affecting communication for about one-quarter of the country with the center and west, it potentially exposes a greater part of Zambia to conflict in Katanga.

Two weird enclaves of the US within Canada are Northwest Angle and Point Roberts. Northwest Angle is a part of Minnesota and exists because of a misunderstanding. During the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the border drawn between the US and what was then British territory was designed to cut through the Lake of the Woods area at a northwest angle, but the map they used misrepresented the lake's location. Hence the name! The majority of the land is held in trust by the Red Lake Indian Reservation (Ojibwa). The Northwest Angle heavily relies on walleye fishing as their industry, and when Canadian laws restricted non-resident fishing, this led to a conflict but Canada ended up dropping the fishing laws. Point Roberts exists because of the Oregon Treaty. When the 49th Parallel was defined as the boundary, it cut off Point Roberts from Canada. Point Roberts purchases raw water from the Greater Vancouver Water District. Many of the area's businesses serve weekend and recreational visitors from Greater Vancouver. Many Canadians visited its bars and nightclubs on Sundays until Sunday drinking was legalized in British Columbia in 1986. The local post office and several private companies rent many post office boxes to individuals and businesses from Greater Vancouver, who find it a convenient and fast way to receive mail and parcels from the US without paying for cross-border shipping costs.

An interesting condominium that used to exist is New Hebrides, or what's now Vanuatu. This condominium lasted from 1906 to 1980. The islands were named by Captain James Cook in 1774 and subsequently colonized by both the British and the French. Thus, the two would sign an agreement making the islands an Anglo-French condominium. Under the condominium there were three separate governments, one French, one British, and one joint administration that was partially elected after 1975. The French and British governments were called residencies, each headed by a resident appointed by their main governments. There was an equal number of French and British representatives, bureaucrats and administrators. Local people could choose whether to be tried under the English common law or the French civil law. Nationals of one country could set up corporations under the laws of the other. In addition to these two legal systems, a third Native Court existed to handle cases involving Melanesian customary law. The condominium was not beneficial for Ni-Vanuatu, as they were effectively stateless. Like how to travel abroad, they needed an identifying document signed by both the British and the French resident commissioners. This would lead to discontent and eventually many revolutionary groups advocating for self-government and independence. Today, the use of English or French as the formal language is split along political lines

i remember being 12 and watching part 1 on repeat bc i was fascinated by maps. now i’m 20 and i draw my own complex borders for fun. that’s crazy bro

An interesting island on the US-Canada border is Campobello. The island was originally settled by the Passamaquoddy Nation, who called it Ebaghuit. The first Europeans were from the French expedition of Pierre Dugua de Mons and Samuel de Champlain. Following the War of the Spanish Succession, under terms of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, the island became part of the British colony of Nova Scotia. In the 1880s the island was developed as a resort summer colony for wealthy Canadians and Americans. From 1883, the Roosevelt family made Campobello Island their summer home. The island is home to Roosevelt Campobello International Park, and it is an affiliated area of both Parks Canada and of the US National Park Service. The island is Canadian and part of New Brunswick, but it's cut off from Canada in winter. The island's only highway, Route 774, is connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge to Lubec, Maine, the easternmost town in the continental United States. The only transportation link with the rest of Canada is a seasonal ferry service to Deer Island. But for those on the island during wintertime, they'd have to drive through Maine to reach Canada.

If the river border between Germany and Luxembourg belongs to both countries simultaneously, this means that the combined area of the two countries (or indeed the total area of the EU) is slightly overestimated, with the area of the river being counted twice. A scandal.

It's always a good day when you post. I love borders and this has to be one of my favorite series that you have done, glad to see a new episode!

For suggestions, the Guyana-Venezuela territorial dispute may be fairly interresting, also Clipperton island has some history.

Lol You watched my shorts recently didn't you? Love your channel man.

Love Lake Malawi/Nyasa. We used to holiday on the Tanzanian shores (Matema) dozens of times

This definitely takes me back to when WonderWhy did his first Complex International Borders video. I’m glad that we were able to get another one.

The border between the states of South Australia and Victoria is a good one, especially their river tripoint with New South Wales, could be one to discuss in future!

started watching this series when i was grade 6 and now im 18.cant believe it still had sequel.insane! anyways,really ty 4 ur help to my geographic enlightenment.

When the world needed him most, he returned, gracing us with the gift of complicated borders.

Omg what a delightful holiday surprise indeed! Another excellent entry into this series!

4 episodes in over 10 years ... love it

Around the time the first episode of this series released, I received my first world map as a Christmas gift. With the release of this video, I got a new map this Christmas to replace that map from 10 years ago!

2 international border disputes are Cambodia and Thailand, which nearly led to a war 10 years ago, and the Thailand and Lao disputes, which did lead to 2 conflicts in the 1980s.

Part 4 after 6 years ☠️

Love the videos, man. Keep it up!!!

Really love how you explained the history behind these borders much more in depth than previous episodes

love the new vid! Haven't see this series in a while so

New WonderWhy upload 🔥🔥🔥

Brill, mate! Really great video....

What a nice gift. Thank you

Love this series!

Welcome back omg!!

“But does the border in the lake didn’t really matter?” “It’s oil isn’t it.” “O I L”

Thank you for this interesting video :)

I had just watched the previous parts yesterday and now there's part 4 holy cow

There could be an episode just about China, there's so many disputes they have.

I would be interested in covering the sovereignty of belize. On Google Maps the boarders of belize are dotted

Great video.

Thanks for your great work: if you searching ideas, northern border between canadian province of Quebec ( maybe an independant contry some day) and nuvavut, on the shore, varies with tide… difficult port building problems

I believe the Vatican has a border dispute with Italy about Ricciolo d'Italia, a long and narrow strip north of St. Peters square.

Waited an eternity for this awesome series

Wow! Great Christmas gift

I've always been a fan of this series. It just shows how odd this really is!

What could be interesting is a video on the disputed Paracel and Spratly islands

I get genuinely excited when I get the notification that Wonder Why posted. See everyone again in a few months

Love hearing WonderWhy say the words “actually… is,” staple of the channel. Love the videos

If you end up making another part, please cover the Australia-East Timor EEZ Border

Nothing screams more South America than 2 countries disputing 2-3 feet of uninhabeted jungle in the middle of nowhere.

While not a current border dispute, the Australian/East Timor border history is interesting. Prior to ET independence from Indonesia, Australia and Indonesia set a maritime border, with a gap between ET and Australia of no legal border but shared revenue from oil extraction. After ET independence, new negotiations of a border in the gap were made with the new nation, where the legal border was defined, but oil revenues were adjusted so that some oil from Australia’s side was given to ET(so effectively a second border). When it was later found that Australia had bugged ET’s cabinet during the negotiations, ET insisted on a new set of negotiations. This led to the legal border staying as is, but the oil revenue border being adjusted in ET’s favour.

thank you for making this long awaited sequel

The shared island between Canada and Denmark is pretty interesting. For a period of time each military would pay a visit to the island and leave alcohol for the opposing countries military when they would come make their own visit to the island. Point Roberts is an interesting exclave of the US in Canada and I think there is a disputed island between Maine and New Brunswick. Oh, and the border between Quebec and Labrador is still disputed.

great stuff, please do a part 5, lots more interesting border disputes to cover like Guyana!

Yay! It’s back!!!

Complex international border and WonderWhy making a video on such topic - a match made in heaven

Biggest throwback of 2023 seeing a sequel to this series

It’s so crazy as a 27 year old cause I remember when I was 17 and the first vid came out and so much has happened in the world since then. I’m curious on how he tackles the whole Crimea conflict, as well as the other major global conflicts going on rn

finally a part 4

When you were talking about condominiums in Europe, I thought you would mention Lake Constance (Bodensee), which borders on Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. What I find most interesting about that one is that the three states involved have different opinions on the nature of the borders. Austria treats the lake as a condominium, Switzerland believes the border runs down the middle of the lake, and no one seems to know what Germany thinks. The wikipedia article on the lake notes that there have been some legal disputes regarding smaller matters such as fishing rights and the mooring of houseboats.

WonderWhy uploads? It must be Christmas!

Basically: Malawi is jealous of Tanzania and Mozambiques access to open ocean. So as a “compromise” Malawi 🇲🇼 is asking for the entire lake

Benin and Ghana coastline panhandles and Papua New Guinea small twist in an otherwise straight border are good candidates for part V.

You should definitely make a video on the border dispute between Venezuela and Guyana.

Best Christmas present

6 years worth the wait

Hello, We in Bulgaria have a somewhat complex border with Romania in that, while we don't have any ongoing territorial disputes with them, neither country claims the islands on the Danube as entirely theirs. While technically the border is split in the middle of the river, most islands are / remain uninhabited and I believe, both countries are policing them. Some of the small islands are closer to Romania, others - to Bulgaria. Although, I do believe that most islands, with very few exceptions fall into Romania's sovereignty and control, but am not sure which. The second complex border (although not disputed) is with Serbia. Mount Ruy is located within the territory in both countries. But in order to climb the top of Mt. Ruy from the Bulgarian side, you would have to cross into Serbia for some 50-100 m, between the border pyramids 351 and 352 (peak acts as the border). This came as a result of the 1919 Neuille treaty where Bulgaria lost to Serbia a fair piece of land as a direct consequence of the losses for Bulgaria, sustained in WW1. There has not been a political decision from either country, so tourists get to sneak into Serbia for a very small fraction without a passport check. There is one similar occasion on Mount Belasitsa (which is shared with both Greece and N.Macedonia). Whoever wants to climb Peak Tumba, they would have to cross into Greece for some 50 meters, a little before they reach the peak as the demarcation of the tourist route has the same issue as the example with Mount Ruy from above.

This is the best Christmas present of them all

Oh hell yeah Merry Christmas indeed 😎😎😎

HE’S BACK!

going from a single digit age to finishing my sweet sixteen with this series is consistentcy

Likoma is an amazing place, I fully recommend going if you can

I'd make a wish after seeing Wonder Why's uploaded but it's already been granted

the next episode could be about borders of maybe cities or subdivisions and not just country borders.

An interesting border is between my neighbor's and I's lawns. Every time I mow the grass, I swear the fence is closer to my house

*Return of the King*

So it's a Merry Christmas after all with him posting.

BROO I WAITED FOR THIS 6 YEARS

guyana has disputes with venezuela and suriname you should cover that

I was a freshman in high school during part 1… this makes me feel old

IT HAS RETURNED

best Chrismas gift was a part 4 in this series, I remember being in 7th grade obsessed with geography watching all of these vids, and now I'm in my second year of college

"Yeah, that's probably a good idea" made me laugh.

When the world needed him most, he returned

I think the best way to deal with river borders that could change easily is both sides agree to dredge a artificial river trench, and use the medium line after the dredge.

You could do the complex and unknown borders of Australia such as the land border of mainland state of Victoria and the Island state of Tasmania as well as a few others

Can’t believe I was a child when this series started

It's been 84 years since the last upload.

As a Malawian I want to guarantee you I have never heard of the cathedral you speak of. Likoma is known as a tourist destination with sandy beaches.. but thank you for shining a light on what is quite a serious conflict between us and Tanzania

@WonderWhy- You should do US and Canada in your next video- There are many border irregularities and several exclaves. Also, internally, there are some interesting border irregularities between US states- lots of exclaves, a few enclaves, and some bizarre boarders.

You could maybe look into the border between the Netherlands and Germany along the Dollart bay and Ems river. Due to changing coastlines and river paths, the Netherlands claims the border goes through the middle of the current path of the estuary of the Ems, while Germany claims the entire river as its territory. There have been nagotiations between the two countries, but no agreement has ever been reached. In 1960 they signed a treaty to agree to disagree and it still remains desputed today.

Have u mentioned the congo river,point roberts or hans Island yet

Slovenia and Croatia have two border disputes if you see closely on the border line there's two dotted lines in two different parts of the border between those two countries. Brazil and Uruguay also have two border disputes which you can also see by following the border on Google Maps and see that famous double dotted lines. I've been telling you about this two cases for a really long time, please tell me that you're gonna talk about them later in a video.

It's not exactly a complicated border situation, but I always thought the Hans Island situation (including the rather famous "Whisky war" to be fascinating. This over 40 yeats long "war" between Canada and Denmark resulted in the two countries sharing the island, giving both Canada and Denmark a 2nd land border (as they both previously had a single country they shared a land border before)

Holy heck it's back! I remember watching those old ones a long time ago!

How bout an episode about the greek/turkish maritime border with all the greek islands being extremely close to turkey? Love your videos buddy!!

Babe wake up its WonderWhy upload day.🤩

Maybe you can cover complex internal borders between states and provinces

Omg the age of empires 2 music at the end 😅

do a video on zambia and congo drc on the border lines of the katanga region