Good to hear from you. I bet we both look as young as we were in 1982. I still look back fondly to my teaching on the Human Ecology degree. re research I hope you have found Emmel, Nick (2013) Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research: A Realist Approach. London: SAGE. and Maxwell, J.A. (2012) A realist approach to qualitative research. London: SAGE.

If only I had realised then how important Human Ecology was and that it would be the foundation that then underpinned my public health career :-D Thanks for the references, I was actually reading Emmel just before finding your videos.

Good to hear that you and your students find them useful. I have many more I'd like to make, if only I could find the time :-(

Quite comprehensive , simplified and good analysis

Wondimagegnehu Birhanu I try to make the playlists logical collections of my videos. So there are some of my videos that (like the one on NVivo use) that don't fit alongside others in a playlist. The best thing to do if you want all my videos is to go to my Channel (click on my name under the video title) and select the Video tab.

+Muhammad Afzal Farooq Hypotheisis testing is usually done by running an experiment. You might find my video on experimental design useful kzfaq.info/get/bejne/ncuZftx227iaiZs.html

anouar aissat It's a starting point for a research question, but it needs a lot more work to make it a testable hypothesis. Being testable means you can show the hypothesis to be false. In its current form: 'University classes are teacher-centred' is more of an identity statement and it is hard to see how you could falsify it. On the other hand if you come up with a clear and usable definition of what teacher-centred means then you could falsify the statement by finding some classes which, by that definition, are not teacher-centred. You also need to specify what is meant by a 'University class', both what counts as a university and what kind of thing a class is (lecture, seminar, tutorial, webinar, project, presentation, field trip etc.). In this case, the most obvious way of improving the question and making it testable is to include some quantification or comparison, e.g. university undergraduate classes are more teacher centred than postgraduate classes, or more than 60% of university classes are teacher centred. Another important issue is that any good hypothesis arises out of some theoretical ideas. In your case you might have some ideas about what lies behind the adoption of certain pedagogies in universities which would lead you to ask this question. The reference to theory would also enable you to improve the hypothesis by including some of the factors and causes the theory suggests might be influential. This is how you might introduce variables into the hypothesis, e.g. traditional university vs new university, or different disciplines taught, or different cultural traditions. Your theories might also enable you to specify what is meant by 'teacher-centred' and introduce some measurable variables like proportion of the time the teacher talks in a session, types of questioning styles used by teachers etc.

Graham R Gibbs Thanx so much, Mr. Gibbs, for yr comprehensive response. It helped me a lot and I think I solved to certain extent a puzzle I've been thinking of for some days. I wont abuse yr kindness and bother you too much i know how much yr time must be valuable. I just need a quick evaluation of this tentative hypothesis that I reformulated in accordance to what you said. Thanx again. St George’s Undergraduate Speaking University workshops follow traditional classroom procedures in terms of negotiation of topics of discussions, techniques used to implement classroom activities, and establishment of students’ needs and wants. .

thank you for help