Hey Luis, I was citing one of Javier Rodríguez-Corrals papers which says the regions they inhabited equated to parts of modern day Galicia, Northern Portugal, parts of Asturias and Leon. If I didn’t explain that very well then my apologies and thanks for clarifying. I will pin your comment to the top of the page for clarity for future viewers. Thanks again and for the clarification.

@@auld_boy - Your map included all the territory of the Astures, which would eventually be part of the *Roman* province of Gallaecia along with Galicia proper (incl. North Portugal) but was not part of the Castro culture before the Roman invasion (Cantabrian Wars, Augustus). There are some doubts about a couple of Astures tribes or small sub-groups being maybe Celtic, notably the Luggones, who lived historically by the coast just west of Xixon (Gijón) and in some other district in the Plateau, as well as another small tribe of Salamanca province who betrayed the Astures in the war and look Celtic by name (Brigaecini). But in general Asturias is lacking the typical Celtic toponimy (brig-, seg-, -dun) and is outside of the Castro culture.

@@LuisAldamiz ok thanks for clarifying the boundaries of the territory, I’ve got it pinned at the top of the page so people can see your info. Cheers!

@@auld_boy - Thank you. It honors you. Most tubers would not even reply to a critical comment like mine. 👍

@@LuisAldamiz no problem at all, it’s good to have you here as you are clearly well studied on the subject. Thanks for watching and for taking the time to leave the comments, I appreciate it. 👍

Thank you so much, that is a really kind thing to say. Thanks for watching and for the kind comment 😊

Thats really kind of you to say. Im pleased you are enjoying the content. Cheers for the shares too, I really appreciate it!

Thanks for the suggestion, I’ll definitely do this 👍

Hey Joel, great to see you. Thank you so much, that helps me out a lot. I really appreciate it and I’m pleased you are enjoying the content.

@@auld_boy Stick at it brother, it always starts small before it explodes. My advice is never dilute the quality in favour of likes.

Ah really?! I’ll have to take a look into that. Thanks for the info and thanks for watching..much appreciated 😊👌

Ah really?! I’ll have to take a look into that. Thanks for the info and thanks for watching..much appreciated 😊👌

@auld_boy First off, another solid video! This has been very helpful for me since I’ve been needing to take a look into the Casto culture more. I apologize for the length of all my comments. Now the round houses. This is a very fun area and a major part of a strange research path I’ve been on. It’s taken me on a strange journey. First you have the corbell houses. Corbell Houses Apulian Trullo (Look at Apulia on google earth, they literally are everywhere, in almost every farmer’s field) Harran Beehive houses South African Karoo Beehive houses Irish Clochan (especially on Skellig Michael) Greek Mitato (Especially in mountainous Crete) North Italian Crotto Maltese Girna Balkan Bunje French Borie (related to Scottish bothy?) Istrian Kazuni Cameroon Musgum mud huts Catalonia/Tarragona, El Pla de Santa Maria stone huts Galicia, The Baraccas of Monte Roig del camp Then you have the more hut like structure with some similarities. South African Rondavel Houses Galician Palloza Cape Verde Funco Atlantic Roundhouses and Wheelhouses The hard part with this is proving there is a connection between these structures. Some are easier to draw links to, others, a bit more difficult. One argument can be made that the corbell style architecture is not as intuitive to figure out, though that is not a popular position. The other is time itself. Most dry stone construction still standing are more recent, so it is difficult to pinpoint when this type of structure would have started being built in a specific area. A great example of this is the South African Karoo houses which are attributed to the Boers and no earlier. Scholarly consensus right now does not generally link these types of structures outside of the regions where it makes sense to link them. (So for example, Italian Crotto and Trullo probably are connected, but Harran beehive houses and Cameroon Musgum huts, probably not.) You also have the more complex corbell/beehive structures, such as the beehive graves famous with the Mycenaeans, as well as the Sardinian Nuraghe. (See also Scottish Brochs). Great Zimbabwe and similar drystone construction in Tanzania, South Africa, and Zimbabwe in the Shona lands should also be considered as similar constructions.

💯

Thank you, that means a lot coming from someone from the area! I must visit this region one day, there is so much history there.

You are welcome in Asturias. I ll be there. If, one day, you come.

Hey JPW, cheers for watching! Yes the round houses are beautiful. It’s nice to see how “civilised” they were after hearing how modern scholars make out they were savages living in caves prior to Roman interaction. I’m the same as you..I’d live in one of these and live the simple life farming and fishing. Sounds like a dream! Thank you for the feedback, I found this video the hardest that I’ve done. I really struggled getting the flow right and I’m still not sure how I can present text and show an image the text is referring to without obscuring one or the other. I’ll have to get back to the drawing board as it’s not ideal. So feedback well received! I tried to rotate the maps as well so they lined up with north but then I had to zoom in too much to fit the screen! Ah well..onwards and upwards for the next one! Thanks for watching, for the support, and for the feedback. It’s much appreciated as ever. I hope all is good at your end, all the best!

@@auld_boy Aye, so often today when I visit these sites I find myself thinking "Damn, they really knew had to choose their spots." ...Drombeg stone circle in Ireland (think Drombeg's right) was a classic example, sea fishing half a miles walk away, a little spring, bathing tub by the circle, view over the bay, just a perfect spot... and wander over to the circle for a shindig on a night. ...If it wasn't a protected site I'd have set up camp there and then. The effort showed there, aye. You mentioned you were starting out tech wise so if its any use, I very commonly prepare elements for my videos in a separate graphics app which cuts out a lot of the constraints of doing graphical work in a video editing suite. I make my films on an iphone (13) which may as well be a laptop but consequently I use a nice little graphics app called Ibis Paint X. With that I can create .PNG files which have transparency (if I select it) so I can quickly create "cut out" elements with no background so the video shows behind them if I want something a bit snazzier or more customised than my video editing suite allows (luma fusion). I'm guessing that TV effect was done in that way...? Or, if it was a downloaded element, that's how you could make your own. I'm forever crossing between video and graphics suites, I'll often take a screenshot of the film where I want something superimposed then take that into my graphics editor and a whole array of effects can be tailor made in the graphics app to fit the video image on the screen then by having the screenshot as a set reference point in the background (you just have to mark or remember which frame the screenshot was taken from). Sometimes I will adjust the screenshot itself and create effects by then overlaying it back over the moving video, erasing the image around the part I've modified so the video shows there... that's how I made the dolmen capstone shift in that last video if you remember that, as a fairly rudimentary example - I overlayed a modified screenshot with the capstone tilted down and cropped it so that image didn't obscure me talking in the foreground. Anyway, point being, developing the graphics side to run parallel to the video editing opens lots of doors - and makes composing things very fast once you get used to it... open a page in the grapghics suite at 1920x1080 pixels so its the right size to fit the screen and perhaps a screenshot of the point in the video to give you a reference point to work off... then import or draw/collage any elements to go on the screen, compose things there, delete the parts you want it transparent (by using the magic wand selection often), then create a transparent .PNG file of that composition and bring it back into your video editor... you can animate that then with keyframes if desired and put effects on it etc. Aye. Anyhow... just a few pointers on my methodology, that gives a fairly intuitive creative flow for me, once you've done it a few times, makes realising ideas fast and a lot freer than being stuck with the video editing suite's preset effects/text etc. Merge that with chroma keying effects (green/blue screening) and you've infinite possibilities between that and using transparent image files. Only limitation being the imagination then. You can actually do frame by frame animation using transparent image files if you want to go really obsessive... full roger rabbit. Anyway, point being, that's the way I'd tackle those maps and text sections, do it in a graphics app, adjust the map and the text to fit it in there, save them as different layers then import them back into the video editor and animate them however. That's REALLY handy for hi-lighting a bit of text for example, layering the highlighted section ontop with everything else deleted, you can easily do nice little touches then so the high-lighted bit glows with a bloom as you fade it in on-top of the rest of the text so the viewer's attention snaps to exactly where you want it. TO MUCH! Wind him up and watch him go! 😉 Aye, maybe a few nuggets there that will get something clicking, takes time but it'll come. Doing things manually like that is slower in the short term but in my experience its well worth it as later on it means you're really in command of EXACTLY what goes on on the screen and not limited by the effects provided by any one program... I can switch editing software today and it makes next to no difference on what I can do because of that... makes it very tactile, that's the word, so you're really collaging, crafting the imagery instead of searching menus and hoping the software has something that can do what you have in mind. ...PNG images and Chroma keyers, its all you need! [GEEEEEZ that was a long one... sunday evening commenting! Whoosh! My film "Equality: The Totalitarian dream" shows what can be done with those techniques, the first three minutes particularly, that's a video montage I've edited using those techniques which was finished and imported onto one track, then animated transparent .PNG images of text layered on-top of that video, then the TV transparent .PNG frame on-top of that... then the pipe smoker's hand .PNG again overlayed and animated on-top of that... with the puffs of smoke also being animated transparent .PNG files (animated using keyframes to automatically move the image).]

@@JesseP.Watson wow thank you so much, that’s a great help. I’m currently just doing everything manually in Davinci Resolve and I’ve taught myself everything. I’m not a very tech savvy person so honestly that’s a huge help. I’ve screenshotted the info so I don’t lose it..looking forward to having a go with Ibis Paint. I have to commend you on your work though. It was one of the first things that stood out to me was the effects. I even commented and showed the wife earlier today when I was showing her one of you videos. It’s really nice you are helping me out, I really appreciate it!

@@JesseP.Watson I always wondered how you did the pipe and smoke in first person view. Especially the one where you are driving the van. Made me scratch my head. A true technical wizard!

Wow thats honestly amazing. Just shows you what a bit of creativity can do. I was honestly scratching my head at how you achieved it. It was like a first person video game for a while but I really liked that first person effect when watching. It felt really immersive. Thanks for sharing your tricks of the trade! Thank you mate, I really appreciate that. Ill definitely reach out next time Im struggling as this video was a bit tough for me! Thanks again mate, really appreciate the help and support!

Yes that’s right..there’s some variation. Some have a fully stone wall and thatched roof. Some have low stone walls and the rest wood. The large grouped buildings are fascinating.

@@auld_boy Something to be said for their concrete ~mebbe they learned to cook limestone from the Romans

@@rosskstar possibly later for sure. I think it’s a nice example of how Celtic culture was fairly advanced..having reservoirs, pavements and bath houses etc. usually celts are depicted as savages wearing skins living in shanty towns before the romans came. These cividades seem quite advanced!

@@auld_boy Rome rewrote history, white-washing their own and everyone else was uncivilized tribal Barbarians. Very successful propaganda. Long hair on men is shameful =Roman ideology still pervades

This is really interesting. Ive looked into the Tuatha before but not seen this invasion before. Do you have any resources you recommend that I can read? Would love to look into this further so thanks for the heads up! Thanks for watching and for the info, I really appreciate it.

@@auld_boyReally? It's not hidden. It's been reported on for years now, in scientific papers and regular news. I would think you can just google it and find whatever you need. Of course, no scientific person would ever match this invasion up with the Tuatha, and most likely you will find that reports are either on Ireland, or Britain, or Spain, and not all three, because they're being done by researchers using DNA from specific sites. However, it all happened at the same time, by the same people, which I guess we tend to call the Bell Beaker people. In fact, I saw a video after yours today that casually mentioned this. Also in the "nobody looks at the big picture" department, what we find is that in 2500 BC there were invasions of Indo-European speakers from the east into Ireland, and from the west into Persia, India, and China. This is contemporaneous with invasions from the north into Mycenae and Anatolia. It's fashionable now to associate the Indo-European language with the Yamnaya and steppe culture, but I think it's more accurate to acknowledge that the culture embraced both land and sea, horses and ships. The midline for the IE language separation into east and west is at Lithuania, which basically has a coast on one side and steppe on the other. it is logical to assume that this is the actual central region for the IE language, and the center of this expansion in all directions in 2500 BC. Let me just add that the Narva civilization that may go back as far as about 6000 BC stretched from the Gulf of Finland to the Oder. It seems to me that this is where proto-IE and IE comes from, with the Yamnaya simply being an associated group of this very large and ancient civilization. Also, on the other side of this invasion equation, I'd like to point out that the WHGs who lived in the area you outlined in this video also were a connected seafaring people before this invasion, they were not savages, and they were a megalithic people. The IE speakers who invaded had probably been conducting trade with these WHGs for some time before the invasion occurred. As for why there was a mass exodus from the Baltic in all directions, this is a repeated pattern from this area. Any tmie a volcano goes off, it is most harshly felt in the northern latitudes, and the Baltic region is the most northern highly populated area in the world, due to the warm Gulf current. Over and over again we see invasions coming out of the north, though the Vikings (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden) appear to have emerged not due to a cool down, but due to a warming climate that expanded their number and strength. Sorry for rattling on, but that's the picture that has developed for me as I read. You may notice the same sort of thing. If you do search but cannot find the resources, let me know. But I would just be using google myself.

@@auld_boyHmm. I gave a long answer to your question, but I don't see it here right now. Not sure if YT axed it or if it is just slow to show.

@@SG-js2qn darn, no it’s not showing up. I’m sorry your lengthy reply seems to be missing. Did it have a link in it at all? I know sometimes KZfaq removes comments with links for some reason. I’m sorry to have wasted your time. I’ll have a good Google and will have a look see what I can find about this early movement. I appreciate you taking the time to give me further info 👌

​@@auld_boyIt looks like YT decided to eat my reply. No idea why. I'll try again. A) The invasion is something well known; you probably know about it at least in part. Just realize that it's published by site, so you will find results for Ireland, Britain, and Spain separately. It's sometimes called the "Bell Beaker invasion." It's referenced a lot, but maybe you weren't aware of the DNA angle. A Google search will get you there. B) The WHGs preceding the Bell B / Celts in the region you outlined in this video were megalithic seafarers with a reasonably advanced culture, as were the invaders. C) The invasion was part of a simultaneous expansion in all directions out of the Baltic. While it's currently popular to position the development of the Indo-European language just north of the Black Sea, I believe it is more accurate to place it slightly further north at Lithuania. Lithuania is the mid-line between east and west IE language groups, and it has coast on one side and steppe on the other, which is appropriate for a people with horse and ship culture. At the same time as the invasion in the Atlantic, IE speakers invaded south into Greece and Turkey, and southeast into Persia, India, and China. This position in Lithuania permits relatively easy access to the Atlantic by ship, to the Black Sea via river routes, and overland across the steppe to the Himalayas and Altai Mountains. D) The proto IE speaking people was probably the Narva civilization, which goes back to about 6000 BC, and stretched from the Gulf of Finland to the Oder. They would have had trade access along the same paths as the much later Vikings. They had cloth, pottery, woodworking, stone tools, and ships, same as everybody else. Of course, looking at this information you may reach different conclusions. But it's the perspective I've formed over time, based on the info and disregarding orthodoxies.

Its actually Madeira, Portugal but not sure of the exact name of the town. Hope that helps!

@@auld_boy Thanks.

Hi Louis, I was referencing the works of Barry Cunliffe and John T Koch as well as Javier Rodríguez-Corral which isn’t saying culture castreña was specifically from the Bronze Age, but that it emerged due to the adaptation and evolution of local Atlantic Bronze Age groups over a period of time in the aftermath of the collapse of the Atlantic Bronze Age trade network.

@@auld_boy - I beg to strongly disagree, following the likes of Venceslas Kruta ("father of Celtology") and more local Spanish professors like Martín Almagro-Gorbea (who I often disagree with but in this case I do appreciate, maybe because it's old materials from 1984, a university manual anyhow). The Celts originated (along with the Italics) in Central Europe in the Tumuli culture and its direct successor the Urnfields culture of the middle and late Bronze Age respectively. The latter spread to various areas but notably North Italy (where it produced Italics but also Celts in the area of Lombardy) and, along the right bank of the Rhône (thin strip of archaeological findings) to Languedoc and Catalonia, where they were probably Celts as well. In Iberia they expanded much as the Italics did in Italy both in the Urnfields period and in the later phases of the Iron Age, which in Iberia show influences of Hallstatt culture (surely already of Celtic hegemony or entirely Celtic) but not of the last major Celtic culture (La Tène, since c. 500 BCE). This is because Celts, like most Indoeuropeans (the only exception in those days being Greeks and Lycians) were not good at sailing but a land-based culture which prefered hilly or flat environments. And thus was the landscape of their main expansion: the Ebro Valley first, the Northern Iberian Plateau later and then they did cross some mountains finally into Galicia and the Southern Iberian Plaetau, even had to retreat to them under Iberian pressure surely, producing the Celtiberians in the south and probably also the Arvernians in Gaul (they claimed to be much older than other Gauls and thus, although I'm unsure about their archaeological specifics, I feel they must be a byproduct of heavily armed refugees from Celtic Languedoc, which was also conquered by the Iberians c. 590 BCE). I'm aware that there's been some weird "theories" about Celtic origins but they are quite fringe and hard to believe. One places the Celtic roots in Hungary, the other in Iberia. Neither seems solid at all but very especially I do know quite well the prehistory of Iberia and it's clear that the Celts were intrusive in the whole area in the way I described in my previous comment. In fact, following Almagro-Gorbea 1984, I can give you a quite precise chronology of Celtic intrusion in the Iberian Peninsula (dates may be slightly pushed back because of modern C14 recalibration): 1220-590 BCE: Urnfields in NE Iberia (Catalonia primarily, also Ebro valley and Castellón province in the earliest Iron Age), some pockets may persist to c. 400 BCE but most of the area became part of the Iberian culture quite suddenly c. 590 BCE, also the date of foundation of the Phocaean/Massilian trading posts). Since c. 900 BCE: penetration in the Iberian plateau, with max. extension c. 700 BCE and losses to Iberian culture later on. Since c. 700 BCE: penetration into (mostly inland) Central Portugal (Lusitanian Castros). Since c. 600-500 BCE: penetration into Northwest (Galicia, North Portugal) and Southwest (South Portugal, Celtici of Alentejo) Re. the mapping, it must be said that there is a thin scatter of Celtic torques associated to the Cultura Castreña into Astur territory but with very low density (3 in total vs c. 40 in Galician historical boundaries), other Celtic artifacts like the "fíbulas" are limited to the Northern Plateau, the toponyms in seg- and -briga are also lacking in all the Asturian-Cantabrian territory (the only one in the northern coastal area is the Roman colonial foundation of Flaviobriga, probably my own very city of Bilbao, not really Celtic at all), they are common instead in the Plateau, Central Portugal and Galicia, as well as in the Celtiberian country. In any case the Atlantic Bronze, not just in Iberia but also in Britain and Ireland, etc. was pre-Celtic and pre-Indoeuropean. They were mostly conquered by the Celts, who were the ones, along with the Phoenicians, to bring the Iron Age (i.e. steel weapons and tools) to the Peninsula (and other areas of Western Europe). The big survivor was Tartessos but eventually they seem to have been fallen under Phoenician influence. All the rest is history.

@@auld_boy Hey Auld_boy, saw this comment by Luis, about two weeks ago I had left a comment about the Ebro river you might like in your Phrygian/Brigantes Video. I’ll copy and paste the comment for you. Luis, I appreciate your work, and I DID NOT know about the Catalonia/Ebro river vector for Celtic influence into Iberia! Previous comment from other video: 1. Granada Spain, formerly known as Elibryge. Probable connection to Elis, (land of the Cacones and the Paroreatae) northern Arcadia. Around Northern Arcadia, you have the places such as Acroreia, Prygos, Cleitor, Psophis (possibly connected to Ophis, now known as Of, Turkey), and Pheneus. Around Pheneus you have Mount Kyllini, famous for the Hermaea. (Maybe a Carnaval/Saturnalia connection). Also near Mount Aroania. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheneus 2. Psophis was also known as the daughter of Eryx, with connections to Sicily, specifically Elymians (Possible Ellis connection again? The Trapani area. Birgi Vecchi (Old Birgi?) is a neighborhood of Trapani. Also the name of the airport Trapani-Birgi.) EDIT: Also an interesting coincidence that my search for the name “Adymus” showed a cluster of famous people from the Trapani region. 3. Ebro River, Spain, another Iver/Iber connection, and considered a possible source for the name Iberia in Spain. This river system seems to be a great riverine/land route into to Basque Country, Castile and into Galicia. Possible connections to both the Ibar River in Serbia, and the Maritsa river (formerly Evros) river in Bulgaria. Tortosa is the largest modern city in the Ebro Delta. Pharaoh Taharqa (Tearcon the Ethiopian) rumored to have led an expedition at nearby Tarragona. EDIT: The Camino de Santiago route and the Ebro River would meet at Logrono. The Ebro might have been the initial primary route into the northern interior, and this route would have remained important for trade.

@@DataBeingCollected - TY, I didn't see your comment before because I was not mentioned with "@". Glad that some people see what I say with interest, I believe it's worth pondering about.