Slight correction: the example given for dissimilation is actually another example of assimilation. Otherwise, 10/10 video (:

(2:30) In Swedish, definite is a suffix of a word, so "äpple" becomes "äpplet", and "katt" becomes "katten". You could apply the same trick to English by going with "apple"→"thapple", and "cat"→"thicat".

(7:15) /y/ and /ø/ are very intuitive when you're a speaker of a Nordic language. Those symbols are used for those sounds. "yla" /y:lä/, øga /ø:gä/.

impressive, btw, my favourite sound change is in Old Norse, -nnr > -ðr, e.g. mannr > maðr

Fun fact: some dialects of Yiddish have a s-ʃ merger (also an i-u merger), meaning the word for "foot" (originally "fus") and "fish" ("fish") both became "fis". To resolve the ambiguity, they added the Belarussian translation, so "foot" became "fisnohe" and "fish" became "fisribe". EDIT: Northeastern Yiddish specifically

I would add some caveats to sound change rules. Regarding rule 1 - if a language is written and the orthographic standard is retained for a long time, it can actually have an effect on future sound changes through mechanisms like hypercorrection and deliberate archaism in connection with sociolinguistic factors (prestige etc). Instances like that break rule 1. As for rule 2 - this is essentially the neogrammarian hypothesis defined a bit more narrowly, but basically, it just doesn't hold true. It holds true for the *vast majority* of changes, but there are almost always exceptions. Consider vowel lengthening in "off" and "often" in Received Pronunciation: This change does not affect, e.g. offal nor offer. Now sure, you could create a convoluted phonological hypothesis for this (change only occurs in monosyllabic words or in the first syllable of a disyllabic word where the second syllable has a nasal coda), but the far simpler explanation is that the change is incidental to a specific word or set of words, or indeed you could argue that it is governed by grammatical categories - prepositions and adverbs yes, anything else no. But even if you reject that, the point remains that languages *occasionally* feature sound changes that affect only a handful of words (or even just a single word) with no sensibly identifiable phonological reason.

I'm working on a world occupied my humanoids (which resemble *nymphs*) and a specific mountain-dwelling ethnic group of them called Oreads (named after mountain nymphs in Greek mythology). They live in high altitudes with little vegetation so they evolved specialized sensitive ears to help them hunt. These ears allow them to hear the slightest differences in pronunciation from far away and enable their languages to have vast phonemic inventories beyond regular human speech. Here is my detailed phonological evolution from ancient Proto North Nymphic to the remote Modern Oread language and how 22 proto consonants & 6 proto vowels gradually became 260 consonants, 27 vowels and 12 diphthongs: Proto North Nymphic Consonants bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar epiglottal glottal plosive *p b *t *d *k *g *ʔ fricative *ɸ β *θ *ð *s *z *x *ɣ *ħ nasal *m *n approximant *l *j *w trill *r Vowels front mid high high i u mid e ə o low ɑ Proto North Nymphic to Old Pasture: oʔ < o̰ (creaky voice from glottal plosive) st < t͡s (afficate creating metathesis) ami < äm (i-mutation) tət < tː (schwa dropping between identical consonants) dit < did (consonant voicing harmony) kθ, ft < t̪͡θ (non-sibilant dental affricates from dental fricative + any plosive) sp < p͡ɸ (afficate creating metathesis) sk < k͡x (afficate creating metathesis) Old Pasture: Consonants bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar glottal short long short long short long plosive voiced b bː d dː g gː devoiced p pː t tː k kː ʔ affricat voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðː d͡z d͡zː devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θː t͡s t͡sː k͡x k͡xː fricative voiced β βː ð ðː z zː ɣ ɣː devoiced ɸ ɸː θ θː s sː x xː h nasal plain m mː n nː creaky m̰ n̰ trill r rː approximant j w lateral affricate t͡ɬ t͡ɬː approximant l lː Vowels front mid back unrounded rounded unrounded rounded plain creaky plain creaky plain creaky plain creaky high i ḭ y y̰ ɯ ɯ̰ u ṵ mid e ḛ ø ø̰ ə ɤ ɤ̰ o o̰ low æ æ̰ ɑ ɑ̰ Old Pasture to Tectonic Pasture: təʔ < tʼ (ejectives from schwa dropping between plosives and glottals) rk < (ʁq) (rhotic becomes approximate before consonants, yields retroflex and uvular allophones from alveolars and velars, respectively) itə < iːt (schwa dropping with compensentory lengthening) iħu < iu (intervocalic epiglottal fricative vanishes and surrounding vowels become diphthongs) Tectonic Pasture: Consonants bilabial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar uvular glottal short/long short/long short/long short/long short/long plosive voiced b bː d dː (ɖ) (ɖː) g gː (ɢ) (ɢː) devoiced p pː t tː (ʈ) (ʈː) k kː (q) (qː) ʔ ejective pʼ pːʼ tʼ tːʼ (ʈʼ) (ʈːʼ) kʼ kːʼ (qʼ) (qːʼ) affricate voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðː d͡z d͡zː (ɖ͡ʐ) (ɖ͡ʐː) devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θː t͡s t͡sː (ʈ͡ʂ) (ʈ͡ʂː) k͡x k͡xː (q͡χ) (q͡χː) ejective p͡ɸʼ p͡ɸːʼ t̪͡θʼ t̪͡θːʼ t͡sʼ t͡sːʼ (ʈ͡ʂʼ) (ʈ͡ʂːʼ) k͡xʼ k͡xːʼ (q͡χʼ) (q͡χʼ) fricative voiced β βː ð ðː z zː (ʐ) (ʐː) ɣ ɣː (ʁ) (ʁː) devoiced ɸ ɸː θ θː s sː (ʂ) (ʂː) x xː (χ) (χː) h nasal plain m mː n nː (ɳ) (ɳː) creaky m̰ n̰ (ɳ̰) trill r rː approximant (ɻ ) j w lateral affricate t͡ɬ t͡ɬː ejective t͡ɬʼ t͡ɬːʼ approximant l lː Vowels front back unrounded rounded unrounded rounded short long creaky short long creaky short long creaky short long creaky high i iː ḭ y yː y̰ ɯ ɯː ɯ̰ u uː ṵ mid e eː ḛ ø øː ø̰ ɤ ɤː ɤ̰ o oː o̰ low æ æː æ̰ ɑ ɑː ɑ̰ diphthongs plain iu ui æy oi ɑi ɑu creaky ḭṵ ṵḭ æ̰y̰ o̰ḭ ɑ̰ḭ ɑ̰ṵ Tectonic Pasture to Oread: sn < n̥ (consonant coallescence turns consonant clusters into new 'hybrid' consonants) dj < dʲ dw < dʷ kj < c lj < ʎ lkxj < c͡ʎ̥̝ fr < r̥ rħ < ʜ uj < ɥ ng < ŋ lː < ɬː (geminated lateral approximant becomes voiceless and turns into a long lateral fricative) æ, e< ɛ (short /æ/ & /e/ merge with /ɛ/) ɑ, ɤ < ʌ (short /ɑ/ & /ɤ/ merge with /ʌ/) ɯ, u< ʊ (short /ɯ/ & /u/ merge with /ʊ/) Consonants plosive voiced *b bʲ bː bːʲ *d dʷ dʲ dː dːʷ dːʲ ɖ ɖʷ ɖː ɖːʷ ɟ ɟʷ ɟː ɟːʷ *g gʷ gː gːʷ devoiced *p pʲ pː pːʲ *t tʷ tʲ tː tːʷ tːʲ ʈ ʈʷ ʈː ʈːʷ c cʷ cː cːʷ *k kʷ kː kːʷ q qʷ qʲ qː qːʷ qːʲ*ʔ ejective pʼpʲʼ pːʼpːʲʼ tʼ tʷʼ tʲʼ tːʼ tːʷʼ tːʲʼ ʈʼʈʷʼʈːʼ ʈːʷʼ cʼcʷʼ cːʼcːʷʼ kʼ kʷʼ kːʼ kːʷʼ qʼqʷʼqʲʼ qːʼqːʷʼqːʲʼ affricate voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðʷ d̪͡ðː d̪͡ðːʷ d͡z d͡zʷ d͡zː d͡zːʷ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʷ ɖ͡ʐːɖ͡ʐːʷ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʷd͡ʑːd͡ʑːʷ devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θʷ t̪͡θː t̪͡θːʷ t͡s t͡sʷ t͡sː t͡sːʷ ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʷ ʈ͡ʂː ʈ͡ʂːʷ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ t͡ɕː t͡ɕːʷ k͡x k͡xʷk͡xːk͡xːʷ q͡χ q͡χʷ q͡χːq͡χːʷ ejective p͡ɸʼp͡ɸːʼ t̪͡θʼ t̪͡θʷʼ t̪͡θːʼ t̪͡θːʷʼ t͡sʼ t͡sʷʼ t͡sːʼ t͡sːʷʼ ʈ͡ʂʼ ʈ͡ʂʷʼʈ͡ʂːʼ ʈ͡ʂːʷʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ɕʷʼ t͡ɕːʼ t͡ɕːʷʼk͡xʼk͡xʷʼk͡xːʼk͡xːʷʼq͡χʼq͡χʷʼq͡χːʼq͡χːʷʼ fricative voiced *β βʲ βː βːʲ *ð ðʷ ðʲ ðː ðːʷ ðːʲ *z zʷ zː zːʷ ʐ ʐʷ ʐː ʐːʷ ʑ ʑʷ ʑː ʑːʷ *ɣ ɣʷ ɣː ɣːʷ ʁ ʁʷʁʲ ʁːʁːʷʁːʲ devoiced *ɸ ɸʲ ɸː ɸːʲ *θ θʷ θʲ θː θːʷ θːʲ *s sʷ sː sːʷ ʂ ʂʷ ʂː ʂːʷ ɕ ɕʷ ɕː ɕːʷ *x xʷ xː xːʷ χ χʷχʲ χːχːʷχːʲ h nasal voiced *m mː *n nː ɳ ɳː ɲ ɲː ŋ ŋʷ ŋː ŋːʷ devoiced m̥ n̥ ɳ̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̊ ŋ̊ʷ creaky m̰ n̰ ɳ̰ ɲ̰ ŋ̰ ŋ̰ʷ approximant *j ɥ *w trill voiced *r rː ʜ devoiced r̥ r̥ː lateral affricate devoiced t͡ɬ t͡ɬʷ t͡ɬː t͡ɬːʷ c͡ʎ̥̝ c͡ʎ̥̝ː ejective t͡ɬʼ t͡ɬʷʼ t͡ɬːʼ t͡ɬːʷʼ c͡ʎ̥̝ʼ c͡ʎ̥̝ːʼ fricative ɬ ɬː approximant *l ʎ vowels: *iː, ḭ, yː, y̰ ɯː, ɯ̰, *uː, ṵ *ɪ, ʏ *ʊ *eː, ḛ, øː, ø̰ ɤː, ɤ̰, *oː, o̰ *ɛ, œ *ʌ, *ɔ æː, æ̰ *ɑː, ɑ̰ ɪu̯ ʊi̯ œy̆ ɔi̯ æi̯ ɑu̯ ɪ̰ṵ ʊ̰ḭ œ̰y̰ ɔ̰ḭ æ̰ḭ ɑ̰ṵ

this dude deserves more subscribes

Maybe after all is said and done, Examplish's aspirated sounds could lenify into fricatives: /ph/ > /f/, /bh/ > /v/, /kh/ > /x/, etc.

This is before watching but just remember that sounds shifting does not always constitute a new language, or even the introduction of a new sound. If, for example, unvoiced stops become voiced between vowels, this does not mean your language has voiced stops. All it means is that voiced stops are an ALLAPHONIC VARIATION of unvoiced stops. Like how in english, we actually have a palatal fricative, it's just an allaphone of /h/ (e.g "hue"). Tbis applies to all sound changes. English also has allophonic aspirated stops and, in many varieties of American English, an allophonic tap sound. Also on thing to note is that sound changes should verrryyyy roughly aim to make the language easier to speak. It doesn't make sense for a sound change to spread if it is impractical. However, what counts as "easier to speak" depends on lots of things. FINALLY, note that, if you're aiming for the evolution of a new language, you will always have to change grammar and vocabulary too. New words will be introduced to the language, prefixes and suffixes will degrade over time, new grammatical distinctions wil be added, loan words can be introduced and changed over time, etc... all of these are just as important as the changing of sounds in your language.

This is the quality content I like to see

Sandhi संधी from Sanskrit meaning 'to join'

NASALIZATION ALSO KNOW AS... FRENCH I laughed waaaay too hard at this lol

I love it! thank you!

In polish once were the sound é [e], which generally evolved in e [ε], but exact evolution of it were different depending on the grammar, old endings -éj [ej] and -ém [em] become -y [ɨ] and -em [εm] in nouns, but -ej [εj] and -ym [ɨm] in adjectives

This has become my favourite conlang channel, love it

Awesome! Can’t wait for the other videos in this, I can never do grammatical or lexical evolution right

Wonderful stuff, rigam! This taught me a good few new things about conlanging! Your explanation indeed adds a new perspective and new info about sound changes which I've not come across in the other conlanger channels I follow Can't wait to see more from ya! And yes, I can agree I prefer not to use formal notation x3

0:50 I don't think that's always true. Southern US English dialects were historically non-rhotic, but they've now became rhotic again recently.

This is the most useful video on this topic I've found

this video should have more views and this channel more subscribers

Love it!

3:07 French all dramatic like a smash intro is so stupid I laughed

(1:20) Interesting fact, there's an official ISO language code for Sentinelese, being "std". In case it's an actual real language, so it has forward compatibility. Now if we only could get some samples of that presumable language, that would be lovely.

Great video! It sums up many things I have been telling my friends about I also have this one sound (or word?) change that happens quite frequently in my native language (and so in my conlangs): the reanalysis. It happens to 'smoothen' the word, It has to do with politeness in my language. Like, some sounds might be considered as 'too sacred' etc For example, many old-Sundanese /w/ sounds become "nc" /ɲt͡ʃ/ in modern Sundanese sawah > sanca, rawa > ranca, kiwa > kénca, labah > lawah > lancah, etc

A great video! The way you present the information is very easy to understand. A little bit fast for me. Though, I'm not a native English speaker.

Hello! Excellent video, you're an amazing resource. Do you have a Twitter?

/ber/ is even worse outside of England; in my NZ accent bear/beer/bare/bier are all merged, rivalled only by peer/pear/pier/pare/pair

Dissimilation is when sounds become less similar, not become more similar but it's spreading bacwards. Also aspirated voiced stops aren't actually aspirated, they are murmured/breathu voiced stops which come from completely different processes from where aspiratiom comes from, so the scenario you created is pretty unrealistic.

Gotta say it - you have difficulty with front rounded vowels! ;) They're coming out a bit centralised, and the ones that are supposed to be close are rather lowered. Otherwise great work.

You forgot one of my fav sound changes: palatalization (ti->chi)

Rhotics become /n/? I dont see any rhotics in old examplish C table. Please explain

In German, we also had a pretty big sound shift, which especially divides southern German from northern German dialects and especially English. For example is water in northern German Water, and in southern German Wasser, in southern German it's das and was, in northern German it's dat and wat, also things like Appel, in northern German, became Apfel in southern German, so many strong consonants turned into... Uh idk, softer, longer variants

"also known as *F R E N C H*" lmfaoooo

Also, epenthesis is not only for consonants. Vowel epenthesis exists and is well documented, for instance in Sanskrit (svarabhakti) and in the Q-Celtic languages!

Cave Man 1 to Cave Man 2: ''I say, Aloysius... how about we all agree about case theory, person, gender, syntax, suffixes, prefixes and all that other stuff needed for effective verbal communication before we commit to any kind of language? What do you say to that, old fellow? Cave Man 2: ''Uggah bougghahhh?!'' (Translation: Uggah bougghahhha)

Can someone help me find a lenition chart? Im trying to lenate or fortify ʃ, but i cant find a chart to help me and i cant think of what it would lenate to

I think Celtic initial consonant mutations break your Rule 1.

The only complain i have about the video is the excesive megaphone. Once or twice it would be funny perhaps, but so much it becomes intrusive and actualyl hurts my ears

"Nasty consonant clusters" laughs in Québécois.

/ç/ will also very likely become /ʃ/ (English's SH sound), so "titűj" would be pronounced /ti.tyʃ/. Also, your pronunciation of /ç/ sounds a lot more like /ʃ~ɕ/, so why not? Either that, or have /ç/ shift back to /x/ and /x/ shift back to /h/, then the old /x/, now /h/, gets lost, like in English ("night" /naɪt/, where German has "Nacht" /naxt/). This will give your language an orthography a bit more like Spanish (J = /x/ in Spanish, jajaja) Fun fact: Spanish actually had the letter J represent /ʃ/ before it shifted backwards to modern /x/, hence spellings like "ejemplos" whilst Portuguese has "exemplo".

9:24 if the distinction isn't phonemic, would it be spelled?

correction on Mandarin: the sounds should be the same as the English ones, as you were using tenuis (unvoiced unaspirated) stops [p,t,k] for /b,d,g/. English is weird like that in that the "voicing" distinction is muddy Better examples would probably come from some Romance language where they actually voice their voices stops.

Nasalisation, also known as *FRENCH*

Hm, i thought this would be a video on phonological evolution of conlangs…

(3:12)nasalization also known as french😂😂😂(also you forgot the "a",nasaliztion.

Lizard woman? Oh, I got reverse-trapped...

6:47 your /y/ sounds so weird bro, lol

10:26 Your pronunciation of Menominee is wrong. It's pronounced Men-OM-ih-nee, with the emphasis on the 2nd syllable. I'm from Wisconsin and the Menominee Indian Reservation is located in my state.

Wow, we have so many damn vowels, there's a diacritic named after us. 😅 Go 🇭🇺

Phonology of Slovian Vowels A E Y O U Æ Consonants B C D F G H J K L M N P R S T W Z Þ DZ NJ

I pronounce it CAVLARY! not cavalry nor calvary

Man, why does everything up and coming conlang KZfaqrs gotta be brits? It makes my Irish potato blood scallop and bake! Aaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhh

Hinanese evolution Original phonology:a,e,o,k,t,p,f,s,h,m,n,w,l,y 22 letters,14 sounds Note:a and ae,k and g,t,th and d,p and b,s and z,n and ng and l and r are all pronounced the same Current phonology:a,ae,e,o,k,g,t,th,d,p,b,f,s,z,h,m,n,ng,w,l,r,y 22 letters,22 sounds

Footballandian phonology Vowels: /i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ /a/ Consonants: /p/ /t/ /c/ /b/ /d/ /g/ /f/ /s/ /x/ /m/ /n/ /r/ /ñ/ /į/ /ų/ /k/=c(before a,o,u),qu /s/=c(before e,i),s /į/ and /ų/ are isolated /r/ is trilled(coca cora???) h(silent) is used for vowel length /x/ is pronounced like a soft g Example:Ar(g/x???)entina Missing letters: k(replaced by c or qu because they sound the same) v(pronounced between f and b) Example:verano/ferano/berano??? z(pronounced between c,s and d) Example:usted/ustez/ustec??? Ogonek=Semivowel

Y'all be sayin /ˈsʌmpθ.ɪŋ/? I say /ˈsʌmθ.ɪŋ/ and everyone I know says /ˈsʌmθ.ɪŋ/ 2:55