The Retina - Bipolar Cells, Horizontal Cells, and Photoreceptors

Рет қаралды 76,386

3 жыл бұрын

This video explains how the cells in the retina can produce different rates of firing in the retinal ganglion cells.
Animation and voice-over by Laura Slusser.

Пікірлер: 66

@leenahmed147 Жыл бұрын

I couldn’t get my head around the topic even after 2 hours of reading on it, but this is so much clearer! Thank you sm

@hanna5510 Жыл бұрын

did you get what the horizontal does. it makes the same outcome ( in the case of inner light or inner black, souroundig opposite doesn^t it?

@annaw9043 3 ай бұрын

Hope I'll have the same experience, I never understood this

@Waikal_ Жыл бұрын

No words to describe how much this video helped me. Much thanks ❤

@michaelathackeray1092 3 жыл бұрын

This was a clear and helpful explanation of on and off bipolar cells. Thanks!

@ilaydamahmutoglu5942 3 жыл бұрын

Great job, I didn't understand in my lesson but it's super clear now, thank you

@Jaswanth_H_B Жыл бұрын

This is the best explanation ever!! If u r still alive, please continue making such videos!! They are of great help

@alicebrunner5533 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing work, thank you !

@galiyabanu 2 жыл бұрын

Very helpful and great animation, thank you !!!

@njchannel8013 2 жыл бұрын

finally professional analysis. thank you!

@rifqimuwaffaqssahab1501 Жыл бұрын

Such a great explanation. Thanks for make these topic so clear

@fartgirl7533 3 жыл бұрын

This was very helpful - thank you!

@gsammyyy Ай бұрын

Beating my head around this topic ended with this explanation. Thank you so much!!

@sammanesh1 2 жыл бұрын

Understood more in this lecture than 2 different 45 minute lectures I've seen

@quinnsmith5905 4 ай бұрын

Wonderful video, just what I needed before my exam this week! Thank you!

@michaelmuller136 2 жыл бұрын

That was well explained, thank you!

@user-ox3iw9eb3j 7 ай бұрын

Love your explanation. Thank you so much!

@karastorjohann8905 2 жыл бұрын

loved this explanation, thank you so much!

@loona7126 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing! And your voice is so calming

@yusufdustin5038 2 жыл бұрын

Instablaster.

@kevinojuruwa8699 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much..had many headaches trying to understand this. Thank you

@jojomaster5318 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you, this made me finally understand this topic

@ramrad5905 Жыл бұрын

That's great illustration

@enriquemeza1116 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing video, love sm your content omg

@user-nx6xs2ne3b 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you. you saved my life

@mjlee3285 3 жыл бұрын

great video, thank you!!

@burakozvit7480 Жыл бұрын

This was Amazing Thank you..

@sobysonics Ай бұрын

amazing video

@Maya-nn5hu 3 жыл бұрын

thankyou so much , helped me alot for Neuro

@ada0adamares 3 жыл бұрын

Gracias! Thank you!

@nofarh755 3 жыл бұрын

amazing thank you

@hm-eo2gy Ай бұрын

This helped me , THX ❤❤❤❤❤❤

@user-xm6ph3tm4s Ай бұрын

THANK YOU SOOO MUCH !!!!

@vab3r269 3 жыл бұрын

Great! Thank you :D

@obiohagwu788 3 жыл бұрын

perfect!

@reemyfawzy94 3 жыл бұрын

amazing

@innayatullahkhan1185 Жыл бұрын

Good Work, please make a video on the role of calcium channels in retina

@mehmetakifgunay1725 2 жыл бұрын

thanks a lot.

@asmaaroi2437 2 жыл бұрын

Thank u very much

@stevenciervo7384 Жыл бұрын

Do horizontal cells contribute the opposing signal of both the center cones and surround cones, or only of the surround cones? Additionally, when we are considering an off-center bipolar cell with an off-center and on-surround, we maximize the depolarization of the cell. However, since the horizontal cells contribute the opposing signal to that of the surround, is it reasonable to say that the off-bipolars are maximally excited because of both the higher rate of Glutamate from the off-cones to the off-center bipolars AND from the opposite signal of the more inhibitory surround cones (contributed to by the horizontal cells of the surround)? Your video states that there is lowered inhibition by the horizontal cells in this case, but can that be thought of as increasing the excitability of the center cones?

@Max-xl7bn 2 жыл бұрын

Should specify in the beginning that the activation of the Off bipolar cell is in dark situation, because you are switching from light situation to dark situation without much context except the release of glutamate and the background.

@gabrielab5453 2 жыл бұрын

Why is the entirely white image faster than bright center dark surround?

@AsiaUmarMasud-je3ii 11 ай бұрын

Please can you talk about the Synaptic organisation of the retina

@omercan5996 3 жыл бұрын

its ok with one cone or rod cell but when it comes to multiple its hard to get idea

@zaynabahmad4786 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot! Does the horizontal cells also release glycine? And do you have a reference for a close-up read on the receptive fields of bipolar cells? :)

@lauraslusser8710 3 жыл бұрын

Great question! Actually, the mechanism of the synapse from horizontal cells to rods/cones is not very well understood. One hypothesis is that the horizontal cells release GABA onto the photoreceptors (as shown in this video), but some scientists think it happens via ephaptic coupling or Pannexin 1, which is beyond the scope of this video. If you're looking for a good textbook, I'd recommend Principles of Human Physiology, 6th ed. by Cindy Stanfield. Have a great day, and good luck in all your endeavors!

@zaynabahmad4786 3 жыл бұрын

@@lauraslusser8710 Thank you a whole lot! And likewise to you :D

@DaninWasHere Жыл бұрын

So do the surround photoreceptors not synapse onto their own bipolar cells? Only to horizontal cells?

@offirb1 4 ай бұрын

At minute 2:32 it said that on on bipolar cell it gets depolarize. But, should it be the opposite? Depolarize on off dipolar cell?

@aribaquidwai2986 3 жыл бұрын

What are the RGC situations for light center light surround when ON bipolar

@lauraslusser8710 3 жыл бұрын

Light-center means that the center photoreceptor is releasing less glutamate. Light-surround means that the surround photoreceptors are causing less inhibition. So we have less signal, but we also have less inhibition from the horizontal cell. For an ON bipolar cell, this results in a medium rate of firing for the RGC. From this information, you can't determine a discrete number for exactly how much it's firing, but the important part is how you compare it to different situations. Light-center, light-surround will produce less RGC firing than light-center, dark surround (maximum RGC firing). Light-center, light-surround will produce greater RGC firing than dark-center, light-surround (minimum RGC firing). I hope that helps, and have a great day!

@aquadan3592 11 ай бұрын

helo, i thought it was backwards? on depolarizes and OFF hyperpolarizes?

@halima2953 2 жыл бұрын

Great vidéo ! Only one question What if we had no lights both on the center and the surround?

@erfanem1164 2 жыл бұрын

ahmagh

@halima2953 2 жыл бұрын

@@erfanem1164 ??

@erfanem1164 2 жыл бұрын

@@halima2953 bro when theres no light nothing happens what do you mean

@halima2953 2 жыл бұрын

@@erfanem1164 I meant the behavior of the 3 types of cells

@katieharrison3223 2 жыл бұрын

Here's my attempt at this: - if it's an ON-bipolar cell, no light would mean the *center* photoreceptor would release glutamate and the bipolar cell would hyperpolarize because the cation channels would be closed (sending no signal to the ganglion cell); the *surround* photoreceptors would also release glutamate in the dark and the horizontal (interneuron) cells connecting them to the bipolar cell will inhibit their glutamate release, causing the bipolar cell actually to depolarize. So it would be a medium strength signal due to spatial summation. There will be both hyperpolarization of the center and depolarization of the surround. - if it's an OFF-bipolar cell, no light would create the opposite effect - the *center* would depolarize and the *surround* would hyperpolarize, resulting in a medium strength signal.

@keepitsimple3042 3 жыл бұрын

💝

@user-tw5sh3bl2r 2 жыл бұрын

I have poor resolution. I can barely diagnose things what could it be?

@enfissione8297 11 ай бұрын

Ignoring horizontal cells is bad. Plus i don't think they only release gaba to the center cones, they do it with all cones or rods?

@enfissione8297 11 ай бұрын

At least no paper i've read says that horizontal cells only inhibit cones in the center of their receptive field, so this model is incorrect according to what i know. But i can be wrong, not pretending to know it all or trying to be disrespectful

@robertmontgomery3892 2 ай бұрын

To better understand this subject you need to go back to the research conducted by Hubel and Wiesel during the second half of the 20th Century. That was the foundation that lead to an understanding for the visual system. Their initial paper was published back around 1960 when I was in Jr. High School. I became interested in the subject in the mid to late 1960s and built an "artificial retina" using an IBM 1620 Computer a couple of years later.