The Simple Math that Led Einstein to Relativity
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2 ай бұрынEinstein turned the world on its head in November of 1919, when data collected during a solar eclipse matched the predictions of his Theory of General Relativity. But Einstein’s path to discovering his theory traces back much further, to when he was 12 years old and he first learned about an ancient mathematical method…
Special thank you to Professor @AlexKontorovichMath of Rutgers University and Museum of Mathematics (MoMath) for his help and participation.
Additional credits:
Giacomo Belletti - camera
Brandt Adams - newscaster voice
Kolja Gjoni - drum roll
Valentin Cazako - help with creating the “Pringle chip” model and 3D animations
Music from Epidemic Sound and Envato Elements.
Thank you to Joel Simser (@CreateSmarter) for valuable feedback on edits, and everybody else who gave me feedback and advice during this process.
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This video was originally inspired by a 2015 article by Steven Strogatz in The New Yorker Magazine about Einstein’s proof of the Pythagorean Theorem: www.newyorker.com/tech/annals...
“Einstein, His Life and Universe” by Walter Isaacson served as a primary source for the biographical details: amzn.to/3TxtJRS
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To learn more about Special Relativity and Minkowski space-time:
@Mahesh_Shenoy - The Triplet Paradox - • The triplet paradox!
'We all move at speed of light through spacetime'.. What does it really mean? - • 'We all move at speed ...
@MinutePhysics - SpaceTime Intervals: Not EVERYTHING is Relative | Special Relativity Ch. 7 - • Spacetime Intervals: N...
To learn more about General Relativity:
@veritasium - Why Gravity is NOT a Force - • Why Gravity is NOT a F...
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*A Note about how I use AI generated images in my videos*
The emerging ability of artificial intelligence to generate compelling images from text prompts opens new possibilities for compelling storytelling. However, when mixed with real historical imagery, as is in my video, it has the potential to create confusion, or worse, if not handled properly.
I have set a few guidelines for my use of AI generated images in this video so that a viewer can easily understand which images are real photographs and which are synthetically generated:
ALL images that have been placed in a “frame” (eg a border that resembles an old photo print, etc) are REAL historical images.
ALL images that include Einstein's full face, as well as all World War I related images, are REAL historical images.
I have used Midjourney AI to create “stock” image elements including backgrounds, illustrations, and objects.
I have used Midjourney AI to create some images that are implied to be of Einstein. In these, Einstein’s face is FULLY OR PARTIALLY OBSCURED.
Please send me a message or drop a comment and I'll be happy to clarify any specific images.
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Items that Appear in the Video:
•“Notes for an Autobiography” by Albert Einstein - originally published in the Saturday Review of Literature, November 26, 1949
•Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws: Minutes from an Infinite Paradise - Manfred Schroeder - amzn.to/3viq1n6
•Documents from Einstein’s Studies at the Zurich Polytechnical Institute - tinyurl.com/33ds27xa
•On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies - Albert Einstein - tinyurl.com/42hmyftj
•Space and Time: Minkowski’s Papers on Relativity - Hermann Minkowski - tinyurl.com/5n79k9ef
•An Introduction to Riemannian Geometry - tinyurl.com/yc5x2ac7
•The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein - einsteinpapers.press.princeto...
•A Peek Into Einstein’s Zurich Notebook - John D. Norton - tinyurl.com/4w2df5xt
•Hilbert Paper - tinyurl.com/3mdcercw
•Solar Eclipse Maps from 1911 - 1920 - tinyurl.com/3p8pmx8b
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Additional Sources:
•Relativity: The Special and General Theory - Albert Einstein - amzn.to/43xh4Tx
•Richard Feynman’s lecture on the Special Theory of Relativity - www.feynmanlectures.caltech.e...
•Hermann Minkowski’s Spacetime: The Theory That Einstein Overlooked - David D. Nolte - tinyurl.com/27aa9nw5
•How Einstein Lost His Bearings, and with them, General Relativity - Kevin Hartnett - tinyurl.com/3zv5awwk
•The 1919 Eclipse Results that verified General Relativity and their later detractors: a story retold - Gerard Gilmore and Gudrun Tausch-Pebody - tinyurl.com/54p2e4kt
•Marcel Grossman and his contribution to the General Theory of Relativity - T. Sauer - tinyurl.com/5ate8m6r
•Einstein’s Pathway to General Relativity - John D. Norton - tinyurl.com/3mjajz4c
Photos:
•Wikimedia Commons - commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ma...
•Leo Baeck Institute - tinyurl.com/f6vt5uhk
Note: Amazon links are affiliate links which help support the channel at no additional cost to you.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you for watching! I hope you enjoyed this one as much as I enjoyed making it. I'm thinking about what story from the history of mathematics to tell in my next video, so please drop a comment if you have a suggestion!
@user-ky5dy5hl4d 5 күн бұрын
This video twists a lot of things out of physics, truth and facts about Einstein. Axioms are entities accepted by humanity as evident truths. So, if I - by algebra - start shuffling the Pythagorean theorem by algebra rules and then begin working backwards by different algebra rules, I will come back to the point of my start. By multiplying a^2+b^2=c^2 by a constant and then during reversal and by using a different algebraic method I will come back to the original equation. So, the proof is circular here and really it does not prove anything besides the well established fact of Pythagorean theorem. It is not true that Einstein was the first to come up with the idea of relativity. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein who was not a mathematician but physicist. Einstein was bad at math. Grossman and his wife Mileva were doing math for Einstein. The video makes a blunder at 18:31; the astronaut depicted is surrounded by gravity constantly for gravity is in Universe's space all over. It is because the gravity that the astronaut is in FREE FALL and not isolated from gravity. This is the cardinal mistake that physics students make in class thinking that a spaceman is floating because there is no gravity in his surrounding. THERE IS GRAVITY THERE but he is in precisely free fall because of gravity. Einstein stole lost of ideas and works of other people. For example the Schwartzchild's metric tensors were incoroporated in GR by Einstein and Einstein worked on them but could not come up because tensor math is extremely difficult and Einstein was not a mathematician and the tensors are not his. Einstein never gave the definition of time. How can one work with time with no definition of it? Also, space is not a flat sheet of cloth on which stars and planets are placed. Time can't have a direction as depicted on the space-time diagram because we are dealing with something substantial (space; we can measure it as a volume ) and an elusive entity (time) which can't be measured with a sentient device. Therefore, clocks have nothing to do with time for a clock does not feel time and moreover clocks have nothing to do with time as you try to measure time with a broken clock. Does a broken clock have anything to do with time? No, a broken clock or efficient clock have nothing to do with time not even atomic clocks. Einstein did not come up with anything new and he did not come up with E=mc^. The equation of E=mc^2 DOES NOT belong to Einstein ! ! ! Before him there was Samuel Tolver Preston who developed the theory of relativity even before Einstein was born. Einstein is not the maker of E=mc^2. In Einstein's first paper about energy and mass, E=mc2 doesn't actually appear anywhere-he originally wrote the formula as m=L/c2. It was the Italian amateur physicist Olinto de Pretto who published E=mc^2 in 1903 and Einstein's Italian friend physicist Besso was given that equation by Olinto. Besso took that equation and gave it to Einstein. And Einstein plagiarized it changing the equation later on. Einstein was a plagiarist. Link: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nNl_lcRj2tbQmqs.html
@CreateSmarter Ай бұрын
Wow Ben! This must've been a huge undertaking. Amazing video, full of wonderful visual explanations and put together extremely well. Great music choices, great story. Love the addition of the interview with Professor Alex K! You should be very proud of this.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you Joel! I learned a lot making this and I'm proud of the result. I definitely appreciated your notes at the end on some of the finer adjustments too.
@70mavgr Ай бұрын
Besides Minkowski and Grossman, Einstein also received help from Constantine Caratheodory, a Greek Mathematician considered one of the best of the 20th century. Caratheodory researched and wrote his PhD under the supervision of Minkowski at the University of Gottingen.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Wow I will look him up, thank you. I knew that Einstein consulted with other mathematicians as well, but I didn't encounter their specific stories in most of the sources that I consulted.
@feynmanschwingere_mc2270 Ай бұрын
Dirac needed the help of Weyl and Oppenheimer for his famous Dirac equation. Leibniz published calculus before Newton did. And consulted the works of Fermat and Descartes before publishing the error-riddled masterpiece Principia Mathematica. There is no such thing as a "lone" genius. Einstein's "problems" in mathematics didn't stop him from predicting stimulated and spontaneous emission; nor entanglement; nor Bose-Einstein Condensates; etc. And in your video, you make a glaring omission: the REASON Einstein BEAT Hilbert to the final field equations of General Relativity is precisely because Einstein understood the necessity of a coordinate system that was generally covariant - Hilbert did NOT grasp this until it was too late (even though as the premier mathematician of his day, he should have known this). The video does a great job of humanizing Einstein, foibles and all, while treating the other characters with a deference that they don't deserve. Michelle Besso deserves a bit of a shout out for helping Einstein as well. For instance, you make no mention of the fact that it was Einstein's openeness to share his ideas with Hilbert after Hilbert invited Einstein to Gottingen to give lectures on relativity theory that LED to Hilbert trying to "nostrify" Einstein's work. You also don't make it entirely clear that it was more likely than not that Hilbert had copied ideas from Einstein from reading a preprint of his November 1914 paper. You'd think Hilbert, not Schwardschild, would have come up with the first exact solutions to GR. And you'd think Grossman, as the professional mathematician, would have identified general covariance as a necessary framing for making use of a coordinate system, but they did not. You should also do a deep dive on how Heisenberg needed Max Borns MATH and how Born, not Heisenberg, but matrix mechanics into quantum theory. Also do a deep dive on how Einstein got about 33% of the way to what is now known as The Schrodinger Equation, and that without Einsteins direct help, Schrodinger likely never gets to discover the very thing he's most famous for (as Schrodinger always acknowledged). Or how Max Born credited Einstein with the idea of probability waves. It's become en vogue to declare all the "help" Einstein got as a way to humanize him. However, the opposite is also true. Einstein GAVE a lot of help to scientists who took his ideas without attribution and he often gets overlooked for ideas he came up with. De Broglie is a great example. He took Einsteins equations in his 1906 - 1909 papers on quantization of energy and applied them to a gas of electrons, rather than photons as Einstein had done, and got matter waves. Or how Einstein predicted the boson (which really should be called an Einsteinion) after Schrodinger completely misunderstood Bose's paper so thoroughly, Einstein had to write a letter to Schrodinger showing an example of the new quantum statistics (e.g. 1/3 instead of 1/2).
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
@@feynmanschwingere_mc2270 Hi, thank you for watching my little video and for taking the time to write this very thoughtful comment. You are certainly right on these points about the people and information that I left out of my video. In fact, I very much wanted to include something about Besso, AND more detail about Einstein and Hilbert's relationship. However, this video's runtime of 30 minutes very much pushed me to my limit as a fledgling video creator, so I had to cut fairly ruthlessly, keeping the total number of historical "characters" introduced in my narrative at 6 (Einstein, Minkowski, Grossmann, Riemann, Hilbert, Eddington) and leaving out any detail that would provide more refinement to other people involved besides Einstein. (As far as the discussion of WHY Einstein beat Hilbert, it is a fascinating detail but I thought that it could be a little bit too "in the weeds" for a general audience). Do you have any favorite books or resources that you would recommend to viewers who are interested in learning more about these figures and the relationships that you describe?
@sphakamisozondi 14 сағат бұрын
@@feynmanschwingere_mc2270Poincaré contributed to SR by suggesting that the physics should be the same for all observers, regardless of the reference frame. When discussing GR and SR, people always omit his name. Remember, this is the backbone of RT, as it uses coordinate and Lorentz transformations to preserve Poincaré's "principle."
@nadionmediagroup Ай бұрын
This is awesome. Your visuals compliments the concept and you explain it well. Not too easy, but not too dense either.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you!
@nadionmediagroup Ай бұрын
@@bensyversen you set a high bar too early. no pressure 😉 your style is really good. It’s “accessible” but not condescendingly “dumbed down” like I’ve seen. It’s a tough concept at once but you break it into pieces that explain it in chunks.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
@@nadionmediagroup Haha, yes I've thought about that. :-0 This one took me four months to make if you include the time spent figuring out the concept/framing of the story. Now it's time for a few shorter, more concise videos I think!
@nathan9901 Ай бұрын
@@bensyversenyeah, I could tell. I just watched your archimedes video and clicked on this one and had to check that I was on the same channel cuz the lengths were so different
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
@@nathan9901 Yeah. Seems like people are voting with their eyeballs and telling me that shorter is better, at least for now. Gonna stick with shorter and more concise videos for the next few.
@Mahesh_Shenoy Ай бұрын
Whether gravity is fictitious (just an artefact of accelerated frames) or real (contains tidal forces that cannot be co-ordinate transformed) is the same as asking whether geometry is flat or curved was Einstein's key insight! Riemann probably never thought in his wildest dreams that his math would be useful to model curved spacetime. That's incredibly insane. Thanks for this wonderful video, Ben. I loved how the video slowly put all the pieces together. Wow! Also, thanks for the shoutout. Cheers!
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you Mahesh! And also thank you for making such a great series of videos elegantly explaining the fundamental intuitions behind relativity. They've helped me understand the concepts more clearly as I'm sure they have helped many others as well.
@user-ky5dy5hl4d 5 күн бұрын
This video twists a lot of things out of physics, truth and facts about Einstein. Axioms are entities accepted by humanity as evident truths. So, if I - by algebra - start shuffling the Pythagorean theorem by algebra rules and then begin working backwards by different algebra rules, I will come back to the point of my start. By multiplying a^2+b^2=c^2 by a constant and then during reversal and by using a different algebraic method I will come back to the original equation. So, the proof is circular here and really it does not prove anything besides the well established fact of Pythagorean theorem. It is not true that Einstein was the first to come up with the idea of relativity. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein who was not a mathematician but physicist. Einstein was bad at math. Grossman and his wife Mileva were doing math for Einstein. The video makes a blunder at 18:31; the astronaut depicted is surrounded by gravity constantly for gravity is in Universe's space all over. It is because the gravity that the astronaut is in FREE FALL and not isolated from gravity. This is the cardinal mistake that physics students make in class thinking that a spaceman is floating because there is no gravity in his surrounding. THERE IS GRAVITY THERE but he is in precisely free fall because of gravity. Einstein stole lost of ideas and works of other people. For example the Schwartzchild's metric tensors were incoroporated in GR by Einstein and Einstein worked on them but could not come up because tensor math is extremely difficult and Einstein was not a mathematician and the tensors are not his. Einstein never gave the definition of time. How can one work with time with no definition of it? Also, space is not a flat sheet of cloth on which stars and planets are placed. Time can't have a direction as depicted on the space-time diagram because we are dealing with something substantial (space; we can measure it as a volume ) and an elusive entity (time) which can't be measured with a sentient device. Therefore, clocks have nothing to do with time for a clock does not feel time and moreover clocks have nothing to do with time as you try to measure time with a broken clock. Does a broken clock have anything to do with time? No, a broken clock or efficient clock have nothing to do with time not even atomic clocks. Einstein did not come up with anything new and he did not come up with E=mc^. The equation of E=mc^2 DOES NOT belong to Einstein ! ! ! Before him there was Samuel Tolver Preston who developed the theory of relativity even before Einstein was born. Einstein is not the maker of E=mc^2. In Einstein's first paper about energy and mass, E=mc2 doesn't actually appear anywhere-he originally wrote the formula as m=L/c2. It was the Italian amateur physicist Olinto de Pretto who published E=mc^2 in 1903 and Einstein's Italian friend physicist Besso was given that equation by Olinto. Besso took that equation and gave it to Einstein. And Einstein plagiarized it changing the equation later on. Einstein was a plagiarist. Link: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nNl_lcRj2tbQmqs.html
@bensyversen 5 күн бұрын
@@user-ky5dy5hl4d Hi, and thank you for taking the time to watch my video! You are right that there are nuances to this - and even controversies - that I did not convey in the video, both for the sake of time and in order to give an overview to a less knowledgeable viewer. For example, in my summary of Einstein's thought experiment about the astronaut in outer space. There are some other things that you mention here which I'm not quite sure how they relate to this video. Can you recommend any books or articles that other viewers might find useful to learn more?
@user-ky5dy5hl4d 5 күн бұрын
@@bensyversen What are these ''some other things'' I mention that you don't know how they relate to the video?
@bensyversen 5 күн бұрын
Well for example the proof of the Pythagorean theorem. The proof itself is completely rigorous and you can read more about it here: www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/einsteins-first-proof-pythagorean-theorem I think what you’re responding to there could be the way that I keep referring back to the Pythagorean theorem itself as I walk through the reasoning of the proof, as a way to help a less knowledgeable viewer stay oriented.
@tim90003 Ай бұрын
Stunning video! Always fun to learn about the history of physics. Especially with a production value like this. Impressive work
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you very much!
@Grateful92 Ай бұрын
Overall, The video quality was great and the information presented is a brief summary of the history of physics and maths and how the latter provides the foundation for the former. I thank you and Mr Alex for separating some time from your busy schedules to make this well-produced and informative video. I hope to see more such collaborative videos by you. You deserve more attention than youtube has allocated for you. Alex Kontorovich's role in this video was similar to Minkowski's role in Einsteins work. I am proud of him for advocating Mathematics in such a happy and exciteful way.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you very much! The math world is lucky to have as excellent a communicator as Alex Kontorovich around, and I was thrilled by his participation here.
@mingusman84 Ай бұрын
I love this Ben! Congrats on a fantastic production!!
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thanks Morgan! Hope all's well with you these days!
@SIGMA-KNOW Ай бұрын
Amazing video! A great channel is in the making!
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you so much!
@PlayNowWorkLater Ай бұрын
Omg! This adds such a depth to the development of Einstein’s theories that I have never seen. I love this addition of seeing what he saw as a child, that lead him to develop theories and then having others expand upon those theories and leading him to appreciate math he had previously found unhelpful. It really digs into the importance of how we educate our youth. Something I am passionate about. I hated math. Same situation you mention in this video, how am I ever going to use this complex math in my life? What is the point on learning this? Later in life I grew to appreciate that same math when I grew fascinated by naked eye Astronomy. First looking at stars. Constellations. And eventually planets. And I wanted to know how we figured it out. Thousands of years ago. Without calculators or computers. Just smart people seeing a problem, and the math couldn’t explain discrepancies with a theory and observations. This was such a treat finding this video! Thank you for making it and sharing it! Brilliant!
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you so much for this extremely kind comment! I'm really glad to hear that the big themes that I was thinking about while making this video resonated so well with you!
@priyanshuindra4648 Ай бұрын
One of the best video I ever watched on this weird website... Great work guys!!! Thanks for making such a great video...
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you for watching and I'm glad that you enjoyed it! I'm looking forward to making more.
@Bestape Ай бұрын
Einstein's Pythagorean Theorem uses scale-symmetry, and that's what gave him relativistic intuition. Wish I could show him my d=(c-b)/a base scale. Maybe he could've used it for simpler gravity math. Thanks for the insight that a cone is Thales Theorem with infinitely sized radii.
@Incompleteai Ай бұрын
That was very well done! Thank you
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thanks for watching!
@jmathg Ай бұрын
I can't believe this only has 4k views right now! Bpund for millions! Amazing production and storytelling.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you. Fingers crossed!
@ferverrel5519 24 күн бұрын
Ben you are killing it with those two videos please don’t stop uploading.
@bensyversen 24 күн бұрын
Thank you very much! Looking forward to making more. I’ve got something shorter and fun in the works as well as something else that’s more ambitious.
@Player-pj9kt Ай бұрын
Excellent Video! This is a Netflix worthy documentary! One small note - I think it would be better if u included the Michelson-Morley experiment on how the speed of light is constant in all reference frames to explain how Einstein got his postulate for special relativity
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you for your very kind comment! As far as the Michelson-Morley experiment, this was one of the juicy historical tidbits that I came across in researching this video that I had to leave out for time purposes: It’s actually unclear whether Einstein was familiar with the Michelson-Morley experiment at the time that he wrote his 1905 paper (the physics taught at Zurich Polytechnic at the time that he attended was somewhat dated, and when he worked at the patent office he had a hard time keeping up with the latest research because the library was closed by the time he got off of work). Einstein himself said different, slightly conflicting things over the years: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/89375/did-einstein-know-about-the-michelson-morley-experiment/89379#89379
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
There are two reasons why I love this historical tidbit so much: 1) It reminds us that history is messier than just connecting the dots chronologically. Human elements played a role back then, just like they do in our own lives. 2) Like so many of us, Einstein was once a 20-something with a day job and a dream (and a pregnant girlfriend, but that's a whole other story that I also had to leave out of the video...), and sometimes his day job got in the way of his dream.
@JerichoDeGuzman-rm1kd Ай бұрын
Great content. I hope you stay motivated making these videos
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you!
@Valphyr 8 күн бұрын
Amazing video!
@bensyversen 7 күн бұрын
Thank you!
@lauriefaber6627 26 күн бұрын
I remember a moment during a tutoring session nearly a decade ago when you gave me the best explanation of the number "e" - and years later, when teaching logs and "e", I still attempt to replicate your demonstration of a random accountant trying to continually compound interest with an obsolete gear/lever machine until his arm nearly fell off (of course, I add my own dramatic flair)! Anyway, fast forward to this week, when one of my more curious students came to me asking me a LOT about "e" and its discovery and significance and oh so much more. Naturally - pun intended - I thought of your work, and that this might be an interesting topic for a future undertaking of yours!
@bensyversen 26 күн бұрын
Good idea Laurie!
@AvicennaFilmStudio 25 күн бұрын
Outsanding work of art!❤
@bensyversen 25 күн бұрын
Thank you very much!
@GerdTerd Ай бұрын
This video resembles veritasium's videos, which is massively impressive given how small your channel is! Looking forward to seeing what you make in the future
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
I am a big fan of Veritasium's channel, so I take this as a great compliment, thank you. I am excited to make more videos!
@klasta2167 Ай бұрын
Great video, honestly i wanted it to be even more longer.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you! No question that I had to leave out a lot to get it to 30 minutes
@The-Cosmos Ай бұрын
I suggest on the history of mathematics you make one about Isaac Newton.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Newton is on my mind! 😀
@mistafizz5195 Ай бұрын
Good vid
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you!
@careswho1879 Ай бұрын
Amazing watch this while you hight asf Btw when the bald guy speaks why the hell that board at the right side changes for real xd
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Haha I love that. I hope the blackboard didn't freak you out too much! :-0
@MaxPower-vg4vr Ай бұрын
Dear Academic Community, I am writing to bring to your attention a critical foundational issue that has the potential to upend our current understanding of physics and mathematics. After carefully examining the arguments, I have come to the conclusion that we must immediately reassess and rectify contradictions stemming from how we have treated the concepts of zero (0) and the zero dimension (0D) in our frameworks. At the core of this crisis lies a deep inconsistency between the primordial status accorded to zero in arithmetic and number theory, versus its derivative treatment in classical geometries and physical models. Specifically: 1) In number theory, zero is recognized as the fundamental subjective origin from which numerical quantification and plurality arise through the successive construction of natural numbers. 2) However, in the geometric and continuum formalisms underpinning theories from Newton to Einstein, the dimensionless 0D point and 1D line are derived as limiting abstractions from the primacy of higher dimensional manifolds like 3D space and 4D spacetime. 3) This contradiction potentially renders all of our current mathematical descriptions of physical laws incoherent from first principles. We have gotten the primordial order of subjectivity and objectivity reversed compared to the natural numbers. The ramifications of this unfortunate oversight pervade all branches of physics. It obstructs progress on the unification of quantum theory and general relativity, undermines our models of space, time, and matter origins, and obfuscates the true relationship between the physical realm and the metaphysical first-person facts of conscious observation. To make continued theoretical headway, we may have no choice but to reconstruct entire mathematical formalisms from the ground up - using frameworks centering the ontological and epistemological primacy of zero and dimensionlessness as the subjective 源 origin point. Only from this primordial 0D monadological perspective can dimensional plurality, geometric manifolds, and quantified physical descriptions emerge as representational projections. I understand the monumental importance of upending centuries of entrenched assumptions. However, the depth of this zero/dimension primacy crisis renders our current paradigms untenable if we wish to continue pushing towards more unified and non-contradictory models of reality and conscious experience. We can no longer afford to ignore or be overwhelmed by the specifics of this hard problem. The foundations are flawed in a manner perhaps unrecognizable to past giants like Einstein. Cold, hard logic demands we tear down and rebuild from more rigorous first principles faithful to the truths implicit in the theory of number itself. The good news is that by returning to zero/0D as the subjective/objective splitting point of origin, in alignment with natural quantification, we may finally unlock resolutions to paradoxes thwarting progress for over a century. We stand to make immediate fundamental strides by elevating the primacy of dimensionlessness. I implore the academic community to convene and deeply examine these issues with the utmost prioritization. The integrity and coherence of all our descriptive sciences - indeed the very possibility of non-contradictory knowledge itself - hinges upon our willingness to reopen this esoteric yet generatively crucial zerological crisis. We must uphold unflinching intellectual honesty in identifying and rectifying our founding errors, regardless of how seemingly abstruse or earth-shattering the process. The future fertility of human understanding and our quest for uni-coherence depends on this audacious reformation of mathematical first principles. The path will be arduous, but the ultimate payoffs of achieving metaphysically-grounded, zero-centric analytic formalisms are inestimable for physics and all branches of knowledge. I urge us to meet this zerological challenge head on. The truth ecological destiny of our civilization may hinge upon our willingness to embody this bold primordial renaissance. Sincerely, [Your Name]
@GhostyOcean Ай бұрын
Seeing that integral with dt at the front disgusts me, sloppy notation!! Okay, I've finished the video. A really great way to tell this story. Amazing video.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Yes, I thought that dt at the front was very strange as well. I'll have to double check, but I'm pretty sure I took that text directly out of a textbook on Riemannian geometry. (I am very unskilled at LaTeX so it was just a quicker option than rewriting) Thank you for watching and glad you enjoyed the video!
@feynmanschwingere_mc2270 Ай бұрын
Dirac needed the help of Weyl and Oppenheimer for his famous Dirac equation. Leibniz published calculus before Newton did. And consulted the works of Fermat and Descartes before publishing the error-riddled masterpiece Principia Mathematica. There is no such thing as a "lone" genius. Einstein's "problems" in mathematics didn't stop him from predicting stimulated and spontaneous emission; nor entanglement; nor Bose-Einstein Condensates; etc. And in your video, you make a glaring omission: the REASON Einstein BEAT Hilbert to the final field equations of General Relativity is precisely because Einstein understood the necessity of a coordinate system that was generally covariant - Hilbert did NOT grasp this until it was too late (even though as the premier mathematician of his day, he should have known this). The video does a great job of humanizing Einstein, foibles and all, while treating the other characters with a deference that they don't deserve. Michelle Besso deserves a bit of a shout out for helping Einstein as well. For instance, you make no mention of the fact that it was Einstein's openeness to share his ideas with Hilbert after Hilbert invited Einstein to Gottingen to give lectures on relativity theory that LED to Hilbert trying to "nostrify" Einstein's work. You also don't make it entirely clear that it was more likely than not that Hilbert had copied ideas from Einstein from reading a preprint of his November 1914 paper. You'd think Hilbert, not Schwardschild, would have come up with the first exact solutions to GR. And you'd think Grossman, as the professional mathematician, would have identified general covariance as a necessary framing for making use of a coordinate system, but they did not. You should also do a deep dive on how Heisenberg needed Max Borns MATH and how Born, not Heisenberg, but matrix mechanics into quantum theory. Also do a deep dive on how Einstein got about 33% of the way to what is now known as The Schrodinger Equation, and that without Einsteins direct help, Schrodinger likely never gets to discover the very thing he's most famous for (as Schrodinger always acknowledged). Or how Max Born credited Einstein with the idea of probability waves. It's become en vogue to declare all the "help" Einstein got as a way to humanize him. However, the opposite is also true. Einstein GAVE a lot of help to scientists who took his ideas without attribution and he often gets overlooked for ideas he came up with. De Broglie is a great example. He took Einsteins equations in his 1906 - 1909 papers on quantization of energy and applied them to a gas of electrons, rather than photons as Einstein had done, and got matter waves. Or how Einstein predicted the boson (which really should be called an Einsteinion) after Schrodinger completely misunderstood Bose's paper so thoroughly, Einstein had to write a letter to Schrodinger showing an example of the new quantum statistics (e.g. 1/3 instead of 1/2).
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Hi, thank you for watching my little video and for taking the time to write this very thoughtful comment. You are certainly right on these points about the people and information that I left out of my video. In fact, I very much wanted to include something about Besso, AND more detail about Einstein and Hilbert's relationship. However, this video's runtime of 30 minutes very much pushed me to my limit as a fledgling video creator, so I had to cut fairly ruthlessly, keeping the total number of historical "characters" introduced in my narrative at 6 (Einstein, Minkowski, Grossmann, Riemann, Hilbert, Eddington) and leaving out any detail that would provide more refinement to other people involved besides Einstein. (As far as the discussion of WHY Einstein beat Hilbert, it is a fascinating detail but I thought that it could be a little bit too "in the weeds" for a general audience). Do you have any favorite books or resources that you would recommend to viewers who are interested in learning more about these figures and the relationships that you describe?
@CandidDate Күн бұрын
Did Riemann have a beard?
@bensyversen 20 сағат бұрын
He does in the several photos that are online.
@realone4378 Ай бұрын
Awww nice
@zhubajie6940 4 сағат бұрын
I get so tired of click-baiting science articles that the Babylonians knew the Pythagorean theorem. All they discovered was by physical testing of whole number triplets, not mathematical relationships.
@user-ky5dy5hl4d 5 күн бұрын
This video twists a lot of things out of physics, truth and facts about Einstein. Axioms are entities accepted by humanity as evident truths. So, if I - by algebra - start shuffling the Pythagorean theorem by algebra rules and then begin working backwards by different algebra rules, I will come back to the point of my start. By multiplying a^2+b^2=c^2 by a constant and then during reversal and by using a different algebraic method I will come back to the original equation. So, the proof is circular here and really it does not prove anything besides the well established fact of Pythagorean theorem. It is not true that Einstein was the first to come up with the idea of relativity. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein who was not a mathematician but physicist. Einstein was bad at math. Grossman and his wife Mileva were doing math for Einstein. The video makes a blunder at 18:31; the astronaut depicted is surrounded by gravity constantly for gravity is in Universe's space all over. It is because the gravity that the astronaut is in FREE FALL and not isolated from gravity. This is the cardinal mistake that physics students make in class thinking that a spaceman is floating because there is no gravity in his surrounding. THERE IS GRAVITY THERE but he is in precisely free fall because of gravity. Einstein stole lost of ideas and works of other people. For example the Schwartzchild's metric tensors were incoroporated in GR by Einstein and Einstein worked on them but could not come up because tensor math is extremely difficult and Einstein was not a mathematician and the tensors are not his. Einstein never gave the definition of time. How can one work with time with no definition of it? Also, space is not a flat sheet of cloth on which stars and planets are placed. Time can't have a direction as depicted on the space-time diagram because we are dealing with something substantial (space; we can measure it as a volume ) and an elusive entity (time) which can't be measured with a sentient device. Therefore, clocks have nothing to do with time for a clock does not feel time and moreover clocks have nothing to do with time as you try to measure time with a broken clock. Does a broken clock have anything to do with time? No, a broken clock or efficient clock have nothing to do with time not even atomic clocks. Einstein did not come up with anything new and he did not come up with E=mc^. The equation of E=mc^2 DOES NOT belong to Einstein ! ! ! Before him there was Samuel Tolver Preston who developed the theory of relativity even before Einstein was born. Einstein is not the maker of E=mc^2. In Einstein's first paper about energy and mass, E=mc2 doesn't actually appear anywhere-he originally wrote the formula as m=L/c2. It was the Italian amateur physicist Olinto de Pretto who published E=mc^2 in 1903 and Einstein's Italian friend physicist Besso was given that equation by Olinto. Besso took that equation and gave it to Einstein. And Einstein plagiarized it changing the equation later on. Einstein was a plagiarist. Link: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nNl_lcRj2tbQmqs.html
@bensyversen 5 күн бұрын
Hi, and thank you for taking the time to watch my video! You are right that there are nuances to this - and even controversies - that I did not convey in the video, both for the sake of time and in order to give an overview to a less knowledgeable viewer. For example, in my summary of Einstein's thought experiment about the astronaut in outer space. There are some other things that you mention here which I'm not quite sure how they relate to this video. Can you recommend any books or articles that other viewers might find useful to learn more?
@coolmancoolman8777 Күн бұрын
You're better than Vertasium
@bensyversen Күн бұрын
Thank you that is high praise! Veritasium is one of my favorite channels!
@Yuri_Panbolsky Ай бұрын
Professor Francis Yu - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/aNyDoJZoqpi3dYk.html
@Lucas-rh8sw Ай бұрын
😪 Promo SM
@ShalK423 Ай бұрын
This was a great presentation. New sub.
@bensyversen Ай бұрын
Thank you!
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