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I should note that Faraday's disk itself is an exception to Faraday's law. When the disc rotates there is an emf from v×B, but with no change in the linked flux.There are a few others as well, like when two metal plates with slightly curved edges are rocked in a uniform magnetic field, there can be a large change in the flux linkage without the generation of an emf. Also, another interesting point. Notice how when I moved the whole contraption with the multimeter and the red wire on the magnet, there was no induced voltage. That is because everything is moving, even the measurement reference frame. If I only moved the red wire and the magnet together but left the other wires on the table then I would still get a voltage. That means that when I set the magnet on the moving disk, if the measurement device were rotating with the disk then there would be no voltage induced. Here is a great paper that actually tests out spinning the closing circuit. www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21155-x. And a lot of people are getting upset about magnetic field lines in the comments. I didn't make up the concept of magnetic field lines, nor Faraday's paradox. This concept and Faraday's paradox have been discussed for over 200 years, lol.

Spinning the magnet and the disc together still produces a voltage because OTHER parts of the circuit are stationary. There is still relative motion between the magnet and the circuit, just not between the magnet and the disc specifically. If you put the entire apparatus on a turntable, then you will get no voltage, as expected. As for why the spinning magnet doesn't produce a voltage, actually it does -- but it produces the SAME voltage on both sides of the circuit. If you connected two multimeters to the circuit, one on each side, with a ground connection in the middle, you would see identical voltage readouts on both multimeters.

Here's the next experiment you need to do: The same spinning disk but your closing wires run parallel to the magnetic field (i.e. Straight up and down), so they don't cut through the field lines.

REALLY Really need more such videos, As a high school student, it's fascinating for me because I Have learnt about these topics in school and now I'm applying these concepts in this paradoxes which is very cool

I think the description that magnetic field lines is just a construct make the most sense to me. An electromagnetic field is literally just described with the polarity and strength of a section of the field, and any "lines" just outline areas where the strength is the same, kind of like a pressure or temperature map.

Your disc magnet has north / south poles on it's faces, and the field lines are concentrated around the edge by the steel cup it's mounted in. When the aluminum disc is rotating under it. it's cutting through the field as it passes by the edge of the magnet. When the magnet is rotating, the edge field is equal all around, so it's not cutting through the conductor, and not generating voltage. If you had a magnet disc with north and south poles alternating around one face, it would work.

The plane of rotation is orthogonal to the field. When the metal is rotating, it is moving at right angles to the field, whether the magnet rotates of not.

WTF is magnetic viewing paper? Do a video on that!!

I think "cutting field lines" is a red herring. What induces a voltage is a change in flux through a closed circuit, whether the magnet producing that flux is rotating or not is irrelevant. Consider a single wire rotating from the axis. As it rotates past the brushes the enclosed area changes, and flux being field * area this results in the induced voltage. But this requires a finite width brush. In the limit of infinite wires and an infinitely thin brush you will still get a voltage but generate no current. To generate current you require a finite width brush.

*Dr Stone fans already knowing this information:* 🤓

First you gave us clarity, then confusion and then clarity again. Good job!🎉

Very cool demonstration of an interesting effect! And as the professor said when the student complained that the result was counterintuitive, "When it comes to rotating invisible fields of force, you have no intuition"

Thank you for making this video. Please make more such videos on other paradoxes in physics.

It's neat that the part where you move a wire over the magnet to create charge is basically how electric guitar pickups work. Never thought of it at a larger scale for some reason.

Despite my other comment your channel is one of the best on Internet about Physics AND you gave motor and generator brushes a new literal meaning using real brushes.

This blew my mind. I reasoned out that the full circuit mattered just about before you started explaining it. I wonder what sort of fun could one have with spinning semiconductors. A spinning silicon disk that's npn or pnp could act like a transistor that's spinning constantly. So the magnetic field is like a potential voltage when the base of the disk transistor has a voltage applied to it. I could picture a wild rube goldberg type analog/digital computer. Maybe you get to dope the different layers in 2 dimensions now to create interesting oscillations... a NPN transistor could be swapped to a PNP one, or the values changed so that radially the transistor has different values depending on its rotation. Interesting ideas just from your video.. I love it. Thank you for sharing!

I've been watching your videos for over fives years. It's wonderful to see the production value rising recently but the style staying the same: informative and somewhat entertaining.

@electroboom where you at? 👀

Now I understand, thank you for the demo. The circuit drags, then jumps, then drags again.

The shot you use that shows the scientists talking about something was very helpful to illustrate the concept of scientists discussing science.

Flying saucers are powered by the earth’s magnetic field confirmed 😊

This is one of the most genuinely scientific Action Lab videos I've ever seen. Normally they're just magic tricks that are supposed to be analogous to real concepts.

One thing I love about this channel is how unceremoniously the videos ends.

Excellent video as always, and props to the Tillamook shirt!

When you spin magnet above starionary circuit nothing should happen. Magnet rotates yes but the magnet field doesnt change. So both are basicly stationary then how there should be voltage if both are stationary? ---- this happen also when magnet is attached to disc... the field is stationary but circuit under it rotates thefore there should be voltage --- nothing confusing therd.

Wow. A paradox that is resolved yet unresolved!

Only 60 seconds in and already understand how generators/motors work. 🎉 Phenomenal

I tried this in college with two toroidal magnets out of speakers (same as you had with your drill) but I machined a brass disk mounted to a brass axle such that the two toroidal magnets were placed on either side of the disk and because the disk was only about an eighth of an inch thick, the natural magnetic attraction of the two magnets clamped and rotated with the disk. I then put a multimeter from a brush on the outside edge of the disk and the axle and noted that in either case (whether magnet was held stationary or allowed to spin with the disk) a voltage was developed. I asked my physics professor and we never figured out what was going on. He referenced a very old book where the author claimed that the resolution lie in something to do with relativity (not around during Faraday). But I honestly never understood it sufficiently. I do remember the author claiming that if two equally charged particles a distance x apart were stationary then the force of repulsion was purely electrostatic. But if you as the observer were moving relative to the two particles, then the observed force between them was then a combination of electrostatic and magnetic because the motion gave rise to magnetic field around the charged particles. I found your description excellent. Now subscribed.

what if the closing wires are oriented differently and come from the bottum instead of from the side for example?

Im in the "theres nothing to rotate" club

I want to see more experiments. 1) the wire at the bottom: make it perpendicular to the disk itself by extending the disk holder, thus eliminating half of the wire from equation. 2) rotate a magnet above a wire.

Thank you for this. I'm a auto mechanic and I now have a better understanding on how hall effect sensors work. Keep up the awesome content I love learning!

It's not a paradox, rather it is a lack of understanding.

This video was very fun Thankyou for making my day!

An understanding of whether the field rotates or not delves deep into the relativistic origins of magnetic fields. Relativistic field transformation makes it so either the magnetic or electric field move the charges in either frame of reference, but you can also think of it like both fields being one and the same, a single field fulfilling the laws of special relativity

In the case when both disc and magnet rotates we can also say that due to the rotation of magnet a time varying magnetic field is produced which in turn produces an electric field which interacts with the wire beneath the disc producing current and generates voltage across wire

The way i think of this is regarding the fact that this specific magnet has a rotating symmetry, if you rotate it, the magnetic field wouldn't change. The voltage is generated by a relative motion between the field and the wire, not the magnet itself and the wire. Its not that the magnetic field is stationary, its that rotating it doesnt change it. To change the magnetic field you need to either translate it relative to the wire disc, or rotate it into a non symetric axis. I think this confusion is made because of how people usualy describe the magnetic field visually, with single lines going from the center around the object, giving the impression that rotating the object also rotate those "lines", but the fact is that the magnetic field is homogenous around an specific radius distance ring, it doesnt have any "lines", nor any phisical phenomena that "rotates" with it, because magnetic field is an interaction force, and not a physical object

my name is Barry McGrath of Graniteville SC. Here is your answer and my suggested "law". Bipolar magnetic feilds, like water seeking its own level, "seek" their own or regulate their own volume according to their own strength. So you see the spin of the outside object has no power of disrupting said volume shape because it is not displacing any aspect of the magnetic feild. When the magnet spins, that feild is being displaced itself through the twisting of the volume and therefore creating voltage. You are welcome. I love your videos, you are awesome.

This article seems super relavent to today's post and I hope you'd concider investigating/explaining the phenomenon. Please keep up the hard work.

Have you tried spinning the magnet on the drill in reverse while the stationary disk spins in it direction? I wonder if that would generate more of a voltage because they are moving in different directions. Great content!

And the movement of the wire across the magnet producing a charge is exactly how an electric guitar pickup works. When you pluck a metal string it moves back and forth over a copper-wound magnet which is grounded to the strings. The tiny electric charge is then amplified; the speed of the back and forth motion of the string electrically reproducing the pitch of the vibrating string.

From what you're saying, to actually challenge this paradox. The cable touching the center of the metal plate would have to go perpendicular to it. Then the field of the magnet will not cut through it and thus create a current.

To my understanding of things... it is the path of the electrons inside the spinning disk that keep changing when the disk turn so it is considered as a moving wire compared to the magnet... to test my theory, you need a bar of conductive material (a rule made of metal found in any good toolbox should do), 2 brushes (the ones used in this video should do) and a magnet (also, that one used in that video should do)... place the steel rule flat on the table, Place both brushes on the "0 in/0 mm" mark of the rule (one each side of the rule touching the rule but not touching each other) tape the brushes in position to the table (both plugged to the multimeter as intended) Place the magnet on top of the brushes (or near them) without it touching them Then ... pull fast the rule without moving any other parts (make it slide in a way that the brushes will point at "12 in/300 mm") Maby there will be a difference on how much voltage is generated... the disk have a single fix entry point for the electron and a exit that move fast but the blade have both entry and exit point moving at the same speed...

I don't know if it is intentional or a coincidence, but the VW bus on your shirt is directly related to this video. The speedometer in that bus (van, car) has a cable driven by the left front wheel, coming up to the back of the instrument panel where it turns a simple aluminum (important that it is a non-ferrous metal) circular disk. A thin air gap separates that from a circular magnet attached to a spring. The relative angular velocity between the aluminum disk and magnetic disk through a similar mechanism related to this video's content, induces eddy currents in the aluminum disk and a resulting torque on the magnet (the speedometer side), which acts linearly against the spring which restores the speedometer needle to zero. So there is a linear relationship between the bus velocity (left front wheel, specifically) and the angle of the speedometer needle. No electronics or wires involved. A purely mechanical system that relies on these magnetic effects. Even though I understand some physics, I was a little confused the first time I came across this in my old VW; I could not understand how the speedometer could possibly work.

The science guy was holding the ipad upside down at 8mins 22secs! When magnet and wire are spinning together does the rotating magnet not induce a current across the brushes, negating the effect of the wire? And when one is stationary, the wire will disrupt the magnetic field thereby disturbing flow across the brushes because the wire becomes a second magnet. Just a thought! Thanks for the vid - very interesting!

1:10 as you say here the circuit in the disk is just that one section from the middle to the edge. this section contains electrons. these electrons need to move in relation to the magnetic field. which they do when the disk is spinning regardless of the magnet spinning or not. that means that the magnetic field is not changing with a perfectly round magnet. please try it again with an asymmetric magnet to see if spinning that irregular magnetic field inducing a voltage. also the wire/brush to the middle of the disk should be parallel to the rotational axis to isolate it from the problem.

there's no paradox (as readily described in the *first sentence* of the wikipedia article even), your model of allegedly actually existing fieldlines is simply "too coarse". in the case of the spinning disk, you're spinning the electrons rapidly through a magnetic field, while in the case of the spinning magnet you're spinning a magnet that still produces a uniform field. so in the first case the individual electrons experience a locally changing magnetic field, by being physically pushed into/out of it *and* into/out of the wires/brushes. which also therefore explains your 3rd case of "both moving together": think van-der-graaf generator but made out of "electrons stuck in magnetic field" instead of "stuck as charge on insulating surface". because if the electrons wanted to avoid going along your "loop" bit of the plate, they'd have to move relative to the magnetic field, which as we know requires additional energy. so the lower energy solution is to simply flow through your circuit. there's no such thing as a "moving field", there's just a "moving area in the universal field of magnetic force that we currently claim kinda belongs to this magnet somehow". there's only change in magnetic flux (and of course electric potentials, like that nice low-resistance path through your brushes) to the individual electron. and your "one other point" is plainly wrong, if you spin a bar magnet you very much induce a current, that's literally the whole point of eddys.

The Faraday Paradox refers to a curious phenomenon in electromagnetism where Michael Faraday discovered that when a conducting loop is moved in a uniform magnetic field, there is no induced electromotive force (emf) in the loop if it is moving parallel to the magnetic field lines, despite the change in magnetic flux. However, when the loop is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, an emf is induced. This paradox can be understood by considering the forces acting on the charges in the wire. When the loop is moved parallel to the magnetic field lines, the charges experience no force due to their motion, resulting in no induced emf. However, when the loop is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the charges experience a force due to the magnetic field, resulting in an induced emf. The resolution to the paradox lies in understanding that it's not just the motion of the loop that matters but the relative motion between the loop and the magnetic field. When the loop moves parallel to the field, there's no change in the flux through the loop, hence no induced emf. But when it moves perpendicular to the field, there's a change in flux, leading to an induced emf. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction explains this phenomenon mathematically, stating that the induced emf in a loop is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. So, there's no paradox, just a misunderstanding of the conditions required for electromagnetic induction to occur.

Keep your feed wires at 90deg with the axle. This should eliminate, or close to it, any flux crossing due to the shape. You’ll need an isolated bit fr wire attached from the outer disk to the top axe brush. This wire will spin with the disk just insulated to maintain your potential differences from the inner and outer parts of the disk.

It's wild to think about just how many devices/components rely on that principle. Speakers/microphones, motors/generators, transformers, inductors, capacitors, antennas, relays... and I'm sure there are more that I haven't thought of. All of them are based on electromagnetic induction.

What we can deduce from the fact that both voltage events occur when the disc spins, is that the magnetic lines of a circular magnet don't inherently change with its spin as no polarity change occurs. The rectangular magnet would not behave the same if spun as the polarity would move the magnetic lines. The way to check this would be spinning the magnet in a gyroscope and seeing if tilting the magnet along its polarity would cause voltage to occur, I suspect it would.

When the magnet is rotating the magnetic field is not rotating due to uniform shape and density of the magnet, it still goes from north to south of the ring that could be up to down (or vise versa) in this case. so it only induct current when disk (its atoms) are moving through this field. But if the magnet was not uniform in shape or density or if you rotate the magnet in another axis then it inducts current.

That really blagged my head when you showed 0 voltage, but then you explained it, and it made sense. I would say that the magnetic fields exist, but when you speed the magnet up, they cancel each other out. I believe that if you run the same experiment with a much stronger and larger magenet at the same RPM, you will see a voltage.

The field has to be stationary that's why when only the magnet rotates there is no voltage but when the disc rotates with /without the magnet the disc moves through stationary field making voltage.

I'll believe that explanation you offer when you redo the experiment with the closing wire (the one touching the axle) positioned vertically and thus aligned with the center of rotation of the disk and magnet. By doing this, that line will never cut through the magnetic field and then we'll see if you really get no generated voltage, in which case the paradox will indeed be no more. But if there's a still a voltage, then it's time to begin to figure out what's really going on in there instead of casually brush it aside.

It's easy to check your hypothesis. Just connect this wire not from the side but from below. Such that magnetic lines do not cross it. And see what happens. I remember that you will still see the current (so the paradox remains).

Think simpler than this. The Lorentz force acts orthogonally to the v x B product of the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field. The electrons are present in the aluminum disc, and rotating the aluminum disc gives them a net velocity on the average (tangential to rotation of the disc). When you impose the magnetic field INTO the disc, you're setting up a classic situation that, locally, looks the same as a charged particle moving through a magnetic field. The Lorentz force is then radial, within the plane of the disc. This force "pushes" the electrons radially, creating a charge gradient in the disc, and thus a measurable voltage. Rotating the magnet imparts no kinetic energy to the electrons in the disk. Rotating the disk does. So this is why the paradox evolves. It's not about relative motion between disc and physical magnet. It's about the motion of the disc itself. The individual electron paths get tricky to work out, because there are going to be eddy effects as an actual radial electron current forms. So it's not quite so simple to work out what the output voltage is "under load" as you draw current. But the Lorentz force says this has to happen, and it does.

I have an answer now; the emf/voltage in the wire is generated by the electrons as we know. The electrons need to be moving in a magnetic field to cause them to side-deflect and the final voltage is the sum of all the deflection forces. Because of uniformity, the magnetic field of the disc is the same if it is moving or not.. this is like seeing a row of 11111 moving along and noticing no change. So when the disc magnet is rotated and the conductor(electron-carrying disc) is stationary, there will be no emf- as the electrons are not moving. When both the magnet and disc are rotating there will be emf as the electrons are moving- as they see a uniform magnetic field- whether the magnet is rotating or not. So if we now rotate the emf sensor with the rotating metal disc(as in my last month's comment) there will be an emf according to the above. The wires of the external circuit being stationary or not doesn't make a difference- contrary to what has been suggested by some books.

I love your channel, and you are very informative! I always love things that are transparent! Beware of Anything That Is Dodgey! You are a gentleman and a scholar!

yea right.. btw in order to generate electricity by messing up w the magnet, u will have to continuously change the intensity of the magnetic field..

I like your shirt. My dad was John Muir author of "How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive: A Manual of Step-by-Step Procedures for the Compleat Idiot" - the first "idiot guide" by John Muir Part of: How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive (1 books)

Interesting! I wonder what would happen if the connecting wire was just going straight down the middle so it cannot generate a voltage? My first thought as to why the spinning magnet does not generate any voltage is that the magnetic field "lines" is just a field, without the "lines" that we use to visualize it, and therefore it's uniformly symmetric around the circle, so there's no change in magnetic field around the circle, so no voltage.

Surround the magnet with a mumetal shell so the field doesn't go beyond the spinning disk and see what happens. Like others have said, the magnet is inducting voltages in the wire/brushes themselves. Spinning it one top with a drill creates equal, opposing voltages on each side and thus the reading ends up at zero still (-1v + 1v = 0).

Perhaps with the magnet stationary it has time to emit its field lines, so with the disc spinning, the wire brushes and the aluminum disc catches the em field (voltage). When the magnet spins, it does not have enough time to emit its field lines (no voltage), so when they spin together they are relaying its field lines in sync (voltage).

Strong disk magnet being rotated on the axis you demonstrated surrounded by a cylindrical glass tube with another magnet being held to the side of the tube by the field of the center magnet. If the center magnet is spun, does the second magnet move around the outside of the tube? A lubricant may be required. A ring magnet surrounding the glass tube with a mark on it could also be used to test rotation. If either the standard magnet or ring magnet begin to match the rotation of the central magnet then the field is rotating.

Isn't the answer much simpler that you only get a current if the charges in the disc that are free to move will experience a force due to the 'stationary' magnetic field. The magnet is rotationally symmetric so there is no change in the B field in time. But the negative electrons in the conduction band of the metal experience a lorenz force when they are made to rotate through a stationary magnetic field so they experience a lateral force creating a potential across the circuit. All that matters is that the disc is rotating because that is where the free charges are that will be moved.

"it has electrolytes in it" "why would you drink water without elevtrolytes? it's like toilet water!"

Very nicely designed experiments, to get perfect results.

in the magnet spinning only , there is no virtual wire . the electrons are instead displaced by the magnetic field about the conducting disk as they get from the pos to the neg brush

Thanks! I have a PhD, in physics, but i did not see such a simple explanation of this experiment! Maybe if we used resistor underneath the rotating disk of the centrifuge as part of the circuit and measured the current in it by measuring the voltage drop on this resistor everything could be demonstrated more explicitly.

Why not make that wire touching the center of the disc vertical and retest to solve the paradox?

Great demonstration! Should be demonstrated in the school and college!

The paradox is easily resolved if you pay attention to the fact that there are electrons in the disk. When the disk rotates in a magnetic field, electrons begin to drift to the periphery according to Lorentz's law. This is how the potential difference appears, which we observe on the multimeter.

I feel like, by your explanation, you could attach the brushes pointing up and down (one at the center underneath the disk, and one at the edge above the disk), then run the wires parallel to the magnetic field, until they're far enough away that their crossing the field lines induces a negligible voltage. i know someone else has thought of this, but i don't see why that wouldn't work

Please would you show us what happens when the wire to the centre of the disc goes straight down the rotation axis ?

"Two circuits one field" The electric circuit can be seen as being made up by two sections of wire. Section A is the stationary circuit being the instrument and the wires to the stationary contact points at the center and the peripheral of the disk. Section B is the circuit on the disk between the contact points. At all times when there is a relative motion between the disk and the magnet a voltage is induced in section B. At all times when there is a relative motion between the magnet and section A a voltage is induced in section A. The trick is to observe that A+B makes up a closed loop but the motion of the conducting parts relative to the magnet differ. When both are moving in the field the voltage cancel out. If they move with different speed there will be a non zero loop voltage. When the magnet rotates and all other parts are stationary the sum of voltages in A and B is zero. They are not of the same amplitude and opposite sign, but they entire loop cuts the field lines twice. The flux in circuit A+B does not alter. All flux that enters the loop A+B, exits at the same rate. When the magnet and the disk rotates in conjunction there is no voltage induced in the disk and no voltage in circuit B. But the magnet field lines still enter and leave stationary circuit A. When A and B was both subject to a rotating magnet field the loop voltage cancelled out. With the disk is moving with the magnet, B is in a stationary magnetic field the, flux encircled by circuit A + B is no longer constant. As B resides in a stationary field and A is in a moving field the loop voltage does not cancel out. As B is not exchanging any flux, but A is, the loop A + B flux is in constant change.

The second one is easy to explain. The points at which you're attempting to pick up the current aren't changing. If they were rotating around the metal disc at the same speed as the magnet, you'd get a current. And I agree with deusexaethrea for the last one. There are other areas of the circuit which are electrically conductive so you're introducing a moving magnetic field to them which is producing the current.

Excellen explanation! Thanks!

I think the idea of magnetic feil lines comes from the fact that we use iron shavings and 2D methods of viewing a magnetic field. What you are likely seeing is that the magnetic field is less like a set of lines emanating from the magnet and more like a set of shells. I say this because the second experiment with the magnet on a drill has the magnet barely moving but very quickly rotating but the third experiment has the magnet on a spinning plate not perfectly centered causing the magnet to move back and forth making a small current

you should do the single slit experiment but using vantablack as the blocker to see if the absorption of the paint causes a different difraction pattern from the general experiment.

I would think that the magnet's field/force being distorted is what's creating the voltage. If there's no distortion, there's no measurable change and the effects are stabilized back at the magnet. It's the magnet that resolves and negates the energy, not the plate. The plate distorts, but the magnet can still stabilize the field or force. Interesting thought experiment.

That magnetic viewing paper blew my mind

I wonder if your metal brushes, stationary as they are, when your aluminum disk spins, are the brushes disrupting electrons in some manner so that when you drop your magnet on top the spinning disk so both spin together, the electron situation, if any would be caught in the magnets field and be the cause of the voltage readings.

I did an experiment with ferrofluid as while back. I put the ferofluid over the magnet and rotated the manet. I expected to the the field lines rotate too, but they didn't.

Are we sure the electrons on the disk are still moving in a straight line during disc rotation? Is their movement influenced by the magnetic field and spin?

Can you explain a bit more about the scenario at 7:16, if the magnetic field is rotating why would induce a current in both wires including the closing wire?

Would be neat if that motor version of Faraday disc worked with superconductors. Superconducting junctions where contact points would be expected with a fluid bearing or air bearing and a initial current + a push. Would it keep running or would all the energy be lost to external forces.

My initial thought is this: We know that if you drop a magnet down a copper or aluminum tube, it drops slowly, because the magnet passing by the copper or aluminum induces eddie currents creating a temporary electromagnet. If we apply this to the spinning plate and the static magnet, then it seems to me that as the plate spins, each atom of aluminum becomes a brief electromagnet, and itself induces current in the metallic brush in contact with it because of the relative motion. If you spin the magnet over the plate instead, you may be creating a magnet in the plate below but the plate isn't moving relative to the brushes, and so there is no current.

cool to see the tillamook shirt, use to go every summer when going to the coast, only been there once since they sold out to a corporate company but its just how things go

It's not about the relative motion. It's about the varying intensity of the magnetic field that intersects the closed loop of the wire.

The paradox he starts off with is a symptom of his test set up. Instead of having wires laying flat, he could’ve made them vertical so that they did not cut across any magnetic lines. As for his last section, saying it’s impossible to tell which is moving or if Magnetic force lines are moving at all, you could orient multiple magnets, separated by an insulator, so they have no physical contact, but that the magnets are of different strengths, that allow you to see a varying voltage as the result of the different amount of magnetic field lines cutting through the wire.

I think it depends on the shape of the magnet. If a bar magnet is rotating the tip of each poles definately disturb magnetic field, however if the shape is a ring then the field becomes stationary even you rotate this ring magnet.

Magnetic fields are generated by the vector sums of the spin of the atoms in the magnet. When you rotate a magnet on the axis of magnetization, (not alternating N to S), there is no change of field. You can observe this with magnaview fluid.

I think a lot of the trouble some people have with magnetism (and related concepts in physics) comes from the notion that objects "have" a magnetic field or "create" a magnetic field. In fact, there is only _one_ magnetic field (which is essentially a property of space), and objects / electrical currents merely cause (localised) _changes_ to the value of that field.

Isn't also that not the complete disc is acting as conductor, but the biggest portion of the current is going through the shortest line between the two brushes (this path is acting as a virtual stationary wire), thus there's a relative motion between the wire and the rotating magnet?

If possible can you try an experiment that I came up with. The things you need are an empty room, a light source and you inside the room. What I have in mind is that , when the light source is turned on you are able to see the walls of the room because they reflect light from the light source. But what if we make the surface of the walls so imperfect that in whatever direction light may hit the wall it does not get reflected to atleast a single point in the room. Which means if you observe the room from that point, even if there is a light source in that room, you would not be able to see anything like the wall and the ceiling in the room.

I can completely explain it with just one formula WHICH IS F=q(VxB) Which is the formula for force on a charged particle when it moves in a magnetic field

I think there is one thing I would like to see before I believe your experiment. A complete separation of your discs from any other magnets. You're testing your voltage on an electric motor, which certainly is going to also respond to magnetic fields. Separate all your pieces from any motors and any other circuits.

The direct magnetic field is rotating with only the magnet itself, once that magnetic field is transfered to the recieving disc that received indirect magnetic field is stationary. hence why it only generates voltage in scenarios where the recieving disc is in motion.