I've heard, for about 20 years now, that a development just around the corner will make laptops last a week without a charge. Never happens. Color me skeptic.

10 years ago: "We gonna have graphene computers!" 10 years from now: "We gonna have graphene computers!"

When I was young...we used graphite rods encased in wood to do calculations on flat sheets of wood pulp.

Graphene is just like Nuclear fusion, always 10 years away 😅

"Imagine your phone lasting for days" Why yes, I do remember the 3310

It's intriguing how often I stumble upon a seemingly groundbreaking technology, only to discover it's been around since the mid-20th century.

Back in 2003 when I was studying Computer Science at FSU, one of the breakthroughs the university had was regarding graphene. I'm still waiting for it to materialize into ANYTHING we use daily or get a benefit out of.

Graphene breakthroughs seem to happen just often enough that makes me believe I'll never live long enough to see any graphene products.

The year is 2120... We will finally have graphene computers in 10 years!

This is the same case as with batteries, every year you hear about some breakthrough tech and still your phone dies in a day with the same old lithium battery.

I'll believe it when I see it. They said we're gonna have solid state batteries 5 years ago and we still have nothing.

Very impressive but the most important info is missing: How did they achieve the "semiconductiveness" for graphine? What is going on in detail so the meterial behaves that way?

A little thing about graphene synthesis. There is a company out of San Diego called Grolltex which has made strides in synthesis and fabrication. Their CEO did his PhD thesis on the subject, too. The main bottleneck is not necessarily the synthesis of pristine graphene, but transferring and fabricating on different surfaces. That's what this company is trying to do. I know the sad joke about graphene being able to do anything except leave the lab, but the number of companies that are working on scaling, the number of companies working on graphene fabrication infrastructure, and also the very smart people in materials synthesis labs have put out lots of papers recently on the subject. There is one professor at Johns Hopkins who is working on graphene synthesis via CO2 splitting, which is exciting. If you're an aspiring materials scientist or chemist, this is a great field to be in right now.

But when will we achieve cold fusion?

@4:52 that's the first time I've ever heard of conductivity explained like that. thank you

The potential for revolutionizing our devices with longer battery life and faster speeds is mind-blowing. The technological breakthroughs we've seen in the past decade continue to astound me.

There's 9 Tech Readiness Levels, and a working graphene transistor is TRL 3. They still have a looooong ways to go.

Graphene based chips? This has been speculated on and teased for many, many years. I’ll believe it when I see it

"Electrons can only be in a few discrete layers, or shells, above the nucleus, which we can call bands" A band is not the same as a shell. A shell is what you get if you have more-or-less isolated atoms (or molecules), like in a gas or a liquid. A band is what you get in denser materials such as crystals, and it's a collective thing involving the entire structure of the material. A shell only allows one energy (e.g. the ground state of the hydrogen atom has an energy of -13.6 eV, take it or leave it), but a band allows a whole _range_ of energies, which secretly are like lots of little shells extremely close together, and shared across the entire material.

*Methods for Bandgap Engineering* *_Several techniques can be employed to induce bandgaps in graphene:_* _1. Chemical Functionalization: By attaching functional groups or molecules to graphene, the electronic properties can be altered, introducing bandgaps. This method offers tunable bandgap widths but may suffer from stability issues._ _2.Graphene Nanoribbon Formation: Narrow strips of graphene, known as nanoribbons, naturally exhibit bandgaps due to quantum confinement effects. By precisely controlling the width and edge structure of nanoribbons, the bandgap width can be tailored._ _3.Strain Engineering: Applying mechanical strain to graphene can modify its electronic properties, including inducing bandgaps. This approach offers a reversible method for controlling conductivity but requires precise manipulation._ *Implementing in Transistors* *_To utilize graphene as a semiconductor in transistors:_* _Fabrication: Begin with a graphene layer on a substrate, typically silicon dioxide._ _Bandgap Introduction: Employ one of the aforementioned techniques to introduce bandgaps into graphene._ _Electrode Integration: Add source and drain electrodes to facilitate electron flow._ _Gate Control: Utilize a gate electrode to modulate the conductivity of graphene by adjusting the bandgap width._

A 13 minutes video released 9minutes ago and people giving comment 7 minutes ago , god save our attention span

This isn't the first time I hear about graphene chips, but last time I checked on the subject, someone suggested a silicene alternative that - in theory - would be easier to engineer since computer chips use silicon anyway.

You never disappoint, my man. Thank you for putting this video together. I would promise this, but I have no need to waist time into stating the obvious - after we meet, you'll understand this in a better, more meaningful way - your commitment and love for the human progress, which will lead you towards me in a mysterious fashion. These are tangible words that transcend all the limitations we are meant to beat down in order for ending this journey - words that ended walking in lockstep before standing tall in the face of triumph, a leading voice throughout the ever-changing canvases holding up this very little pale blue dot. Push aside the words, meet their real meaning...

Most peaceful videos to listen to , thank you

The name of the channel goes well with the content beautifully haha

Those chips will run ads faster.

I don't know where you got your intro music (you are watching Cold Fusion) and it just really hits the right things. Hard to describe but I really love it so well done! Also I do enjoy your voice and coverage of topics - I do really look forward to your next videos.

Super looking forward to this! For those who don't quite grasp: sometimes all that's needed for the technology to become viable is to reduce production costs/efficiency at scale. If one chips away for 10 years, iterating processes 10% here, 20% there -- it accumulates and can push the technology over that threshold.

Graphene potential is amazing. I've been following its progress since 2006 when I first heard about it.

We could already have had phone batteries that lasted a week, but the marketplace decided ever-more advanced phones were more important than battery life.

Moore's law has always been a specific use case of the more general law of accelerating returns. This basically means that every technological advance gives us the ability to build even better tools. The impact of this is that all tech has an exponential return. This tech, along with things like photonic chips and quantum computers, are going to allow us to continue growing our technology even as we are hitting the limits of silicon.

I love episodes like this. It gets me interested and enthusiastically excited for the future like I was in my 20s again. Thanks.

Watches for the content, falls asleep due to voice and music 🎶 ❤

I'm an ingeneer specialized in powerelectronics. We are working since around 2019 with SiC Mosfets. here are some conclusions in comparison with standard IGBT Moduls (although I obviosly can only talk about powerelectronic side, not microelectronics) - If they die (explode) they do so pretty quite, that's nice. They also don't push the silicon everywhere. I tell you, cleaning a cabinet where a IGBT did explode is annoying... - They are faster. witch IGBTs our switchingfrequency was at (depending on the output current) 2...10 kHz, with SiC we are usually at 12...20 kHz with comparable current. That reduces the losses in the chokes significantly, and reduces the noice by far. Sadly it seems, that the chokes are now at their limit. even if the output current of the Semiconductors could be increased, there are no chokes to smoothe the current out. with 25 kHz most choke technologies are also already at the optimum with copper and iron losses. - They survive overvoltages longer/easier. - they get extreamly hot, therefore the chip is a lot closer to the baseplate (wich is attached to a heat sink. sadly this increases the parasitic capasity, and because of that also EMC noise against PE. It easily interferes with other devices. An EMC Filter is mostly required. - because of the higher switching frequency parasitic problems have gone up a notch as well. For example: we build a bidirectional, galvanically isolated DC//DC converter. In the lab it worked with 30 kHz, but when we build it in a cabinet, we had to reduce the switching frequency to 17 kHz, just because the cables were a few centimeters longer, and therefore the parasitic inductance inceased. The difference is, again, the lab compared to a real application. - they are, at least for now, still very expansive All in all, it is nice, yes, but it is not the all mighty solution. All the manufacturers have already quited down significantly about innovations.

Apple's Sillicon was the most powerful recent improvement in terms of battery life in laptops and much faster performance, hope to see more of this type of technology

At 8:01 you say "deficit free" when the text reads "defect free." The distinction between those two words is VERY important when it comes to semiconductor chips, as wafer defects are a huge deal in the production of semiconductor processing chips.

0:45 didn't know Einstein is still alive!!

Power drain and heat generation of modern electronics is not due to wire resistance, it's due to gate switching speed getting maxed out. Transistors take a moment to change their resistance value from high to low and back, and during that transitional period they pass a lot of current at non-insignificant resistance through them, which generates heat and wastes power. Faster clock speed means there's less low-losses time between switching, and more high-losses active time. The only way you can help it is to develop a gate that flips faster and shuts harder, like GAAFET technology. Clock speeds are also severely limited by physical size of the chip - speed of light and all.

I feel the need to point out that, faster clock speeds are not simply limited by the silicon. As clock speeds increase, you start to have a problem where the signals are bIeeding through as RF noise faster than they are traveling across the intended circuit. If the signal "jumps" the circuit gap, then you start to have all sorts of timing problems and the circuit would become increasingly noisy. So, a lot of the circuitry would have to be replaced by opto-electronics which would drive the prices sky-high!

This is what makes me so excited not only devices can run many degrees Celsius cooler but they could run thousands of times faster without making as much heat as regular silicon

We’ve been hearing about twice as fast processors and half the size 10 times better batteries every year for 20 years. It’s never happens either because it’s not possible or those up top who get rich don’t allow it.

I can't help but notice that 12 out of the 15 names from the team are all from Tianjin University, China: Jian Zhao, Peixuan Ji, Yaqi Li, Rui Li, Kaimin Zhang, Hao Tian, Kaicheng Yu, Boyue Bian, Luzhen Hao, Xue Xiao, Ramiro Moro, Lei Ma. Only these are non-Chinese: Will Griffin, Noel Dudeck, Walt A. de Heer.

2:52 Graphene can be, and usually is, a mix of molecules with various thickness (ie. different number of connected layers). The 1-layer graphene is called monolayer. There are other forms of graphene with gaps in the sheet(s), 3D arrangements, etc.

Excellent Analysis, Deployed Worldwide Through My Deep Learning AI… Thank You

This idea is decades old

Wow amazing! Thank you for covering this!

When I hear people saying "your laptop could last a week" I instantly think of the thermodynamics involved with an accident. If we consider energy density, imagine 1 weeks worth of energy transferring in 1 minute. Graphine should be praised for its energy efficiency, laptops don't need to last a week. Small energies mean smaller accidents.

You didn't mention what the "height" of the ladder steps represents, which would make it hard to understand what the gap is supposed to refer to for anyone who doesn't already know that we're talking about energy levels.

Graphene is one of those technological breakthroughs that is always 10 years away. Just like Nuclear fusion. I am afraid AGI may follow the same trajectory

Wonderful science and persistence. Hope to see the technology in the future gadgets. However i see some potential bottlenecks outlined below. • Material Properties: Graphite’s layered crystalline structure offers high thermal conductivity and electron mobility but complicates deposition and patterning processes necessary for semiconductor manufacturing. Its anisotropic properties also create variability in circuit performance. • Manufacturing Compatibility: Standard semiconductor production facilities are optimized for silicon, not graphite. Modifying these facilities to accommodate graphite’s unique requirements involves significant technological and financial challenges. • Process Adaptation: Conventional etching and chemical processes used for silicon are ineffective with graphite, necessitating the development of new methods specific to graphite. • Environmental Sensitivity: Graphite processors require strict environmental controls during manufacturing due to their sensitivity to humidity and temperature, adding complexity and cost to the production process. • Scale Challenges: These technical and operational complexities make scaling up graphite processor production both technically demanding and economically costly, limiting widespread adoption.

Thanks you for your clear, interesting updates on the latest research. You are amazing!

"deficit" != "defect"

We're so fucking back bro

Holy, this is incredible, I remember when I first heard of graphene. Now to actually see it being able to be used is amazing. I can't wait to see what all comes from this discovery.

Hats off for making this as accessible as possible!

To everyone complaining in the comment section. All the “future” tech that disappeared or “isn’t being used yet” is being used they just aren’t consumer products. So many wild things have existed in history that weren’t consumer products.

I have been following the same research and I was really excited when they announced. I finally felt Carbon chips were near.

Finally, this channel talks about the news about the graphene semiconductor that came out almost 4 months ago. Brilliant. :)

Having done my PhD research on graphene, this research really gets me hyped up for the future

Great video. 👏👏

The problem you speak of at the end (current leakage) can be solved while scaling down the transistors. When researching problems with leakage at sub nano level it was actually discovered that taking advantage of quantum interference of electron by sending waves shifted by PI you can actually achive near-zero current leakage. Source: New Microchip Breakthrough: Scaling Beyond 1nm, author: Anastasi In Tech

😱 THIS is IT! This is just what we needed to get across the hurdle that's been slowing down progress in the IT field in recent years. This will pave the way to a proper high-tech future.

We like technical videos! Your videos on tech are by far my favorite! Keep up the awesome work Digogo! You have many fans!

Fyi, for those of you other there that like building your own pc, they make Graphene thermal pads that take the place of thermal paste for CPU's. Personally, I even take my GPU apart and put a pad on the GPU dye. I've used the same pad for years now, even reused a couple in multiple builds, still working great.

I LOVE technical videos like this!! Thank you D.A.!!

The preprint mentioned in the notes is Zhao et al., Ultra-high mobility semiconducting epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide, Nature 625, 60-65 (2024). The novel material is _not_ actually graphene (a semi-metal), but the eponymous SEG, which is a monolayer chemically bonded to a SiC (silicon carbide) substrate; this bonding appears to be at the root of SEG being a semiconductor. The bandgap is measured at about 0.6 eV, which sets it apart from graphene. The material is doped, remarkably, with O_2 and features a mobilities of ca. 5000 cm^2/Vs, which is considered remarkable. The authors exhibit a FET fabricated with SEG as the channel material; it features an on/off ratio of ~10^4. The crux will lie in fabricating LSI-scale devices with this material. ~~~~Arthur Ogawa

Thank you for the explanation of the Band Gap.

Love clicking on a video and seeing work from my college. Thanks for bringing more light to this topic!

we have been hearing these things for over 10 years and we have not seen anything on the ground

Current GPUs have 10 billion plus transistors in 4nm process. Creating a single working graphene transistor is a very long way from a graphen based CPU or GPU. 10-11 orders of magnitude of manufacturing complexity and in the meantime silicon based designs would have moved to 2nm or smaller process with well over 100 billion transistors.

Great episode! Thanks for highlighting this breakthrough!

Terraherz instead of Gigaherz, so your phone is 5x as fast. Strange calculation

ColdFusion can you please give credit to the other university that collaborated with georgia tech to do this. You forgot to put Tianjin University in collaboration. GIve credit where credit is due please

The small band gap implies low operating voltage, as well as possible sensitivity to temperature. I think they will be able to tune the band gap by controlling how long the initial "baking" step is.

Leakage has always been the issue with graphene, also that transistors are larger than what we can do with silicon but graphene is indeed fast. If they really have figured out a way to have reasonable leakage, such that it doesn't destroy SNR, there are some inmediate applications even if it is electrically inefficient: Ultra fast analog to digital conversion, fast enough for direct sampling of light with nano antennas and that could make fiber optics orders of magnitude faster and could also have big implications for astronomy (software interferometry with light).

I'm a simple guy, I see Dagogo's post. I watch. Straight up

As Elon said it ,"prototype is easy but mass production is Hard.

Look into the absolute fascination story of LED lights and how long it took to research full spectrum. I am not very optimistic that we will get graphene semiconductors anytime soon, but it is amazing to think about how much discovery is still ahead of us.

Back in the 1970's I worked in mining exploration in northern Canada. We did geophysical surveys over potential orebodies deep in the rock of the Canadian shield. Then, having delineated the shape of the underground conductor, the diamond drillers would punch a hole in the rock to get a sample of the ore. We could take a wild guess at what we had found but were never sure until the diamond core was examined. Then, with pent up breath, and honest anticipation we would find out that all we had found, was friggin' graphite! Black crap! Who needs that? We slogged around that heavy geophysical gear and endured the bugs of summer or the cold of winter, only to find graphite? Who's ever going to need pure carbon? Lead, zinc, copper...anything but carbon graphite! Curses! On to the next conductor. But now? Graphite is used in golf clubs and electronics. Graphene holds promise, after promise, after promise...and okay, it never delivers, but I can attest to the fact that there's a lot of it in the ground, heck, I found it. That cursed black muck!

Looks like there was hiccup in KZfaq again. I got unsubscribed. So everybody make sure you are still subscribed. YT's system is so odd sometimes.

Lol, my gaming laptop last for the length of a movie, then it needs to be charged. It's utterly useless without consistent power.

Current "leakage" is less of an issue for low-power chips, which graphene chips would be at first, thanks to its efficiency. Things like backside power (i.e. PowerVIA) and RibbonFET may further help with that and enable high-power chips as well.

CMOS was a radical departure from TTL and earlier technologies, giving us vastly more power-efficient ICs, so not everything stayed static for the past 70 years

Sounds neat, but big skepticism until I see a commercial product.

My PhD studying electrical properties of graphene convinced me that it will never move beyond an academic curiosity. It’s totally impractical to work with even when you move beyond the exfoliated flake method.

My phone or laptop have huge difference (at least 2x maybe 3x)in battery life depending on screen brightness. So at max brightness 50% or more of energy is consumed by screen illumination. CPU is not the only part that consumes electricity, RAM, SSD consume some electricity too.

Yes most of the comments here are basically all saying the same thing. And the main reason we still haven’t gotten it, is because we can produce these materials in small scales. Mass manufacturing really is difficult.

gaslight, gatekeep, graphene

Computing really needs to take a chill pill!!!

Small band gap isn’t necessarily a problem, you just run lower core voltages, so long as you can make the FETs turn on at those voltages.

I love this hopeful video! Thanks so much for enlightening me! ❤

This chip actually came from the future and found in 1984. It was smashed and no longer functioning. We were able to reverse engineer it.

Just to note with the whole "this chip will be able to run faster and cooler". Technically yes, but technically, we've been able to do that for decades now. The thing is once we do find ways to run things cooler/more efficiently, we run them faster and faster, pushing the limits until they heat up again. Then it's time for the next race for the material/technique that will be able to compute without require cooling.

I'm pleased to see how many folks on this comment section know what time it is. Cold Fusion and many of these other technology channels pump out a lot of hype around technologies that are nowhere near to yielding practical mass produced products. That algorithm needs content.

Dont underestimate the capability of the semiconductor industry to switch gears when necessary, it's like a spacerace. But it requires the technology to be sufficiently far derisked to make the jump.

they wanted to let a Chinese corporation build a graphene plant on one of our most biodiverse estuaries in Pass Manchac at the mouth of Lake Maurepas in Louisiana. The community rallied to stop it from happening because these plants are known to spew tons of pollution and blanket the surrounding areas in graphite/graphene dust which, as it turns out, is very bad to breathe. Nearly every local grew up fishing and eating out of the water there. After decades of work getting the water cleaned up from mercury and other types of contamination this is what our government wants to serve up to us with the unraveling of regulatory authority by big business interests’ reach into every corner of American politics.

The semiconducting graphene always needs bulk layer of wide bandgap material, i.e. silicone carbide beneath it. Roughly speaking, graphene gets its wide bangap from underlying material which has it even wider. Given the fact how multilayered the present integrated circuits are there is still big chalenge in how some monolayer sandwich can be translated into functional multilayers.

Boss: $20 for anyone that can make graphene semiconductors. Awesome Scientist: Grabs $20 and says, "hold my beer"!!

thank you for all the work and the great content you are offering!

I've been hearing about a breakthrough in battery technology for 20 years. And graphene for 10 years and we're still dealing with the same battery technology.