I agree 100 percent with your video. Ultimately, China's spectacular success over the last four decades boils down to one thing: *good governance.* China has a very capable and intelligent leadership. China has a very effective model of democracy, much different from the West's liberal model. China produced good long-term policies. They were farsighted and wise. These policies: - focused on education and infrastructure - avoided wasting money on warfare - prioritized international trade - emphasized diplomacy and respect with other nations

Each day, in every possible way, China is contributing to a better world.

It doesn't matter if it is democracy or communism as long as the economy is good 👍

china got rich & powerful via luck, hardwork, right timing & able to see around the corner where others can not... bravo china on your # 1 ranking on this planet. with much love and respect from middle east, new zealand & italy!

I grew up in the era of China’s poverty! I remembered the days of humiliation! I am now over 91 years old. I am proud of China’s rise and prosperity! Thanks to President Xi Jinping. Chinese all over the world can be proud of their heritage and country! Why can’t the West respect and cooperate with China to build a safe peaceful and better world?

Proud of China ♥

Xi is a man of vision. What make him great because of experience of the poor. He is strong inside and humble, doing more than talking. Let him stay as long as he is fit. China timing is rising but the West is falling.

This help me understand China better. I’m from Malaysia. China has traded with Malaysia for 2000 years. In those years, they had been the world’s biggest powers many times. Never once they sent troops to take our land. Admiral Zheng He came to Malacca five times, in gigantic fleets, and a flagship eight times the size of Christopher Columbus’ flagship, Santa Maria. He could have seized Malacca easily, but he did not. In 1511, the Portuguese came. In 1642, the Dutch came. In the 18th century the British came. We were colonised by each, one after another. When China wanted spices from India, they traded with the Indians. When they wanted gems, they traded with the Persian. They didn’t take lands. The only time China expanded beyond their current borders was in Yuan Dynasty, when Genghis and his descendants Ogedei Khan, Guyuk Khan & Kublai Khan concurred China, Mid Asia and Eastern Europe. But Yuan Dynasty, although being based in China, was a part of the Mongolian Empire. Then came the Century of Humiliation. Britain smuggled opium into China to dope the population, a strategy to turn the trade deficit around, after the British could not find enough silver to pay the Qing Dynasty in their tea and porcelain trades. After the opium warehouses were burned down and ports were closed by the Chinese in ordered to curb opium, the British started the Opium War I, which China lost. Hong Kong was forced to be surrendered to the British in a peace talk (Nanjing Treaty). The British owned 90% of the opium market in China, during that time, Queen Victoria was the world’s biggest drug baron. The remaining 10% was owned by American merchants from Boston. Many of Boston’s institutions were built with profit from opium. After 12 years of Nanjing Treaty, the West started getting really really greedy. The British wanted the Qing government: 1. To open the borders of China to allow goods coming in and out freely, and tax free. 2. Make opium legal in China. Insane requests, Qing government said no. The British and French, with supports from the US and Russia from behind, started Opium War II with China, which again, China lost. The Anglo-French military raided the Summer Palace, and threatened to burn down the Imperial Palace, the Qing government was forced to pay with ports, free business zones, 300,000 kilograms of silver and Kowloon was taken. Since then, China’s resources flew out freely through these business zones and ports. In the subsequent amendment to the treaties, Chinese people were sold overseas to serve as labor. In 1900, China suffered attacks by the 8-National Alliance(Japan, Russia, Britain, France, USA, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary). Innocent Chinese civilians in Peking (Beijing now) were murdered, buildings were destroyed & women were raped. The Imperial Palace was raided, and treasures ended up in museums like the British Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris. In late 1930s China was occupied by the Japanese in WWII. Millions of Chinese died during the occupancy. 300,000 Chinese died in Nanjing Massacre alone. Mao brought China together again from the shambles. There were peace and unity for some time. But Mao’s later reign saw sufferings and deaths from famine and power struggles. Then came Deng Xiao Ping and his infamous “black-cat and white-cat” story. His preference in pragmatism than ideologies has transformed China. This thinking allowed China to evolve all the time to adapt to the actual needs in the country, instead of rigidly bounded to ideologies. It also signified the death of Communism in actually practice in China. The current Socialism+Meritocracy+Market Economy model fits the Chinese like gloves, and it propels the uprise of China. Singapore has a similar model, and has been arguably more successful than Hong Kong, because Hong Kong being gateway to China, was riding on the economic boom in China, while Singapore had no one to gain from. In just 30 years, the CPC have moved 800 millions of people out from poverty. The rate of growth is unprecedented in human history. They have built the biggest mobile network, by far the biggest high speed rail network in the world, and they have become a behemoth in infrastructure. They made a fishing village called Shenzhen into the world’s second largest technological centre after the Silicon Valley. They are growing into a technological power house. It has the most elaborate e-commerce and cashless payment system in the world. They have launched exploration to Mars. The Chinese are living a good life and China has become one of the safest countries in the world. The level of patriotism in the country has reached an unprecedented height. For all of the achievements, the West has nothing good to say about it. China suffers from intense anti-China propagandas from the West. Western Media used the keyword “Communist” to instil fear and hatred towards China. Everything China does is negatively reported. They claimed China used slave labor in making iPhones. The truth was, Apple was the most profitable company in the world, it took most of the profit, leave some to Foxconn (a Taiwanese company) and little to the labor. They claimed China was inhuman with one-child policy. At the same time, they accused China of polluting the earth with its huge population. The fact is the Chinese consume just 30% of energy per capita compared to the US. They claimed China underwent ethnic cleansing in Xinjiang. The fact is China has a policy which priorities ethnic minorities. For a long time, the ethnic minorities were allowed to have two children and the majority Han only allowed one. The minorities are allowed a lower score for university intakes. There are 39,000 mosque in China, and 2100 in the US. China has about 3 times more mosque per muslim than the US. When terrorist attacks happened in Xinjiang, China had two choices: 1. Re-educate the Uighur extremists before they turned terrorists. 2. Let them be, after they launch attacks and killed innocent people, bomb their homes. China chose 1 to solve problem from the root and not to do killing. How the US solve terrorism? Fire missiles from battleships, drop bombs from the sky. During the pandemic, When China took extreme measures to lockdown the people, they were accused of being inhuman. When China recovered swiftly because of the extreme measures, they were accused of lying about the actual numbers. When China’s cases became so low that they could provide medical support to other countries, they were accused of politically motivated. Western Media always have reasons to bash China. Just like any country, there are irresponsible individuals from China which do bad and dirty things, but the China government overall has done very well. But I hear this comment over and over by people from the West: I like Chinese people, but the CPC is evil. What they really want is the Chinese to change the government, because the current one is too good. Fortunately China is not a multi-party democratic country, otherwise the opposition party in China will be supported by notorious NGOs (Non-Government Organization) of the USA, like the NED (National Endowment for Democracy), to topple the ruling party. The US and the British couldn’t crack Mainland China, so they work on Hong Kong. Of all the ex-British colonial countries, only the Hong Kongers were offered BNOs by the British. Because the UK would like the Hong Kongers to think they are British citizens, not Chinese. A divide-and-conquer strategy, which they often used in Color Revolutions around the world. They resort to low dirty tricks like detaining Huawei’s CFO & banning Huawei. They raised a silly trade war which benefits no one. Trade deficit always exist between a developing and a developed country. USA is like a luxury car seller who ask a farmer: why am I always buying your vegetables and you haven’t bought any of my cars? When the Chinese were making socks for the world 30 years ago, the world let it be. But when Chinese started to make high technology products, like Huawei and DJI, it caused red-alert. Because when Western and Japanese products are equal to Chinese in technologies, they could never match the Chinese in prices. First world countries want China to continue in making socks. Instead of stepping up themselves, they want to pull China down. The recent movement by the US against China has a very important background. When Libya, Iran, and China decided to ditch the US dollar in oil trades, Gaddafi’s was killed by the US, Iran was being sanctioned by the US, and now it’s China’s turn. The US has been printing money out of nothing. The only reason why the US Dollar is still widely accepted, is because it’s the only currency which oil is allowed to be traded with. The US has an agreement with Saudi that oil must be traded in US dollar ONLY. Without the petrol-dollar status, the US dollars will sink, and America will fall. Therefore anyone trying to disobey this order will be eliminated. China will soon use a gold-backed crypto-currency, the alarms in the White House go off like mad. China’s achievement has been by hard work. Not buy looting the world. I have deep sympathy for China for all the suffering, but now I feel happy for them. China is not rising, they are going back to where they belong. Good luck China. -Zeis Siez

China is the most peace-seeking big country in the world. This is why it deserves our trust and encouragement. Long live peaceful China !

That's why China will not pursue a military dominance approach as it has too much to lose making enemies. But when it comes to sovereign Chinese territories, China will remain steadfast and will never negotiate or compromise

GOD Bless and Long Live President Xi Jinping with great Power and great Success❤❤🤲🏻🤲🏻🇨🇳

The Chinese are a very intelligent race but are very humble.

China is a great country. The progress they have made is unimaginable!😊😊

While you pointed out according to Chinese wisdom that education is the key to China's growth yet did little to reinforce that theme. China graduates over two times more college grads than the US and 40% of those grads are STEM majors. China graduates eight times more STEM students than does the US. Further, Russia with less than half the population of the US, graduates as many STEM students as does the US. Because of this educated manpower resource, China will surpass the US in the technology sector. The US, instead of collaborating and taking advantage of that fact, chooses to sanction and pose restrictions to hinder China's growth. It will lose. American politicians like Biden talk big on how the US will beat China in the tech race by throwing money at it. That, by itself, will end up poorly as there are not enough tech graduates to implement the funding. And, for that matter, the restrictions imposed on China in technology are having a boomerang effect and causing more harm to US tech companies than to China. In fact, these restrictions are only making China stronger.

Australia is also doing well. The only problem here is that our politicians are all idiots.

Thank You President Xi , you have made Communist China PRC the most beautiful country & Bert country in this world . but you need the PLA to protect the Chinese People ! Thank You you are magnificent !

The analysis is only a skin deep with the appreciation limited to the western education. One important feature of China is its 5000 years culture which could be grossly simplified by saying it has Confucius - or ancestorial teaching refined and condensed over thousands of years. That culture unifies the thinking of Chinese, makes them behave orderly in a coherent society and to aspire the Chinese people to put their interest of the community (or country) before the individuals'. Many people regard President Xi a great leader who clearly is one. However I would say most classically educated Chinese will act 90% like Xi because they all believe in a way to meet the approval of their ancestors or the Confucius way. With that Chinese could never invade a foreign land, slaughter the indigenous natives and establish another new country there. Confucius teaching compel the Chinese to share future with everyone and not act as a hegemon. When US invented the Covid vaccines it declared outsiders could only get American vaccines after all the Americans had been vaccinated and there were spares left. Xi on the other hand pledged Chinese vaccines would be shared because to do the American way would be opposing Confucius. Another important feature of China is its people may act uniformly and coherently but they all have good mind individually. I offer the International Math Olympiad (IMO) competition as a proof. Math is a subject that forces the learner to use the mind and to think for solving a solution. China was under more than 20 years economic blockade by the US. It was not recognised as a sovereign country until 1971 when the world majority overturned US in the UN with resolution to replace the US-back Taiwan with mainland as the legal representative of the Chinese people. Thus China was only able to join IMO after 1985. Since 1985 US has won the IMO championship 6 times but China took the gold 24 times. This proves China is strong in math decades before it rises up. However in the 6-member IMO team there are Chinese names in the US team. The numbers of Chinese names in the 6 times US scored gold medal are 1986(0), 1994(1), 2015(2), 2016(3), 2018(4) and 2018(5). In 2023 China won again with US as the second runner-up but all six US team members have Chinese names! The Chinese name in US team may come from Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and other countries in South East Asia and their common denominator is Confucius influence. China is a country famous for making goods affordable to the masses. Confucius is the person who pioneered making education affordable to everybody in China. Thus few so call China experts could get China right until they have studied Confucius teaching.

One important thing is Chinese language, the most stable ancient language in the world, not a single word added from its invention around 2000 years ago. Once remembered 3000 words, you can read 99% articles, not only general ones, but any specialty articles. Not like English you need to remember all the terminology to understand any specialty. That means a high school student can read any professional articles without problem where it is impossible for English. The existing words covers past, present and future anything without increase a single word.

China seems to thrive under a technocratic, meritocratic top-down government. It is not our place to tell them they are wrong when they have been so successful turning around 300 years of stagnation in just 40 years.

It is great leadership with vision and strong resolve to succeed.... that's what China has. And currently, as China faced massive challenges especially smearing and propaganda including trade and technological wars etc from hegemonic USA and NATO, China is so fortunate to have President Xi Jinping leading the country to become the largest economy and a global superpower.

Wise visionary leadership and competent people focused care collective governance will bless the nation people with progress prosperity happiness security safety. It’s culture civilisation is based the values wisdom of Confucius Laozi Bhagwan Gautam Buddha. Well done China 👍♥️🇨🇳

The West have the word "wisedom" but doesn't really know what it is. 😢😢😢

The Powerful PLA is the basic of economic.

My two cents on how China got its act together so quickly: a reformed Confucian ethic combined with a pragmatic socialism. Even without the socialism, the Confucian ethic also powered Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan’s development.

1995 I went to China, GuangXi. The high school there are lots of African there. Speak fluent Mandarin.

May dear Mr Xi live long & healthy 🤲🏼✊🏼 Best warm wishes from 🇺🇸🕊️🌹

In usa and the west there leaders plans for there next reelection.

China has invested in qualitative and quantitative development of human resources.

China lead the world to prosperity, harmony and peace.

Great analysis

@4:00 The black cat white cat saying is comparing socialism and capitalism, that whichever solves the problem, is a good solution, be it improving the economy or the lives of the people. This is representative of the pragmatic culture of Chinese in general. We are less stuck with ideological pursuits or beliefs but concerned with whatever tool gets the job done!

To me, the best way to describe China's approach in governance is Chinese Socialism State Capitalism China is socialist, but they have a Chinese brand of socialism. They're not going to do dum bass sht like subsizing drug needles or paying ppl to he jobless like the west. Instead their brand of socialism focuses on things like poverty alleviation, education accessibility, and food security They also harness the strength of capitalism, but on a state level, meaning enterprises and corporations are always subservient to the state and not the other way around like in the west. In China you can grow rich, but you cannot put your personal interest above that of the nation Ma Yun is a textbook example, someone who fell from grace because his Ant Group policies would have led to the creation of a credit bubble that would eventually lead to disaster for the country

Another very important point is the collective culture. They emphasize collective interests. I saw a very interesting video a few days ago. An American woman gave money to a Chinese child who was helping his mother deliver food. She told him that he could use the money to buy toys. The child refused. He said that the money could help their whole family and he couldn't keep it all to himself. The woman was so surprised.

Being modest is an Asian virtue. It maybe true China is more powerful than almost all her adversaries but she never boasts about it.

One more thing China also investing heavily on education, mostly higher education and research & development.

👍⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐Ultimately, China's spectacular success over the last four decades boils down to one thing: good governance.

一年之計，莫如樹穀；十年之計，莫如樹木；終身之計，莫如樹人

Soft power works well especially when you also have a very powerful military in hand.

Chinese don't suffer from inferiority complex, poor self esteem, are resilient, determined, self reliant and value each other and respect the culture of others. Their self confidence has brought them where they are. Others, especially Africa, can learn from China.

China's development is based on good governance, and policies are jointly formulated and implemented by technocrats, engineers, scientists, and sociologists based on reality, rather than listening to the nonsense of performing stars.

The videos I have seen how china educates children to become a personality with many different skills, are very impressing.

中国的领导人有远见，中国的人民很勤奋。

BRAVO CHINA. MORE PRESSURE MORE STRONGER. SHINING LIKE A DIAMOND ONLY CHINA CAN LEAD AND BRING STABILITY AND BALLANCE OF POWER OF THE WORLD TO STOP HYPOCRISY AND WARMONGERING MINDSET

Great video with lots of relevant information

Dispite humanitarian breeches in the past, China is making friends and prospers when the world prospers. The US seems to thrive on chaos and war. Thankfully it will fall soon, historically speaking. I just hope the US does not wage another world war before it falls. I'm not sad at the idea of a world without the US because it causes suffering throughout the world while shouting about the virtues of a republic they stopped being long ago. "Let us bring you law", while ignoring international laws... because they can. "We'll protect the world from those who want to unjustly take their land", while they sit on an empire built on lands stolen from the indigenous peoples there.

One essential quality is the Chinese ethic of hard work to meet targets. Employing Chinese workers is value for money for the employer. Not like Ali baba workers.

IT IS a great succesful country A civilization state. An old culture. Where you meet respect.

A country is helping its people, not over power on military.

China grow her military might to guard the trade routes. China must guard against USA and NATO disrupting their trade routes

Chinese leaders need to be committed to governing the country from a young age, growing slowly from junior, to intermediate, to senior.They have accumulated a wealth of management experience over a long period of time.The leader of the United States, no matter who he is, just needs to get votes, without any consideration of whether he has experience, ability or executive power.

For forty years, China does not waste time inside or outside the country. The only principle in everyone's mind is that growth counts.

China didn't get so well for one generation of hard working, three generations of hard working started from 1949 made it happen.

the foundation already been sow since 2000 years ago through teaching of Confucius.

China welcome foreign company, India also welcome foreign company but won’t let them leave easily

Simply impressive China.

Thank you for showing China. I love my country and respect our president.

Love from Mumbai India 🇮🇳🥰 to China 🇨🇳

CHINA DESERVES TO BE A LEADER OF THE WORLD!

learn the good, discard the bad. that's how you can progress. it's a very basic chinese philosophy and life attitude. a lot of people do not know that dxp went to japan to seek to learn japanese management systems etc with an open heart without ego or vengeance. that's the ultimate reason why china could progress rapidly; being pragmatic and farsighted without prejudice.

In other words, it takes one year to grow a tree; ten years a forest; but a lifetime to cultivate a person .😅

Great president Xi and smart Chinese people is how

It is Confucianism that unite China and enable them to be respectful to their elder and their government.These words all Chinese remember 精忠報國. 没有国哪有家

Very interesting and informative, Good presentation, Hats off to visionary Chinese Leaders 👌

Thank you for your neutral assessment of China's development.

No words china is superpower in the world 💖✨🔥

Intelligent leadership and diligent Chinese people make china great!

The Chinese leaders spend enormous time and energy on how to develop the country and lifting the livelihood of their people . The American leaders spend all their time deciding when to print more money.

9:05 世界人民大团结万岁！Long live the great unity of the people of the world! 这是写在天安门广场上的标语。This is the slogan written on Tiananmen Square.

Totally agreed with you. But you left out one category, that is, " If you are not planning for anything, wait under the trees for the fruits to drop." In certain country there are many like this. If they cannot get the fruits, they blame on others. They just wait for handouts and not willing to work hard for it. Their shortcomings and lack of confidence in themselves are due to their laziness and low mentality. Not only they are not willing to educate themselves well by exploring other education systems for lifetime planning but they want others to follow them and want to stop other education systems and be like them. These are the type of people fall into this category.

The benefit of not having a multiparty system whereby the parties focus on each other instead of what is important for the country.

China actually has the biggest economy since 1000 BC. It was only in the beginning of the 19th century that China was humiliated, attacked, and plundered by the Anglo Saxons but China has made a comeback and is stronger than ever.

All Han ethnic nations in many different regimes are prosperous; like Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macua, China, oversea Chinese. So political system is not the issue but something else in common among ethnic Han. According to English scholar, high end of value chain depends on highly competent investors and engineers which are determined by mental ability. Without those mental ability, it is impossible to operate mentally demanding engineer work for high end of sophisticated technologies or investment decisions. Running successful big business is extremely complicated and mentally challenging. Sophisticated big businesses are at the top of food chain with the smartest people able to run.

Chinese emphases that each generation has their roles and responsibilities, relay to take up the duties by young generation so ascertained country’s advancement.

Deng Xiao Ping and Lee Kwan Yew... two great thinkers and leaders of our time.

Excellent analysis on the difference in approach between China and US!

As a Chinese person, I have to say that the author has not seen the core of China's success. China's success is similar to the success of the United States in the internet revolution. Just as the technology industry in the United States successfully utilized government investment left over from the Cold War to establish the internet and its derivative technologies, China's reform and opening up actually successfully utilized the massive basic investment in education by the Chinese government during the literacy movement, which resulted in China having the largest population of literate people at that time as a pool of potential workers to take on the transfer of manufacturing. The reason why the Western world now feels weak in competition with China is that there is no equivalent infrastructure in China, which has led to the inability for an innovative private economic model to grow.

China, India, Japan, Egypt and Iran, five great nations with a long history of great civilizations that every nation should have great relations with .

Thank you for the informative video, extremelypp helpful. I am grateful for the long term thinking of the leadership teams over the years leading the country moving forward. The strategic shift was not an easy move, which requires years of hard work and perseverance. Credits to all the leaders involved and to all the people in China to make Socialism with Chinese Characteristics a reality! We need to keep up the good work in generations to come!

The article only discusses China's economic policies but misses a core aspect: the development of China's economy serves ordinary people. There are two other important initiatives not mentioned in the article: 1. Large-scale universal education. Many people in China's new generation have received higher education, and many have become scientists and engineers. 2. Large-scale public infrastructure construction. China's public infrastructure has greatly facilitated logistics and ordinary people's travel, reducing logistics costs in industrial development and increasing the mobility of the population.

Well Strategic policies can only get you so far if it's without the Hardworking People and Well Educated population.

ERROR MADE! Djibouti is NOT at HORN of Africa, but rather at the corner of RED Sea, across Yemen !!!!

中国取得史诗般的经济和科技发展在于中国光明正大地艰苦奋斗执政为民，西方的衰败则在于处心积虑地吸血他国颠覆他国和挑唆发动战争。这些恰恰应了上博简出土的那句孔子论诗那句名言：「诗亡隐志」（人因为怀有不可告人的祸心而不可能创造出史诗般的辉煌。无论是文化还是经济）。

I think my high school history textbook is better written than my AP world history materials. The materialistic way of interpreting history, though biased (because we can't predict the future) is easy to teach and understand.

** UPDATE (10-July-2024) ** LOL indians prime minister (modi) - has officially signed the future of indian into the hands of Russia. The USA (through Israel) has confirmed that they won't be proceeding with the IMEC corridor - because of the blockage and disagreement to continue by UAE and the Kingdom of Saudi. Now indai begged Putin by giving everything to Russia in order for guaranteed friendship and trade. #RIPindia.

CHINA: educate people science instead of politics

you content is getting better! Keep up with the good work.

Only becoming an economic(tech) superpower can build and sustain military powerhouse.

fair and correct ....

A great channel for the true.

All five leaders from Mao to Xi had met and learnt something from LKY.

Totally agree

excellent

Roots is very important, China foundation of good governance is strong... Hope it never choose to become selfish, arrogant, toxic like the west

如果你用五千年的时间轴来看，中国只是衰弱了一百多年而已，大部分时间都很强大。

Мне жаль китайских детей, которых заставляют учиться в школе до 22 час. ночи. А потом они заканчивают жизнь самоубийством. Вот обратная сторона успеха Китая. 😢

You forget one point: Education. China produces about 7 millions STEM students a year.

Love you China 🇨🇳 ❤

Can't agree more

amazing

I am 81 and find out that when i was between 25 years old i knew 5 times as much more than any other person on earth,"KNOW" I am 81 and suddenly realize how much i never knew?The only way that i have observbed is that China is a nation of HIGHLY EVOLED PEOPLES and their teachings of behaveyer to ONE ANOTHER have produced a nation of productivedy. THEY ARE A NATION OF LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR and PRODUCTIVITY.Eight thousand years ago, China started ciltivating RICE? "NOW i ask YA", WHAT does that SHOW?To me, THAT SHOWS that they care for their brothers and sisters health and welfare.It seems like the more that nations people that have a longer time on earth have a natuael ability to percieve coruptness imediatly and get it corrected?Look at Russia? How President Puten saw the graft and evil personal gains of individuals in Russia to be able to Capitalize on the masses ingnorance and he was able to catch it in the BUD?The same goes for China being able to see peoples personal and selfish gains witch puts the masses under a lot of stress and want.TIME , LEARNING, and SUFFERING and TRUE beleafs in your fellow men and WOMANS labers to give back precious life are to be reverned always.America seems to be a nation of peoples that each one is different and has defferent atitudes towards everyday conduct and behavior.Its funny when you work with people who were vetrons of WW2 "THE BIG ONE"? "THATS WHAT THEY CALLED IT and Koreon War, and guys who were in my generation who HAD TO GO to VET NAMN. I myself was discharged with bleeding ulsers from US ARMY Natioal Guard. Cost me a lot of money in my lifetime?Had three operations after the first one,well anyway i made it to 81 and like i said previously, LIFE IS TIME, LEARNIG AND SUFFERING? Believe me its no DISNEYLAND? Where the PLASTIC ELEPHANTS just swing their trunks allday and dont SHIT?