What IS activation energy, really?

Рет қаралды 20,748

Ай бұрын

What is activation energy in chemistry? Where does it come from and why is it so important? Using 3D animations, we look at what gives reactions a high or low activation energy and why it is so important to reaction rates. Along the way, we look at examples, like the science of explosives and rocket fuels.
Kyushu University is one of Japan’s top universities. Check out the link to learn about our science and engineering courses in English: www.eng.kyushu-u.ac.jp/e/u_in...
‘Ignition’ by John D Clark - I was going to post a link to a free resource but it appears the book is back in print. Since I’m not sure if the legal status of free links has changed, I’ll leave it to you to google it and do the right thing.
More on FOOF: www.science.org/content/blog-...
Image credits:
NASA booster ignition: images-assets.nasa.gov/video/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)~orig.mp4
Hypergolic footage from: Toxic Propellant Hazards, • Toxic Propellant Hazards US National Archives
Mercury: NASA images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA11245/PIA11245~orig.jpg
Train explosion: Center for Disease Control: A Review of Recent Accidents Involving Explosives Transport
Mass spectrometer: Mass Spectrometer Service, University of Bath
C4: By Senior Airman Rusty Frank -, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Rocket test firing photos (before and after explosion): US Navy
Free photos from pexels.com :
Baking: pexels-shvets-production-8900081
Sugar: pexels-suzyhazelwood-2523650
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/ sannijuroku
Three Twentysix Project Leader: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations/production assistant: Es Hiranpakorn
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.

Пікірлер: 103

@brucegoodwin634 Ай бұрын

Yes to all your topic suggestions. I'm on a undergraduate chemistry binge. Super lectures!

@KevinArdala01 Ай бұрын

Yes, reversible reactions video please! 👍

@G5rry Ай бұрын

This glass will "spontaneously" fall to the ground after I push it off the table.

@robertstuckey6407 Ай бұрын

A cat wrote this

@jjreddick377 Ай бұрын

Correct.

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

Yes. The crucial word there is 'after'. So, as @robertstuckey6407 said, you can't blame the cat.

@kapsi Ай бұрын

It means you don't need to keep pushing it to the ground

@dominicestebanrice7460 Ай бұрын

t's a poor word choice IMHO but we're stuck with it seems; it's definitely a source of confusion for students. When we say "spontaneous" in general usage we typically don't mean "self sustaining once activated'!

@mcpr5971 Ай бұрын

Your channel is a great 2nd-3rd level dive into the physical sciences. I've been watching a ton of physics stuff on youtube, to the point that they are becoming repetitive (Ii'm still extremely thankful for them!). Then I found your channel and I feel like I'm leveling up from all the other great material scientists have contributed. Thank you!

@alexandervoytov4966 Ай бұрын

Very good intro! I'd add more math to show Arrhenius law equation. I'm kind of a math person to go forward from an equation for: 1. Any complex multistage chem reaction could be easily described as a superposition of several reactions each of them has Arrhenius's nature and a cumulative Arrhenius equation can describe a multistage reaction ; 2. if a chem reaction has several physical stages, like liquid kerosene combustion, when kerosene is vaporizing first and chem reaction going on in gas phase only, such complex transition could be described by cumulative Arrhenius equation as well! Chemistry is easy with math!

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

That is an excellent point and it's actually what happens with the rate equations (which is where we're headed with this series). That said, it's the activation energy of the rate determining step that makes the biggest difference since AE is an exponential term in the Arrhenius equation. But we'll talk about that in Transition States v. Intermediates, coming up.

@dysjectamembra5322 Ай бұрын

Listen Doc, Thanks for these videos. Here's to you for doing this stuff, and being honest and clear about it.

@playgroundchooser Ай бұрын

I voted for the title, so I'd better watch the video right away. 😁

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

I'm keeping track!

@cheese011 Ай бұрын

22:46 That example of weathering of surface due to friction💀

@jonathanazenon8731 Ай бұрын

Please a video on reversible reactions! Honestly this is my favorite channel to keep learning about topics we touched in undergrad. Keep up the amazing content

@LiborTinka Ай бұрын

Thanks! You could also make a video about self-ionization (autoionozation) and homoassociation - I am struggling with understanding this and there is little information on encyclopedia. For example, the salt called sodium diacetate (the "salt & vinegar" flavor from Pringles) is a solid of two molecules of acetic acid and one (!) molecule of sodium. The "complex" is neutral because the two acid molecules share hydrogen atom. But how is that possible? I don't understand the dotted line - how can hydrogen be stuck between two molecules of acid like that? Another typical example is hydrogen fluoride and I think iodine does that, too (the triiodide ion). I think this topic can make your video interesting as you can show how the fluoroantimonic acid (the superacid) works, as it's one such "complex" - the dihydrogen fluoride cation and hexafluoroantimonate anion - it's not just hydrogen bonded to weak nucleophile as in normal acid, but this weird fluoride cation. Thanks for your videos, these are very informative and helful for self-learners like me - especially for revisiting the fundamentals.

@raphaelhernandez7110 Ай бұрын

top 10 chemsitry youtubers of all times!

@jeremiahreilly9739 Ай бұрын

Love love love your presentations. Thank you. More topics? Anything that interests you.

@BirdFinder Ай бұрын

Love all your videos. Very educational and all presented.

@siglec1 Ай бұрын

I'm really grateful for your videos! Thanks for delving a bit deeper while still explaining topics so clearly. We'd love to see a video about reversible reactions.

@noelbreitenbach8673 Ай бұрын

Love your videos, like they’re always well put together bro

@aleccoles5557 Ай бұрын

This was really well explained, especially with the animations. Thanks

@triple_gem_shining Ай бұрын

Absolutely love your videos

@erikzachar4187 Ай бұрын

I'll be so glad if you made a video about volatility or about topics like fluorescence, phosporoscence, non-binding interactionst

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

Fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence added to the list!

@ruperterskin2117 Ай бұрын

Right on. Thanks for sharing.

@user-jc6fv3qx8d Ай бұрын

great and useful explanation professor , thank you

@mafrali2k Ай бұрын

Beautiful video!

@mikesady3041 Ай бұрын

Well thanks for everything I've learnt watching your video doc. Nicely done. Instant favourite, admire the way you're explaining it, big time . Also your sence of humour makes me feel in AAA part Big thanks and hugs

@seekingrafael5630 Ай бұрын

I would love a video about statistical mechanics. Cheers!

@youdontknowme6523 4 күн бұрын

Thanks professor ❤

@NotSure416 Ай бұрын

A video on the mechanics of electrolysis would be awesome.

@ikhpfieit Ай бұрын

thanks!

@MCDainter Ай бұрын

Have you heard of the new glueball partical? Links to the furst ever formations of matter at the start of the universe. Love the video!

@amigomurcho7321 Ай бұрын

Good video

@arbordianae Ай бұрын

i would enjoy an equilibrium video :)

@BradleyLayton Ай бұрын

I would love to look at how to apply these concepts to pulling rare earth elements and critical elements from coal fly ash quantitatively. Thanks in advance for sharing technical resources.

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

That would be a better topic for thermodynamics, where we look only at the beginning and the end. As for 'quantitatively' I would think that is unlikely to be an efficient process.

@DemiImp Ай бұрын

Friction can include elastic deformation and isn't always from bond destruction

@maxime3648 Ай бұрын

Elastic deformation is bond destruction

@DemiImp Ай бұрын

@@maxime3648 No, that's plastic deformation.

@maxime3648 Ай бұрын

@@DemiImp plastic deformation is bonds breaking up and forming back with other atoms, as opposed with elastic deformation where the bonds are streched but not broken

@DemiImp Ай бұрын

@@maxime3648 ...... Yes. Exactly. Friction can be from elastic deformation between two surfaces. It doesn't require bond destruction.

@maxime3648 Ай бұрын

@@DemiImp i think i misread the first message sry

@ahmadmunibhanifi3546 Ай бұрын

Thanks alot very useful....can I ask you to make a video about Benzene Molecule and that's isomers...?

@DeVibe. Ай бұрын

M + F → MF is a very low activation energy reaction

@douglasfurtek7637 Ай бұрын

Little did I know at the time that my "polishing" of the Angkor Wat Apsara would contribute so much to science.

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

You must have been very busy!

@Archiekunst Ай бұрын

Great video. I recently saw a poscast between kate the chemist and neil degresse tyson, and according to your explanation they misexplained hydrohelic acid presuming it's simply a nuclear reaction and does not involve orbitals because they are empty. Which makes me think too, how does a proton occupy an empty electronic orbital?

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

Ooh, very interesting, I'll have to track that one down. But very simply, chemists work with the concept of empty orbitals all the time, whereas physicists appear to treat orbitals as fundamentally being an aspect of the electron, so I'm not surprised that Neil deGrasse Tyson has a different point of view. From a chemistry point of view, however, the only peculiar thing here is that it's helium that's acting as a base.

@ostateczny_nurt Ай бұрын

do you have a book? i would buy that instantly

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

Not yet. For the time being, this channel is my book!

@stargirl1337 Ай бұрын

Hey Any chance u could make a video on electrochem? BTW gr8 vids they rrly help with school.

@ThreeTwentysix 29 күн бұрын

Electrochemistry will definitely come but it's a fair way down the list, I'm afraid. For now, I recommend that you do your best to understand reversible reactions. Once you understand how those works, electrochemistry is just reversible reactions done with a wire for the electrons to move one way and a salt bridge for the ions left behind, to move in the opposite way.

@lautaromorales2903 Ай бұрын

Excelent video. I can't wait for the N2 video! Is there a way to obtain the Activation Energy besides the K from the velocity law? (v=K[A]....)

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

You can predict it with computer modelling, but experimental evidence is always king.

@maximegorsse6627 Ай бұрын

17:50 Yeessss please 🙏

@user-vq4hu7bx9g Ай бұрын

Good🎉🎉

@GeoffryGifari Ай бұрын

Hmmm how does activation energy work in terms of transition state and molecular potential energy for something like nitroglycerin? Is there no transition state/the electron orbitals are "stretched" enough already so an explosive reaction can occur through simple contact?

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

The activation barrier is still there, it's just very low.

@versus_x Ай бұрын

Electron spin video please 🙏

@chaoticrampage4160 Ай бұрын

Around 10 yeas ago I provided 200 grams of black powder in a closed ball mill jar the activation energy to deflagrate by shaking it in my hands.

@mykeprior3436 Ай бұрын

Why can I not untoast bread? Given enough energy assuming previous reaction products present in closed system

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

That's entropy. And we'll get there in a future video.

@tamilbiology5078 Ай бұрын

How enzymes lower the activation energy? Kindly explain

@babynautilus Ай бұрын

when a substrate binds to a protein, the whole thing can undergo a conformation shift pushing molecules together in the orientation that is favorable for a reaction. the amino acids that make up the protein will also have certain side chains exposed in the active site, that influence the chemical and charge environment right where it needs to be!🤯

@notconnected3815 Ай бұрын

Is it actually possible for a reaction to stop completely? Or does it just react verry verry slowly? Because by pure chance there will always be a few molecules reacting, even on low temperature, right?

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

That's true. Generally, when people say something 'doesn't happen' we mean it's insignificant. But there are times when extreme purity is required where those processes become significant.

Ай бұрын

You asked me to click the like button, but I can't, as I already did it earlier! (This comment was left for the algorithm 😄)

@maxihernan8978 Ай бұрын

La explosión en Beirut 😮, por ejemplo

@youdontknowme6523 4 күн бұрын

Can someone suggest me similar channels for organic chemistry, physics and biology?

@dominictarrsailing Ай бұрын

activation energy of a friends wedding resulting in the reaction of getting a haircut if there are some molecules that have low activation energy to break apart and so much lower energy state after the reaction (such as non-mixture explosives) then how is it possible to produce the molecule in the first place?

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

Well, you either have to be very careful or conduct the synthesis at low temperature. I think the latter case is more common in a laboratory.

@dominictarrsailing Ай бұрын

@@ThreeTwentysix got it thanks!

@LucasVieira-ob6fx Ай бұрын

The (re)action that haves the highest activation energy is getting up in the morning

@akarshpandey6135 Ай бұрын

Bruh broke glass for us😊

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

I'll let you in on a secret - the glass didn't break. I really like this glass, so I was crouched by the table, pushing it along with my right hand, while my left hand was under the table ready to catch it. All while trying to keep my head out of shot. This was not an easy shoot.

@MadScientist267 Ай бұрын

I figured there was a pillow on the floor lol

@Richardincancale Ай бұрын

Friction is chemical energy? Where would you put van der Waals forces (as beloved of geckos feet) - would you put that in a chemistry book or a physics book? :-)

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

That's an excellent point. Personally, I'd categorise van her Waals forces as a chemical interaction, and therefore, a form of chemical potential energy but others might disagree.

@jelly-johnbobster2283 Ай бұрын

This may solve the mystery of why the buttered side of the bread lands face down if dropped 😲

@dcborgeson Ай бұрын

3:27-3:55 😁

@deepdusto Ай бұрын

I love your thinking style (very few have that) but then you use some extra vocabulary like 'casual knocks', 'external knocks' and some more ... that I and many readers would not know ... so it becomes a bit of struggle to understand.

@ShivamSoni-uz5xw Ай бұрын

0:58

@carly09et Ай бұрын

Three minutes in AND a question: how is 'Activation Energy' related to entropy? your examples were all entropic cliffs..

@ThreeTwentysix Ай бұрын

In terms of the overall reaction, it's not related because the entropy of a reaction only depends on where you started and where you finished, not how you got there. But there is an 'activation entropy' which is a measure of how the entropy within the molecules changes to form the transition state.

@Archiekunst Ай бұрын

I'd say the entropy is hidden in the difference between the initial and final states. That difference is actually the free energy of the reaction which is also expressed as enthalpy (heat of the reaction) - temperature × entropy. This is thermodynamics and tells if and how much something will happen but tells nothing of how long it will take. The activation energy is different and is kinetics, as in how fast something will happen.

@notconnected3815 Ай бұрын

Choleric people also have a low activation energy 😉

@Grateful92 Ай бұрын

The past is full of smoothed surfaces 😅

@ayoeditz4466 Ай бұрын

Do more shorts bro

@netional5154 Ай бұрын

It has always bothered me when I read explanations like 'an exothermic reaction releases heat'. Your explanations are filling in the gaps. It's the increased kinetic energy of the reactants, either directly by being attracted and exchanging potential for kinetic energy or indirectly by subsequently transferring this kinetic energy to other electrons/atoms/molecules by crashing into them.

@ThreeTwentysix 29 күн бұрын

If you like this, make sure you're subscribed so you can catch the series on thermodynamics.