Typically no, since they are still infectious but just don’t cause disease. They provoke an immune response on their own, no need to add adjuvant.

First of all I'd assume there's always a risk of that happening, but that would be VERY rare. Also, the vaccines are tested before being sent to the public so the scientists would always be able to notice if something was wrong. It would be better to look for the explanation of a specialist though.

Yes I have been teaching immunology for over a decade. These are the videos that I create for my students.

What do you think about people in the media that say “live vaccines are better because it goes out of the body once the immune response is done as the RNA/DNA vaccines do not, they stay in the body”. I don’t see how they could “stay in the body”.

@@liliroquelin I think I may provide an answer to that. The RNA is an unstable molecule and braks down within anything from 15 minutes to some hours in the body. This is why these vaccines need to be kept in such low temperatures. As for the clean-up of this broken mess, our body must have an effective system for that since our own cells use RNA themselves all the time. Whenever information from our own DNA is needed, an mRNA copy is made and used instead of using the invaluable DNA. Then we're left with the mRNA which didn't get absorbed into the cells, lipid capsules within which the mRNA is placed and the fluid within which those are suspended... I don't have any info on how this is cleaned up, but my guess would be phagocytes. And the sugar probably just gets eaten up. There's a bit of sugar too. For details let's wait for an actual expert :)

@@ania7930 So, the way I understand that, metaphorically speaking, instead of destroying or losing the originals, the body faxes over a copy to where it needs to be...

Live vaccines are really just ways to deliver DNA or RNA into cells. A live virus used in any vaccine just allows the DNA or RNA to enter cells using the virus's natural entry mechanism. With DNA/RNA vaccines, the DNA/RNA is usually coated with lipids, allow fusion and entry into cells. Either way, the DNA or RNA does not "stay in the body" forever.

Thank you! That’s what I thought I didn’t know how to explain it.

@@JoeDeMasiScience I was reading that there was a concern that since DNA vaccines go into the nucleus to producer mRNA they could mix with the chromosomes. Is that so?