Hi Folks - as many of you have pointed out, I made a mistake when I said that Ultraviolet lights are used in vertical farms. In fact, it is not ultraviolet light - that would burn the plant. It's a mix of red and blue light, which is the part of the light spectrum that the plant absorbs. My apologies for this error.

Looks like things are looking up for vertical farming!

My graduate work in green building and sustainable communities brought me to indoor farming. It is an intersection between energy, water and food distribution/quality. My calculation was that this was a fertile area for me to be involved in if I want to maximize my contribution to more sustainable modern economic practices. Exciting space to be involved in...once again a great and timely video. Thank you!

I love the idea of vertical farming, as a vegetarian living in Stockholm, the prospect of reliable tasty fruits & veg year-round would be amazing. Basically every fresh non-root fruit/veg is imported more than half the year, at best from the Netherlands but often from Italy or other continents. Vertical farming is energy intense, but so is shipping fruit from India or NZ.

I've been following vertical farming all year it's incredibly cool

I have an aquarium/fish tank in my living room that filters through a grow bed of basil and tomatoes. It's nice to have these things year round, especially a little taste of summer in the middle of winter. I didn't even know tomatoes would keep growing and producing year round until I tried this. 3 Year old tomato plant still going - kinda works as x-mas decoration with the green leaves + red round things :)

For nearly 7 years I have been growing as many herbs and vegetables as I can in my small flat. Inside during the Rocky Mountain winters and on the balcony in the warm months. I too use growing lights. Now that the lights are LEDs it is quite economic. If we all did more or less the same and we can get other foods from these vertical producers..., why not?

Imagine if apartment buildings could produce large amounts of their own food on a couple of floors. Possible to have a market on the ground and energy/rain capture over the building itself. It would bring food so much closer to the population. My dream, at least..

This channel has over the last 6 months has given me more hope for the furture than anything else for the last 10 years. Thank you.

I was obsessed with the idea of vertical farming a few years back. There are some serious benefits ranging from land use, localised production leading to decreased transportation and packaging requirements, the efficiency of water and nutrient consumption, the lack of need for spreading pesticides and herbicides out in the wild effecting all the ecosystems surrounding farming (although i will say that pesticides do still have their place in indoor horticulture sometimes because of the lack of natural predators for things like aphids, white fly, spider mite etc) But the energy use is the real kicker. Hydroponic LED lights use specific wavelengths used for photosynthesis, mostly red and blue, which makes them about as efficient as you could possibly get for the purpose and yet you still need about 300 watts per square metre. Lettuce in a greenhouse can be grown using 250kWh/year/square m but for hydroponics that's more like 2,000kWh/year/square metre just from the lights assuming an 18 hour photoperiod is used (that's part of how you get such high yields with hydroponics) So once you factor in climate control etc it's probably about 10x as power hungry as a greenhouse per square metre and if you used natural gas power for this at 400gCO2eq/kWh then that's 800kgCO2/square metre/year This is why alternative energy is so god damn important but for the time being we already have to electrify transportation, heating, cooling, industry etc etc and we're only about 11% electrified. Adding another huge power hog onto the grid to do a job that the sun was already doing is nuts. All the extra clean energy we can get our hands on is already needed to displace fossil fuels. One day... Maybe... We might have enough nuclear to get that 800kgCO2/square metre/year down to 24kgCO2/square metre and then it might be worth it. But we aint there yet

There is always the Shanghai Tower type solution, which has a twin wall structure, offices, and a hotel in the inner structure, and the tower's green spaces are between the inner wall, and the outside wall.

As with every other aspect of fighting climate change, there's no silver bullet. Combining vertical farming with different sources of renewable energy and sustainable land farming looks like a safer bet, given our population's exponential growth. That's why i'm more optimistic when i see different aproaches being attempted at solving the current issues: they all can be eventually interwoven to create a more stable production network that has less impact on our planet's health and biodiversity.

I was born in 1969 my inner 15-year-old kid: "nice..."

Greatest advantage to vertical farming is the fact that it is local, which means savings in transport and where growing seasons are short or non-existant.

Thanks for another great video. I run a small commercial aquaponics farm. One of the advantages often overlooked on these growing methods is that pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides are not necessary. In fact, in the case of aquaponics, if one were to use these poisonous chemicals, the fish would likely not respond well. A win win for heathier food and a cleaner environment.

I love the constructive nature of your channel!

You should be justifiably proud to have an international audience. In that light please remember to add "kilometers" and "hectares" to your "miles" and "acres" for those folks in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, and all of the former Commonwealth countries like India, Pakistan, etc. and those who have been well taught in English in their home country or have studied abroad and are now back home in their metric countries. Thanks for keeping up that global perspective, mate!

I always find it interesting that all this new, adapting to living in cities stuff, is also the type of thing that we will most likely need for establishing ourselves in outer space and on other planets.

I remember a Popular science article about a greenhouse/fish farm back in the 70's or early 80's. To help feed the fish, there were screens above the tanks upon which table scraps were placed. Insects would lay eggs in the rotting food scraps, but the larva would tend to fall betwwen the screen's mesh into the water as fish food. The fish water would be taken from the bottom of the tank, circulated to the plant roots and also to a ping pong ball filled clear chamber in which algae would grow on the balls surfaces (not sure which got the water first, the plants or the algae, the algae was to remove any excess ammonia), last step was a spray of water onto a plastic wall, down pebbles. Counting you dining table, it was meant as a near closed loop system.

I love the symbiosis between farming fish, and growing veg in the water. 👍

Thank you for this video and channel.

The transport of food was the very thing I thought of as the video started. . . It’s Sunday. . . while some people go to church, some of us “just have a think”

I have been thinking about this question, vertical farming, for few years already. Just few days ago, a friend of mine asked me to have a look at a farmland. I will make a small system to have some fun soon.

Glad to see you're still covering innovative things that give rise to hope, I feel like you've turned a little light on inside of me, so, thank you! Personally I would love to see urban sprawls be adapted into arkologies.

I support vertical farming.

We love the idea of vertical farming, for a variety of reasons, but we have some questions about the nutritional value of plants grown with only the bare essentials of their required nutrients. What about the many trace elements and organic compounds that are typically found in healthy soils and get taken up by growing plants? Also, what about the many complex plant exudates that are excreted by diverse plant communities thru their roots and are made available by water transport to neighboring plants? Will vertical farming create edible crops that look healthy (buffed in fact) but will be lacking in all sorts of micronutrients, plant hormones & trace mineral compounds that might be necessary, in the long-term, for robust human health? (The reason that these questions might be important is because science & technology have been largely co-opted by business & finance, and not telling the whole story of products & services that are for sale has become the norm in sales & marketing. In the 21st century many things high tech are "cool" right up until we find out that they weren't and now there's a class action settlement of some sort. "Round Up Ready" comes to mind almost immediately as a cautionary tale of an FDA-approved high tech farming solution that turned out to cause cancer, remain persistent in animal manures, and, eventually, make their way into living human cells. Being in high tech my whole adult life, I have learned by experience to be cautious & suspicious.)

I heard of this sometime in the past. It is intriguing. I live in a town of 2000. I'll bet that a 10 story 1 square block vertical farming facility would produce a great deal of the required produce for our town and some of the surrounding area. The questions that immediately come to mind are: 1) What is the initial cost of setting this up? 2) How long would it take to get all 10 square blocks producing? 3) What is the production cost per crop? 4) How many crops can be produced? 5) Is the cost, once production is fully established, comparable to field produced crops?

Seeing the use of fish with hydroponics reminds me of the use of ‘black soldier fly’ larvae to feed the fish. The larvae are great at reducing food scrap waste, etcetera. An interesting subject in and of itself / and will be one of the multitude of things done differently to backfill this hole we’ve dug for ourselves. I’ve raised black soldier fly larvae for years, and they’re prolific, hardy and odor free (if raised properly).

What a wonderful way to use abandoned, urban buildings.

This feels like a multitude of different solutions for growing crops in different urban situations. Scotland has cheap wind power and redundant spaces.... offices, factories etc. London has access to cheap solar and after the pandemic there should be a lot of empty offices....

Another great thing with today's tech is we can run rapid experimentation with plants to find their optimal light frequencies, CO2 levels, nutrients, temperature and for some "day & night" cycle. Machine Learning greatly assists this process too. I am confident they will have wheat solved by the end of the decade.

Woo hoo! I have an aquponic garden in my house!! I love aquaponicss😄

'These new, city-based, fresh-food factories'... Lovely bit of poetry, skips off the tongue.

Those lights aren't usually UV, they're mostly red leds with some blue. Plants don't require much green light. That's why many plant leaves reflect green light.

Great, informative video again. Wheat, soya, palm oil and rice need to be grown this way to save the rain forests. Imagine if you could have a vertical farm in a desert using recycled water, natural light carried by fibre optic cables, and solar panels for the electricity - it would almost be self sufficient.

Hi Buddy, Ag-Scientist here with experience in the urban farming sector. Let me tell you two things!! 1..Vertical farming and urban farming is here to stay, and will proliferate in the coming years! 2..We don't fully know how profitable these vertical, LED farming systems are!! Aero-farms only turned over 4 million US last year! Seasonal urban farming i certainly profitable!! just check out Curtis stone in, Kelowna BC. I appreciate the video. Thanks :)

As someone who has a small scale commercial vertical farming operation in California, I firmly believe the future isn't in these massive farms... Because you still have to ship the massive production somewhere using trucks. They produce too much for one city. The future is in small scale urban agriculture. Either on a personal level for your own food by growing at home, or commercial operations on residential zoning. Check out curtis stone. He is grossing huge profits on 1/4th an acre market gardening. We need to move away from this centralized model of massive corporations and factories making all the food and we need to get back to decentralizing food production in urban centers through having many urban farmers in one city.

Now I know where will I apply my skill if I ever get graduated in Environmental Engineering or Chemical Engineering.

You know, Dave, one day, one of your videos will be only 99.9999% excellent, well documented and presented, and some of your viewers who are now used to this regular level of perfection might get a tad disappointed for a nanosecond... ;-) Lots of interest from the comments about these vertical farms, a great subject matter. Whether we like them or not, they are bound to stay, so as well embrace them and work together to solve all the issues they might raise. The technical aspects seem relatively easy to address, my biggest concern is vegetable farmers for which these greens are cash crops that help offset less profitable basic crops that we also need, such as potatoes, carrots, cabbages, etc. If salads and radishes are grown in vertical farms, those grown on open soil or green houses by real farmers will become less and less relevant.

Vertical farming certainly has a place for salad greens in cities. One concern I have about soil less systems is how sustainable are the inputs. With aquaponics a consideration is how and where to sustainably produce the fish food. It is an intensive system.

My former housemate did aquaponics in the basement. Granted he grew weed LOL but it was still really cool 😎

I would be VERY excited once they figure out how to grow and harvest: Corn, Wheat, beans, tomatoes, rice.

Vertical farms can use LED lighting to augment daylighting in some futuristic designs. Comprehensively planned platform greenhouses can unite many important functions that increase the overall value of well engineered urban vertical farms. Renewable energy, water purification., food dehydration, bio labs research, and skyline enhancement are some of the mutually supporting functions vertical farms will use in the future. The local nature of a given vertical farm will depend on climate, geography, demographics, and economic demands. Thanks for your excellent presentations on a variety topics.

Your videos are Great!! The HOPIUM is very comforting!

Plants use blue and red light spectrum...not UV. Just to clarify.

Love the puns, keep it up! It's like a treasure hunt to find them in almost every other sentence :-)

I just want to say thank you very much

This the first video I've seen here, and I like it here. I'll be back...

Greens are already a high profit market, small producers abound in my area. They're fast growing but low in calories. Crops that take longer to grow (and aren't tiny) won't approach the levels of efficiency or production in the operations shown. You can't feed the world on leaves.

We can keep coming up with clever new ideas for feeding an ever increasing population ...but in the end if nothing stops population GROWTH we will have no ideas left. It will be literally impossible. There will be no science or technical solution for feeding everyone. The best Idea I have seen for a sustainable society is the non monetary RBE system idea and yet even that would not be sustainable and could not succeed if there is no stopping population GROWTH. This is a finite planet with finite resources. Infinite population growth and sustainability is an impossibility .

As with everything, a single solution to our problems is shortsighted and isn't going to work by itself. Vertical farming can be a very important component of a wide variety of solutions that make up the complete picture.

One way to lower the electrical consumption could be the use of daylight harvesting/solar harvesting in a hybrid set up. Whereby natural daylight is brought in through a series of mirrors or fibre optic cables. Used next to the growth lights so they don't have to be fully turned on all the time (only night time/ rainy days). I reckon the cost of the system might not make it worthwhile to grow the crops but the technology has been there for a while. Perhaps when prices of such systems drop till a level which makes it possible for growers to still make their profit we may see such hybrid systems in place

Imagine vertical farming in a boring tunnel with geothermal power, food security for the rest of humanities future

UV lights? But photosynthesis requires primarily red and blue wavelengths...?

A very good presentation of the various forms of alternative agriculture. I look forward to entrepreneurs attracting investors for such projects.

My friend has an aquaponics farm in Toledo, Ohio. He grows excellent produce and plenty of it. The fish are mostly consumers and producers of waste. The bacteria converting that waste to plant food are the real heavy lifters. Pumps, aeration, and lighting are very efficient. And the food is very healthy as the system is kept in balance. The laws and regulations need to be reset to move away from the Big Ag lobby and control structure. Decentralized food is the best way forward.

Sunlight travelling through fiberoptics. How about fiber optic "trees" on the roof tops collecting light

Don't grow the Netherlands their greens in indoor farms for decades now? And aren't they bashed for it by everybody because it is energy consuming and "unnatural"? Besides, humans don't live on greens, they live on proteins, fats and carbs. These don't grow on shelves (yet).

Certainly highly informative video , inevitably worthy of enjoying our morning oreo breakfast whilst watching / listening to the knowledge narrated by this Gentleman!!! ✌🙏👌🏾💎🧐😇, Good Morning

What would be great is a replacement model for active farmers to adopt PROVEN vertical farm techniques that earn them enough profit to allow them to rewild their farm spaces, and turn in their farm equipment for vertical equipment. Governments could assist with reinvestment strategies, since most (in North America at least) already have funds for payouts when the seasons and weather are bad. GREAT TOPIC.

"they" should team up with the marijuana industry. They have alot of these technologies down pat, hydro and aeroponics.

You completely missed the bigger point against the need of vertical farming. The problem in most of the world is the "quality" of the farming done. I come from the Netherlands. We export more foodstuff than America does on a fraction of its size. We can do this, because for more than half a century we have already been using hydroponics in green houses. We already have vertical farming in widespread use. (www.meteorsystems.nl/en/growing-systems). Though not as high density as your examples as there is no need for that. Our water management even on "normal" farms is second to none. When looking at other countries. You get the situation that the water used for 1 crop of Egyptian tomato's can do a year of many crops in our greenhouses. Even most American farms are old fashioned by our standards. When Americans want more crops, like many out there, they just take more land, use more water. Simply because it's easy. We are a small country and had to feed our selves. So we needed advanced farming solutions that use little water and no pesticides and other bad things. Now we feed the world. If everyone farmed as the Dutch do now. The problem of feeding the world is gone. We would have severe overproduction and no need for vertical farms. That said, there could be some use to them in city area's to keep distribution lines short. Flying food all over the world also has an environmental impact. And with climate change reducing the water and pesticide use even further down is a good thing. But as I said, the technique is not a problem, we have been able to do this for years. The problem is getting countries and their farmers to accept this new model of growing food. If governments don't incentivize moving to new techniques by making strict environmental rules, its not going to happen. Simple rules like banning pesticides. Subsidizing greenhouses over traditional farming. Increase water cost for industrial use. (if your Spain, ban illegal water wells and make an effort to police that).

At 1:21 the concerns about high cost and energy intensive nature of vertical farming was covered by a sweeping statement about advanced technology and cost reductions. It’s good if a table showing the costs for vertical farms compared with traditional flat farming could be shared with an explanation of how the vertical farming costs are comparable or perhaps lower.

one thing to think about regarding wheat is modern grains are primeraly engineered to be tall making it easier for harvesting, I've read somewhere that there are shorter breeds in storage that are more suitable for indoor farming.

Oh, vertical farming! This is one of my favorite subjects, because it's a necessity if humans are ever going to live in space. And it's also a natural extension of the idea of agriculture. Thousands of years ago the first proto-farmers discovered they could get more edible plants if they took control of seeding and watering them, instead of letting nature do all the work. Vertical farming today is taking control of everything else and removing all the randomness of nature from agriculture. It's an extremely human thing to do. But there are problems, and you pointed them out really well in the video. The biggest problem is trying to replace the sun with artificial light. The sun shines for free, so it's always going to be difficult to beat that with electrical power. Of course the idea is to maximize the advantages of vertical farming (water and land conservation, no diseases, pests or destructive weather and the ability to push agriculture to its theoretical maximum of production) to the point where it becomes cost competitive with growing plants outside. We're not quite there yet, but as you said the engineers are finding greater mechanical and electrical efficiencies all the time, particularly with the technology of LEDs, so it's possible that point might be reached in the near future, _especially_ when teamed up with renewable energy sources. But right now the biggest problem with vertical farming is what they're actually growing in those food factories, and you pointed this out as well. The vast majority of real world agriculture is devoted to cereal crops, with leafy greens just a subset of the subset of vegetables. To truly change the world and eliminate food security, we'd need to invest in vertical farming the same way we invest in computers or automobiles today, pouring hundreds of billions of dollars into building the infrastructure and then devoting it to crops that aren't that profitable. In my own country I can tell you that (pre-pandemic) wheat wasn't that profitable. Farmers were already turning away from it in favor of other crops like barley and canola. It's really hard to imagine how a vertical farming industry could make a profit if they had to compete with that. But the future is bright when it comes to vegetables and fruit. Fruit in particular is vulnerable to weather damage, so it could be a potential area of expansion for vertical farming if they can figure out the challenges of growing bushes and trees in a vertical environment. At the moment vegetables are the easy target for expansion, and that's probably what the researchers will focus on next. Anyway, thanks for the video! (Sorry, I should have said that first.) This is a fascinating topic that I think will become more and more important as the years go by.

Youngster, I was born in 68

Always enjoy your videos, good job!

This processes saves huge amounts of water which in many places on earth is a rare commodity, the same water is reused many times with the addition of nutrients.

Idea, stop wasting half of the corn that is turned into biofuel.

Elon could dig some tunnels, fill them with plants, power it with solar and deliver it with Cyber Trucks.....on MARS!

Some numbers for energy use compared with conventional farming and heated greenhouses would be good. One interesting thing is that presumably these facilities are in a good position to help load-balance as the plants don't care if you turn off/down the lights for a while at irregular times

One thing that is too often left out in the discussion of combatting climate change is examining how we allow our urban environments to grow. Instead of continuing to allow massive sprawl, we should look to eliminate euclidean single-family zoning and parking minimums as well as enacting urban growth boundaries. This will allow us to upzone our cities, creating better density and therefore more effective transit systems, and it’ll wean us off of car dependency. We’ll also be able to have farms closer to our urban environments, requiring less transportation, and it’s not even reliant on not-yet-fully-actualized technology.

This is what I thought they might do to repurpose disused city centre office blocks in light of the pandemic. Sadly, only considerations of "how to get back to normal" appear to have been on the table. Missed opportunity for govts to get a bunch of pilots going at least

There is a huge issue with vertical farming that makes it a non viable option. You have to look at calorie production. These farms are being used to produce very calorie-empty foods (leafy greens), at the cost of a huge amount of energy going into the system. Growing fruits and vegetables is what they need to be doing to have any hopes of this being an actual solution and not just an elitist jerk-off fest where people see how much money they can spend to 'save the world'. The further you get from nature, the harder and more wasteful things get.

We do it with Black Soldier Fly larvae which basically turn waste foodstufs into usable protein, lipids and chitin. We were initially conserned the industry wouldn't take off but there has been massive expansion last year and it seems it'll continue this year.

8:15 Excellent idea. On an earlier topic, I was thinking that similar synergies could be used in the renewable energy space by building molten salt thermal solar plants next to liquid air plants and utilising some of the heat for recondensing the steam for expanding liquid air and driving the turbines. Once the steam has been produced by the turbine from the molten salt and driven the turbine, the steam could then be recondensed by passing it through a heat exchanger in the liquid air plant, in turn driving the liquid air expansion process. Once the superheated steam was cooled back to close to below 100C, the water would flow back to the solar thermal plant turbine, ready to be re-heated by the molten salt at 500+C. This would be an ongoing mutually symbiotic process, since the inefficiencies of both molten salt and liquid air both arise from the recooling for molten salt and reheating for liquid air processes. In the event that more than enough renewable energy (from local wind or local solar PV) was being produced, this could be stored in both liquid air form and/or heat capacitors for molten salt, again acting as a battery or energy storage device. The two would be balanced constantly by an algorithm, so that there was always enough heat to regas the liquid air and drive the steam turbine, and always enough liquid air stored ready to condense the steam turbine's steam back into water. So you would always have additional molten salt capacitors and liquid air vessels, which would fill and empty depending on demand. If there was low demand, then solar PV and/or wind would continue to make liquified air and store it, and thermal solar would continue to heat molten salt in heat capacitors and store that in storage tanks. In the event that energy was demanded, then stored molten salt would be brought into play at driving turbines and heating liquid air. During the day, solar PV would drive liquid air collection and solar PV would drive molten salt collection in heat capacitors (as well as generating any electricity needed during the day.) At night, when both solar PV and solar thermal closed down, molten salt from the capacitors would be released into the system to continue to drive steam turbines and heat liquid air to drive liquid air turbines. This means 24/7 production of electricity. Probably best suited for sunny climates that supports solar thermal, although you could do the same with wind, but less efficiently since you'd need to use the wind energy to heat the salt electrically (similarly to how liquid metal batteries are heated I would guess.)

Why am I still hearing terms like: ‘By 2050 we’ll’.............

The direct energy inputs could be renewable but so much more steel, concrete and plastic? Got me thinking, but we need to talk more about top soil!

Imagine, here in America in any case, all those vast malls that are now in the midst of going bankrupt. Huge infrastructures with water, sewer, power, access and egress points already in place. Economists and the like have been freaking out over retail commercial spaces like this suddenly being unnecessary and going bankrupt. Well, to my mind here's a PERFECT reuse of those malls and such. Typically speaking they are also fairly close to major urban centers. Do I sense a win-win in converting them to vertical farms and the like? John~ American Net'Zen

I think that focusing on fruit, vegetables and greens, as well as herbs, spices and medicinal plants for urban farming is a better priority. Grain is a concentrated dry seed grown on a big stalk, so most of the plant isn't edible, growing wheat in a city means figuring out what to do with all the hulls and straw, whereas lettuce, carrots, radishes, apples, you just pluck them off a plant and walk them to the shelf at the farmer's market, minimal processing and waste. Grain is the most shippable food in the world, it's dry, keeps well at room temperature and you can handle it with a shovel and not damage it. Since it's dry, you aren't effectively shipping tons of clean drinking water from the place where it's grown to the city either. If you have water reclamation as part of your city's sewage system, the water used to grow an urban strawberry can stay in circulation within that city instead of being shipped half a continent away. TLDR, grain is already the most efficient food to transport so it should be a low priority for reducing that shipping distance, there's more benefit to be had changing the way we get more perishable and delicate crops. Besides, the reason grain accounts for so much of our diet is a consequence of it being so portable and storable, who's to say that grain's share of the demand wouldn't drop off a lot if we could get access to better calories year-round close to home.

@Just Have a Think I really appreciate the intelligence of your channel and the obvious hard work you put into it, and I was seriously loving this until you got to 8:12 'Aquaponics and fish farming'. For some reason I had you down as already sufficiently awake, intelligent and unselfish, morally consistent, and compassionate and caring for yourself and others, to not pay for or promote the unnecessary killing of sentient animals. And let's skim over the lead, mercury, PCB's and DDT in the fish bodies too which may or may not transfer in some way to the related plants. My bad. My mistake. Disappointed beyond words.

10:13 That's bollocks! These "entrepreneurs" must be subsidized by the tax payers or else they wont take the risk. THEY'RE TRYING TO MAKE PROFIT NOT FEED PEOPLE.

Thanks. Wow, when you were being born, I was begging my dad to take me to Woodstock.

I have grown vegetables hydroponically for over 50 years. It works, but it's not all a bed of roses. There are several problems as there are with soil farming, just not the same ones. For anybody starting out, the simplest and most productive system is the Kratky system developed by dr. Bernard Kratky of the University of Hawaii.

Only some plants can handle 24/7 light. Many plants need off time to rest. Some plants rely on light times to determine when to fruit. Something to keep in mind when you try growing plants at home, indoors for food.

Although vertical farming may be technologically efficient the end product is food made without soil, but also soul. Humans developed in equilibrium with soil, bacteria, fungi, viruses etc. Regenerative farming has shown the way to produce food with maximized nutrient density; which is said to be essential to produce healthy human beings. Having said this may I applaud you for producing such interesting and well presented videos.

Best on KZfaq as usual. Thank you for your efforts.

Amazing informative video. Fantastic job

Definitely one of the most interesting techniques for food production, can't wait to see how it will improve. Not sure how feasible it will be for a massive population, but it will definitely pave the way to the whole localized way of supplying our basic needs we will be presented with in the future (energy/food production f.e.). Great work as always!

Excellent video again!

Thank you .

I've tried aquaponics in a limited domestic setting, with ornamental fish while growing herbs and greens on damp gravel beds. The green yields are impressive, but my fish aren't destined for the table. Anybody looking into a small setup should accept that the output if majority vegetable, with the bonus of a few fish now and again.

Great comprehensive video. Big thanks!! You save me research time :)

3 dimension aquaculture in a shipping container based greenhouse is particularly intreging to me. This is mainly because your growing more than one valuable resource locally. You also get a climate controlled year round environment growing and it's a technologically supported organic ecosystem.

We could also have floating multistories high griw houses on the sea, using sunlight to condensate, as well as other types of desalination using wave power

I got late to this video but my wife and me we do aquaponics at home and we run a led light that is on 8h a day and it cost 20$ a year to run it. We get a lot of our herbs out of it as well as greens. We are planning to expand and get tomatoes and things like that

amazing video...the best on this subject...thank you !

Thank you for including Aquaponics, I think it has a lot of potential. Their are lots of people doing DIY projects of this. And also students in the US. When we are on the topic of local production, maybe check out the old: Sahara Forest Project

Great content

@justhaveathink Can you please do a video about insect farming for human consumption?