When Ichthyosaurs Led a Revolution in the Seas

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PBS Eons

PBS Eons

Күн бұрын

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The marine reptiles Ichthyosaurs arose after The Great Dying, which wiped out at least 90 percent of life in the oceans, changing the seas forever and triggering a new evolutionary arms race between predator and prey.
Thank you to these paleoartists for allowing us to use their wonderful illustrations:
Julio Lacerda: 252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda
Ceri Thomas: / alphynix
Dmitry Bogdanov: www.deviantart.com/dibgd
Nobu Tamura: spinops.blogspot.com/
Franz Anthony: 252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony
Nikolay Zverkov: www.deviantart.com/ngzver
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan
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References:
docs.google.com/document/d/1V...

Пікірлер: 1 500
@carissstewart3211
@carissstewart3211 4 жыл бұрын
I'm sorry. Evolving the capacity to live on land only to return to the water shows a total lack of commitment.
@dionjones6300
@dionjones6300 4 жыл бұрын
I mean, they didnt commit to the land plan but they stayed long enough to never go back... And they're dead 😭.
@Sarah-lg6db
@Sarah-lg6db 4 жыл бұрын
same as whales
@leepickaciel8998
@leepickaciel8998 4 жыл бұрын
r/woooosh
@MsSonali1980
@MsSonali1980 4 жыл бұрын
you can always change your mind, nothing wrong with it. I mean, they were consequent in their final decision.
@walpol3
@walpol3 4 жыл бұрын
@Hit or miss woOOoooOoOOOsh
@tragictragedy6212
@tragictragedy6212 4 жыл бұрын
Eons drinking game: take a shot everytime the Great Dying is mentioned.
@RedSquirrelHunter
@RedSquirrelHunter 4 жыл бұрын
I counted, that would be 17 shots
@Delta-ei7im
@Delta-ei7im 4 жыл бұрын
Every time there’s sad music, finish your drink.
@jcortese3300
@jcortese3300 4 жыл бұрын
If I did that, I'd feel as if I were living through it myself.
@b.f.2461
@b.f.2461 4 жыл бұрын
The result will be known as the Great Hangover.
@ksoundkaiju9256
@ksoundkaiju9256 4 жыл бұрын
Tragic Tragedy you're gonna mess up someone's liver XD
@joshuafernandes6684
@joshuafernandes6684 4 жыл бұрын
The great Dying: happens Icthyossaurs: it's free real estate
@amehak1922
@amehak1922 4 жыл бұрын
Joshua Fernandes estate
@ksoundkaiju9256
@ksoundkaiju9256 4 жыл бұрын
Joshua Fernandes all those dead fish must've stunk up the ocean
@bkjeong4302
@bkjeong4302 4 жыл бұрын
Unfortunately a whole bunch of them went extinct in the End-Triassic Mass Extinction.
@ANJROTmania
@ANJROTmania 4 жыл бұрын
Triassic-Jurrassic Mass Extinction: Weird flex, but ok .... Anoxic Event: Imma about to end this man whole career
@idabthereforeiam7479
@idabthereforeiam7479 4 жыл бұрын
The oofening
@dirtyyy7668
@dirtyyy7668 4 жыл бұрын
I love that "History of the entire world, I guess" reference
@lapwingfilms
@lapwingfilms 4 жыл бұрын
And the way he says Cambrian explosion
@amehak1922
@amehak1922 4 жыл бұрын
They never got Ethiopia.
@NekoYami13
@NekoYami13 4 жыл бұрын
It's the second time they've referenced the Cambrian Explosion jingle.
@dirtyyy7668
@dirtyyy7668 4 жыл бұрын
@@NekoYami13 What was the first time?
@Danquebec01
@Danquebec01 4 жыл бұрын
@@dirtyyy7668 I also remember they did it previously, but I have no memory of which video it might have been.
@MeleeTiger
@MeleeTiger 4 жыл бұрын
A moment of silence for trilobites. -__-
@bobrodriguez9844
@bobrodriguez9844 4 жыл бұрын
Rennis Tora *F*
@holasnic3937
@holasnic3937 4 жыл бұрын
Rennis Tora F
@davidcampbell4908
@davidcampbell4908 4 жыл бұрын
F
@varalderfreyr8438
@varalderfreyr8438 4 жыл бұрын
F
@DeadKraken
@DeadKraken 4 жыл бұрын
*F* for our arthropod friends
@gelatinouscube2342
@gelatinouscube2342 4 жыл бұрын
It makes me so happy that the “It's the Caaaambrian explosion“ jingle has just become our new way of pronouncing the term.
@Vincentlpp08
@Vincentlpp08 4 жыл бұрын
I love it so much
@raefrater4172
@raefrater4172 3 жыл бұрын
i can't read it any other way now😂
@sniper0073088
@sniper0073088 4 жыл бұрын
"They just jept moving forwards and ate everything that was scooped up in thier mouth, which is usually what i do" lmao
@MsSonali1980
@MsSonali1980 4 жыл бұрын
@@tannerdenny5430 I see him as a non moving pac man equivalent. Waiting all the treats fly into his mouth.
@alexixeno4223
@alexixeno4223 4 жыл бұрын
No joke, I read this comment as he was saying it. GG
@PainterVierax
@PainterVierax 4 жыл бұрын
I noticed this kind of self-deprecating humor in precious episodes, I think it's a part of Blake's touch :)
@logicoraptor7480
@logicoraptor7480 4 жыл бұрын
@@alexixeno4223 Me too.
@robertpryor7225
@robertpryor7225 4 жыл бұрын
U maght b an ichthyosaur!
@WickedWildlife
@WickedWildlife 4 жыл бұрын
Could you do a video on when marsupials, monotremes and placental mammals diverged from one another?
@stormintheshell5130
@stormintheshell5130 4 жыл бұрын
YESSS
@sspsp6545
@sspsp6545 4 жыл бұрын
I'd love to see that, too.
@rossthesauceboss
@rossthesauceboss 4 жыл бұрын
Yes please
@joshuafernandes6684
@joshuafernandes6684 4 жыл бұрын
YES MAN! And about mammal's relatives in the mesozoic.
@reggietheporpoise
@reggietheporpoise 4 жыл бұрын
Yes, please! I’d love to see this as well!
@democracydignityhumanrights
@democracydignityhumanrights 4 жыл бұрын
“We must seize the reefs of production!” Oh, wrong revolution.
@robyn051
@robyn051 4 жыл бұрын
Is your name a reference to the game or King Gizzard?
@talhatariqyuluqatdis
@talhatariqyuluqatdis 3 жыл бұрын
nice Platinum
@eazy8579
@eazy8579 3 жыл бұрын
*Seas
@jtastar4293
@jtastar4293 3 жыл бұрын
Communism
@pressftopayrespects6325
@pressftopayrespects6325 2 жыл бұрын
Comrade Californosaurus
@miquelescribanoivars5049
@miquelescribanoivars5049 4 жыл бұрын
Yes we have finally made it to land!!! ... ... Screw this I'm going back!!!
@MellonVegan
@MellonVegan 4 жыл бұрын
Thing is, that even happened just a few million years after tetrapods emerged with fully secondarily aquatic amphibians.
@possummagic3571
@possummagic3571 4 жыл бұрын
Ichthyosaur: Finally made it onto land, it was overated.
@thatonedog819
@thatonedog819 4 жыл бұрын
I agree lol
@robertpryor7225
@robertpryor7225 4 жыл бұрын
Evolution is so dumb
@robertpryor7225
@robertpryor7225 4 жыл бұрын
At least fish stay where they belong .. mostly
@Himewna
@Himewna 4 жыл бұрын
"🎶The Cambrian explosiooon🎶" 😂iconic
@aerolink2515
@aerolink2515 4 жыл бұрын
Why live on land when you can become a shark/dolphin lizard?
@jaysonklein6018
@jaysonklein6018 4 жыл бұрын
*reptilian dolphin noise*
@ArloMathis
@ArloMathis 4 жыл бұрын
I had literally JUST finished the previous video when I got the notification. Another Cambrian Explosion mention, another Bill Wurtz reference. +1
@christopherbaker6375
@christopherbaker6375 4 жыл бұрын
lmfao I actually laughed out loud when he did that
@221_safwansami9
@221_safwansami9 4 жыл бұрын
when was the reference being made?
@Unknown_crusader
@Unknown_crusader 3 ай бұрын
​@@221_safwansami9at around 2:11
@TheHomelessDreamer
@TheHomelessDreamer 4 жыл бұрын
Interesting to me: videos on marine mammals always expressly point out that they are/were air-breathing, but it is hardly, if ever, mentioned about marine reptiles. Yes, ichthyosaurs were air-breathers.
@noahmccann4438
@noahmccann4438 4 жыл бұрын
Frank D97E I was wondering this exact thing, thank you for taking the time to point it out!
@robertpryor7225
@robertpryor7225 4 жыл бұрын
Mammals discriminated against... AGAIN!
@TheHomelessDreamer
@TheHomelessDreamer 4 жыл бұрын
@@robertpryor7225 that "sucks" 😂😂😂😂😂
@antred11
@antred11 4 жыл бұрын
Why is that distinction even necessary? Are there ANY mammals or reptiles that aren't air-breathers?
@TheHomelessDreamer
@TheHomelessDreamer 4 жыл бұрын
@@antred11 re-read what I said. I specifically stated that in one case it is always expressly stated, yet in the other, it rarely is.
@videonmode8649
@videonmode8649 4 жыл бұрын
I'm a simple man. I see a PBS Eon video about evolution history... I smash the left mouse button.
@gurumage9555
@gurumage9555 4 жыл бұрын
Guess you have to get a new mouse every now and then ...
@kylec8950
@kylec8950 4 жыл бұрын
Pretty funny stuff isnt it?
@siberiusthesleepingserpent312
@siberiusthesleepingserpent312 4 жыл бұрын
Fo damn sho
@hakonsoreide
@hakonsoreide 4 жыл бұрын
I must say that this video series is absolutely amazing: it's concise, as far as I can tell scientifically accurate, up to date, not too much information, not too little, and even includes some small jokes here and there that also is perfectly balanced in its context. Also, unlike some other science shows I've seen from someone - not sure what they are called now, but it rhymes with Rational Neo-Traffic -there isn't any needless down-dumbing hyperbole, just good, plain facts. After getting something recommended a few days ago, this has become one of my go-to channels for something to watch during a break, and I always learn something new. Well done, PBS.
@droopsmoop
@droopsmoop 4 жыл бұрын
Lizard Seals. Lizard. Frickin. Seals. 'Nuff said.
@GustavSvard
@GustavSvard 4 жыл бұрын
And it must have happened more than once! Other lineages returned to the sea too. I wonder what the different lizard seals looked like, ate, how they swam, laid eggs etc. Needs another episode!
@idleheart8600
@idleheart8600 4 жыл бұрын
So basically like modern marine iguanas
@passthebutterrobot2600
@passthebutterrobot2600 4 жыл бұрын
But could it balance a ball on its nose?
@pandawok301
@pandawok301 4 жыл бұрын
Nah. More like lizard dolphins/whales.
@droopsmoop
@droopsmoop 4 жыл бұрын
@@pandawok301 The more basal ichthyosaurs were lizard seals.
@azipoor3468
@azipoor3468 4 жыл бұрын
PBS Eons videos never stop being awesome. I adore them way too much
@mightymasochist
@mightymasochist 4 жыл бұрын
How about making a video about a whale that was thoyght to be a reptile? Basilosaurus
@breaparker8522
@breaparker8522 4 жыл бұрын
Ya I think that's a great idea!!
@Scyllax
@Scyllax 4 жыл бұрын
mightymasochist It was thought to be the King (Basileus) Lizard (of the sea) as there was a King (Tyrranos) Lizard on land.
@mightymasochist
@mightymasochist 4 жыл бұрын
yes I am aware where the name comes from. but it was thought to be a marine reptile first
@greyideasthetheliopurodon4640
@greyideasthetheliopurodon4640 4 жыл бұрын
Basilosaurus, the greasiest and most underrated animal
@siyacer
@siyacer 4 жыл бұрын
@@mightymasochist you know you can be aware of both?
@cyberdroid2300
@cyberdroid2300 4 жыл бұрын
Nice. I'm early for once. Also please do prehistoric Madagascar.
@ryandika7443
@ryandika7443 4 жыл бұрын
theres giant lemur,giant crocodile,giant tortoise, and elephant bird
@harrisoncoleman6306
@harrisoncoleman6306 4 жыл бұрын
Yesss that would be so cool!
@stefanakosmar
@stefanakosmar 4 жыл бұрын
thats got ti be wild madagascar damn
@Ghostfacekillah1
@Ghostfacekillah1 4 жыл бұрын
Or prehistoric Australia
@cyberdroid2300
@cyberdroid2300 4 жыл бұрын
@Frances Snowflake Anything is possible of you believe.
@ulyssesjoyce2793
@ulyssesjoyce2793 2 жыл бұрын
150 million years of existance is just staggering! It is really special how other species evolved to leave ichthyosaurs out of the game of life. Great video!
@themagichatter1054
@themagichatter1054 4 жыл бұрын
Something I’d love to see would be a video not on how life has changed but how it hasn’t and how without much change these forms of life have survived
@venyogo2
@venyogo2 4 жыл бұрын
so a video on sharks and crocodiles
@G0die16
@G0die16 4 жыл бұрын
crazuu crocodiles have changed a lot
@venyogo2
@venyogo2 4 жыл бұрын
@@G0die16 sharks too but once they found their main thing, they stuck with it with not much variation
@WobblesandBean
@WobblesandBean 4 жыл бұрын
Funnily enough, one of the oldest and most successful living creatures on earth today are ducks. I'm not joking. Their ancestors were dinosaurs, they were one of the first true birds ever to evolve, and have stuck around ever since. To give you some idea of just how successful they are, they live in massive numbers on every single continent. Yes, INCLUDING Antarctica! They're amazing creatures, and it saddens me to know how underrated they are. Ducks are awesome. 💜
@craigkdillon
@craigkdillon 4 жыл бұрын
150 million years of success. Humans have been around 300,000 years. We only have 149,700,000 years to go to equal Icthysaur's success.
@TwistedElbow24
@TwistedElbow24 4 жыл бұрын
Australopithecus says hi.
@Wandrative
@Wandrative 4 жыл бұрын
Its probably a different story in terms of biomass tho. We probably beat them, but we will never beat the biomass of a species of trees.
@WobblesandBean
@WobblesandBean 4 жыл бұрын
We will never last that long. I don't even think humanity will survive to see the end of this century.
@baigandinel7956
@baigandinel7956 4 жыл бұрын
It's the stars that shine the brightest, not the longest...
@M50A1
@M50A1 4 жыл бұрын
@@WobblesandBean Thats just being nihilist for the fun of it
@DinoBot65
@DinoBot65 4 жыл бұрын
"When a Lizard Ruled Australia", an episode on Varanus priscus (Megalania)?
@Alex-kp5pq
@Alex-kp5pq 4 жыл бұрын
Quinkana > Megalania
@DinoBot65
@DinoBot65 4 жыл бұрын
Don't know what Quinkana is.
@ksoundkaiju9256
@ksoundkaiju9256 4 жыл бұрын
DinoBot65 trey the explainer: *Has vietnam flashbacks*
@DinoBot65
@DinoBot65 4 жыл бұрын
@@ksoundkaiju9256 OMG😂
@jiminmanoban1273
@jiminmanoban1273 4 жыл бұрын
Quinkana is a Giant Terrestrial crocodile of Australia
@nibblrrr7124
@nibblrrr7124 4 жыл бұрын
1:41 SEA DOGGO LIZARD!!!! 3:11 i guess _cartorhynchus_ works, too... (sigh)
@robinchesterfield42
@robinchesterfield42 4 жыл бұрын
I know, right? You know you're a true Eons viewer, when they show you THAT and your first reaction is "Oh look at YOU!" (voice goes up two octaves) It's just...it's so _cute_ . For some reason. XD
@nibblrrr7124
@nibblrrr7124 4 жыл бұрын
​@@robinchesterfield42 IDK, you think our appreciation of paleontology is altering our cuteness perception that much? ^w^ I mean, look at him! Smoothe flabby boie! With a silly face! When he's on land, you could probably pet his butt, and he wouldn't be fast enough to turn around and bite you... :3
@clydebalcom8252
@clydebalcom8252 4 жыл бұрын
This is why I'm a huge fan of PBS.
@tiestripe
@tiestripe 4 жыл бұрын
Omg, the music that begins at 6:50 with the theme really got me in my prehistoric feels. 😭
@Never_heart
@Never_heart 4 жыл бұрын
I recently came learned a bit about tanystropheus. The history and mistakes concerning its early reconstructions are fascinating but more so is how odd their body plans were. These incredibly long necked quadropeds had very long vertebrae and from what I understand if presently believed to hunt fish from shorelines by stretching its neck over the water to grap at fish from above. It could be a great episode idea.
@andrewmazza5184
@andrewmazza5184 4 жыл бұрын
We need an episode on prehistoric carnivorous plants! Please!
@starwall8755
@starwall8755 4 жыл бұрын
Evolutionary history is so vast and fascinating, I feel like I've only scratched the tip of the iceberg. I LOVE this channel!
@babybrix9955
@babybrix9955 3 жыл бұрын
Starwall too bad the iceberg melted a month ago It’s a joke in case it comes off as rude
@christosgiannopoulos828
@christosgiannopoulos828 4 жыл бұрын
3:04 Look how cute this prehistoric reptile is. With its big flippers and its weird looking heard. It's adorable.
@lamishasalim5124
@lamishasalim5124 4 жыл бұрын
"They just kept moving forward and ate whatever was scooped up in their mouth. Which is usually what I do"😂😂😂
@matthiasfloren2610
@matthiasfloren2610 4 жыл бұрын
Ichtyosaurs they're my favorite group of reptiles
@passthebutterrobot2600
@passthebutterrobot2600 4 жыл бұрын
Me too, although with me it's mainly due to their uncanny resemblance to dolphins
@matthiasfloren2610
@matthiasfloren2610 4 жыл бұрын
@@passthebutterrobot2600I totaly agree with you reptilian dolphins for the win!
@zooemperor3954
@zooemperor3954 4 жыл бұрын
Same! Dolphins in my opinion are the mammalian version of ichthyosaurs and improved upon their notes. The ichthyosaurs might be proud to see somebody carrying their legacy
@glennsommer8901
@glennsommer8901 4 жыл бұрын
I'd like to call them a new type of reptilian/mammalian though... Which part of them was left reptilian..? even their scales became a softer smoother skin.. they live-birthed and I guess were warm-blooded as well.. It's almost like a transition between 2 classes of vertebrates.. Don't see the reptile vibe at all except for their name.. Can someone counter-argue me please, I want to know why I shouldn't call them a transition.. I'm really into researching these things
@Buildosaurus
@Buildosaurus 4 жыл бұрын
4:34 'which is usually what I do' LOL
@impendio
@impendio 4 жыл бұрын
I would give anything to see all these majestic creatures in the flesh, life is truly marvelous.
@sordidzucchini1303
@sordidzucchini1303 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome❤️ Are you guys able to do a video on Australian megafauna like the Marsupial lion?
@stormintheshell5130
@stormintheshell5130 4 жыл бұрын
i agree
@davidcampbell4908
@davidcampbell4908 4 жыл бұрын
Australia isn't real.
@robertpryor7225
@robertpryor7225 4 жыл бұрын
Tasmanian wolf is a really interesting animal, so recently extinct
@sordidzucchini1303
@sordidzucchini1303 4 жыл бұрын
Robert Pryor I would say more lesser known animals as well
@Yora21
@Yora21 4 жыл бұрын
"This golden age wouldn't last long." 100 million years.
@woko1009
@woko1009 4 жыл бұрын
Well a million years ajnt really long the earth is like what 4 billion years old and the universe is way older were starting of youngnbut dast for life on our planet
@GageoftheJungle
@GageoftheJungle 4 жыл бұрын
A video on when humans first domesticated other animals would be quite cool. I've said it before and I'll keep saying it!!!
@phoenixdavida8987
@phoenixdavida8987 4 жыл бұрын
Yeah!! I second that notion.
@breaparker8522
@breaparker8522 4 жыл бұрын
Yesssss we Need that that will be an amazing video
@klaudiakustra1617
@klaudiakustra1617 4 жыл бұрын
Agreed!!
@tasty8186
@tasty8186 3 жыл бұрын
are you still saying it?
@mikip3242
@mikip3242 4 жыл бұрын
They should do an episode on Franceville's Biota: the only attempt made by evolution we know of complex multicellular life before the cambrian explosion. For me is fascinating to think about how multicellular life has only appeared here on Earth two times, and only two. Also interesting that one of the attempts failed and that all plants, fungi, animals come from the cambrian explosion. Complex life has to be the opposite case of evolutionary convergence somehow.
@SquirtleHK
@SquirtleHK 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this comment, I learned so much! I hope they do your video suggestion! 🌈🤓
@Dragrath1
@Dragrath1 4 жыл бұрын
Interesting did not know about this! I find it quite interesting that this occurred shortly after the first round of snowball Earth events. Regarding the Cambrian explosion however that event has lost a lot of its significance as a "first" radiation event to the Avalon explosion which seems to be the real I guess re-evolution of multicellularity. That isn't to say it was insignificant just that multicellularity was well established by that point with major animal lineages having already diversified by that point. In fact I have recently read an article in scientific american talking about how the boundry of the Cambrian and Ediacaran is breaking down with fossils of Ediacaran biota having been found well into the Cambrian and early ancestors of Cambrian animals found back in the Ediacaran. The Avalon explosion previously covered on this channel transition occurs right in the aftermath of the Neoprotozoic snowball Earth in the wake of spiking oxygen levels. Recent research suggests based off multiple lines of evidence that the diversification of key metazoan lineages directly coincide with the Snowball Earth events and more advanced models indicate that oxygen rich meltwater pools and fractures within the equitorial ice likely provided not only the safe haven for Eukaryotes but the conditions to spur the development of multicellular life. This is why this Franceville's Biota is so amazing as it indicates the same underlying process likely occurred after the first snowball Earth episode and shockingly quite soon after the emergence of Eukaryotes. This is a one to one correlation with a sample size of two suggesting Snowball Earth like events may in fact be a prerequisite for complex life as we know it! Absolutely fascinating, If I hadn't done a term paper for my atmospheric physics class and then kept up on the field I would never have made the connection! The question this raises is why did this first radiation fail and the second succeed? I have so many questions I'll probably end up bringing what I can about the Franceville's Biota and see what else is out there.
@gavinoaw
@gavinoaw 4 жыл бұрын
I had never heard about that, that sounds really interesting! I agree, they should definitely do a video on that!
@musaran2
@musaran2 4 жыл бұрын
@@Dragrath1 Absolutely fascinating. I don't know about snowball events in particular, but the more we learn the more it appears evolution is mainly driven by environment changes. I bet the key is that it frees or opens niches where new life variations get a chance to prosper before competition or predation stifle too radical changes. Complex life would require a lot of changes while remaining habitable enough, this would be very rare.
@Dragrath1
@Dragrath1 4 жыл бұрын
@@musaran2 Yeah it is quite remarkable currently on campus I've read some articles on the subject and it seems there was a remarkable radiation that occurred right after the Huronian glaciation or equivalently Makganyene glaciation 2.4 billion years ago (Gya) to 2.1 Gya i.e. first Snowball Earth. It is fascinating that there even seems to be a gradual rise in complexity within these fossil beds with traits such as motility becoming more complex within shallow microbial mat environments at the time. At the end of the period however these fossils as well as the chemical markers for free oxygen seem to disappear after 1.6 Gya at the latest leaving no modern descendants. It seems the Earth climate system for some reason reverted back to anoxic state unable to support complex multicellular Eukaryotes until the Neoprotozoic Snowball Earth events. This strongly supports oxygen levels as the key driver of multicellularity and more interestingly the evidence of fossils predate molecular clock analysis of the origin of Eukaryotes by about 300 Ma suggesting that either the molecular clocks are under counting or that an independent endosymbiosis event may have occurred. Normally I would in accordance to Occam's Razor suspect the prior but in light of the discovery of the Asgardarchaeota, complex unicellular archaea sharing the non bacterial genetics and presumably structure of Eukaryotes to a degree that the last common ancestor of Eukaryotes can be confidently placed within the clade it seems quite plausible that previous endosymbiosis events occurred during the oxygenation event and subsequent glaciations as the adaptations towards edosymbiosis were already present within this diverse group of anaerobic archaea. The above is mostly what I gathered from summarizing several papers from Nature and PNAS and to a minor extent the abstract to a paper in the journal of Paleobiology. Sadly all the papers on the subject above are behind paywall some of which my university doesn't give free access to as far as I can tell the oldest research on these fossils date back to the early 1990s, 1992 more accurately having been met with skepticism but increasing scientific discoveries in recent years have really provided the irrefutable evidence towards this event in Earth's history. I really have to thank Miki P for bring this to my attention. This is absolutely worth an episode on Eons probably more than one. Environmental changes seem to be without a doubt a driving force behind macroevolution with rapid development of new innovative traits before slowing back down to a lower background mutation rate. I think they have even found the genetic mechanisms which life uses to increase or decrease mutation rates. Furthermore I am beginning to suspect that living fossils i.e dead taxon walking are what happens when this mutation control mechanism and (possibly or?) when genetic diversity is lost.
@AustinWigley
@AustinWigley 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for singing the Ben Wurtz jingle.
@sapphiresong7
@sapphiresong7 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome. Very informative and interesting. Liked that little call out to the 🎵cambrian explosion🎵
@iatsarulashvili3893
@iatsarulashvili3893 4 жыл бұрын
Its a reference to bill wurtz's history of the world.
@sapphiresong7
@sapphiresong7 4 жыл бұрын
@@iatsarulashvili3893 yes. I know, thats why i made the comment about them referencing it.
@guilhermehouck4872
@guilhermehouck4872 4 жыл бұрын
"Is the trilobite extinct?" Horseshoe Crab: *Well no, but actually yes*
@williamsimanjuntak5263
@williamsimanjuntak5263 4 жыл бұрын
It's interesting to see how the evolution of many different species converge into one somewhat identical body shape. Fascinating.
@tesmith47
@tesmith47 4 жыл бұрын
Confirmation of evolution
@Jesse__H
@Jesse__H 4 жыл бұрын
Best channel on KZfaq.
@christianv-h3278
@christianv-h3278 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent video, as always - ichthyosaurs are truly fascinating! Just to know, could we have a video on opalised fossils someday?
@sarika811
@sarika811 4 жыл бұрын
Evolution of elephants
@sherbet3018
@sherbet3018 4 жыл бұрын
+
@theedittingjoke
@theedittingjoke 4 жыл бұрын
÷
@allenman97
@allenman97 4 жыл бұрын
sarika love they showed on tv last week
@stormintheshell5130
@stormintheshell5130 4 жыл бұрын
elephante
@capoislamort100
@capoislamort100 4 жыл бұрын
sarika love go ahead and do it
@zuttoaragi8349
@zuttoaragi8349 2 жыл бұрын
That sad music Eons uses whenever they talk about the end of a line of animals is really good.
@air9music
@air9music 6 ай бұрын
people - "eye size is directly proportional to the cuteness of an animal" me - "hold my ophthalmosaurus"
@retsz
@retsz 4 жыл бұрын
Did I hear a "History of the Entire World I Guess" reference in there?? Nice.
@tanya292
@tanya292 4 жыл бұрын
I love that you guys refer to the history of the entire world any chance you get.
@dinohall2595
@dinohall2595 Жыл бұрын
The sad music that started playing when he got to the extinction of ichthyosaurs and then the beautiful, almost triumphant music during the ending about how their legacy continued really elevate this video to the next level.
@williamcullen8756
@williamcullen8756 3 жыл бұрын
"Some were ram feeders which just moved forward and ate what ever was scooped up into their mouths; which is usually what I do." Best Line Ever in a docuvid
@adityashikarbhattacharya5471
@adityashikarbhattacharya5471 4 жыл бұрын
Talks about demise of animals *Insert trilobite piano music*
@downbythelakehouse9120
@downbythelakehouse9120 4 жыл бұрын
Oh Blake, you had me at Triassic. ;)
@jabby6709
@jabby6709 3 жыл бұрын
5:04 he's so round, he looks like a seal. I love it
@sterkar99
@sterkar99 4 жыл бұрын
This could be your best episode yet
@masonlacour1982
@masonlacour1982 4 жыл бұрын
Love these videos! Would also love to see a playlist of all videos in chronological order, starting with the origin of life and ending with the most recent subject matter.
@lolasart3408
@lolasart3408 4 жыл бұрын
I was so bored and then BUM-this video! Thanks I guess :D I really love your content, it's so entertaining and educational
@milesbradshaw6643
@milesbradshaw6643 4 жыл бұрын
I always used to mistake Icthyosaurs for Dolphins when I was small.
@phoenixdavida8987
@phoenixdavida8987 4 жыл бұрын
You're not the only one I'm sure.
@sleepinqjupiiter9231
@sleepinqjupiiter9231 4 жыл бұрын
I mean you weren't wrong they're kinda related :0
@milesbradshaw6643
@milesbradshaw6643 4 жыл бұрын
@@sleepinqjupiiter9231 no their not. Icthyosaurs are reptiles, and Dolphins are mammals
@sleepinqjupiiter9231
@sleepinqjupiiter9231 4 жыл бұрын
Miles Bradshaw Huh, I thought they were :0
@milesbradshaw6643
@milesbradshaw6643 4 жыл бұрын
@@sleepinqjupiiter9231 many people thought that way too.
@xrossplayxino
@xrossplayxino 4 жыл бұрын
Love your videos guys. Also, that sad tune at around 6:50 took me by surprise, it was a nice touch to convey the ichthyosauri's downfall.
@sephirothjc
@sephirothjc 3 жыл бұрын
This video just changed the way I think about life (I'm watching it for the second time). Evolution doesn't just generate species, it generates evolutionary niches. When a species goes extinct, it's spot's still there, waiting to be taken.
@wadebastero6329
@wadebastero6329 4 жыл бұрын
2:22 is the "The Cambrian Explosion".
@BovineTerror
@BovineTerror 4 жыл бұрын
Omg Cartorhynchus is so adorable!
@keepcalmlovedinosaurs8934
@keepcalmlovedinosaurs8934 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for filling on the gaps. We need people like this in our schools.
@midnightsoftware1904
@midnightsoftware1904 4 жыл бұрын
interested in the earliest form of folklore and drawings of prehistoric creatures found in caves BUT ALSO speculative evolution if possible ;) love you all at PBS Eons so much, thanks for giving me hours and more likely days of entertainment and insight. Really its become one of my favorite things in this life and it gives me such peace while making music to you all playing in the background and filtering through my mind. love you all forever
@jax1722
@jax1722 4 жыл бұрын
Hey, you guys should do something about ancient Madagascar or about ancient new Zealand
@amehak1922
@amehak1922 4 жыл бұрын
Jaxen Maynor old zealand?
@jax1722
@jax1722 4 жыл бұрын
@@amehak1922 yeah 😂
@stormintheshell5130
@stormintheshell5130 4 жыл бұрын
how new zealand is secretly gigantic but under the ocean
@TheFireaster
@TheFireaster 4 жыл бұрын
And ireland island wildlife is awesome
@randomguy263
@randomguy263 4 жыл бұрын
@@stormintheshell5130 | Hmm, that'd actually be quite interesting.
@alexandriaerickson9821
@alexandriaerickson9821 Жыл бұрын
Every time he sings “The Cambrian Explosion” my heart smiles!
@roberthanleytortora7405
@roberthanleytortora7405 4 жыл бұрын
REALLY great episode. My favorite from you guys and among my favorite ever out of any of these genre of channels. Great work guys!
@agnieszkamalicka7232
@agnieszkamalicka7232 4 жыл бұрын
I like all of the Eons hosts, but He's my favorite. Love those little jokes! ;)
@fandomguy8025
@fandomguy8025 4 жыл бұрын
"You can say that the oceans, even now, continue to respond to the disaster of the great dying" Well I hope they are ready for Great Dying 2: Human emission CO2 boogaloo.
@jcdenton4847
@jcdenton4847 2 жыл бұрын
with taht will be a slew of innovation and evolutionary mutations. Too bad we won't get to see what comes after
@matheuscastello6554
@matheuscastello6554 4 жыл бұрын
OMG IVE BEEN ASKING FOR ICHTHYOSAUR VIDEOS FOR AGES I LOVE U PBS EONS 😍😍😍😍😍 not only cus u did ichthyosaurs i love everything u guys do :)
@blockmasterscott
@blockmasterscott 4 жыл бұрын
One thing I loved about this channel is the mentioning of various events. I lot of them I have never heard of. Good stuff.
@scottcrawford1104
@scottcrawford1104 4 жыл бұрын
You should do a regional series. Like evolution in the Midwest of the U.S. and creation of the Great Lakes for example.
@invisiblejaguar1
@invisiblejaguar1 4 жыл бұрын
I love this channel, get so excited when you guys upload.
@megumin-staff6937
@megumin-staff6937 4 жыл бұрын
Wow!! Every videos of Eons are really mind blowing!! And their outro speeches are really hair raising 💕 Keep up the videos👍
@repugnus
@repugnus 4 жыл бұрын
Eons is the best KZfaq series I’ve ever seen. Thank you!
@tylulia1039
@tylulia1039 4 жыл бұрын
Just became a patreon supporter!!! This is one of my favorite channels!! I have a phobia of the ocean so these are like horror videos to me. 😆
@zfieldhouse
@zfieldhouse 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for saying niche correctly
@Leomoon101
@Leomoon101 4 жыл бұрын
I was so excited to finally see a marine reptile video! Keep going eons, there are many subjects subjects to talk about such as evolution of penguins or the megabeast of Australia.
@miguellilly8859
@miguellilly8859 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you guys so much!
@evariste_galois
@evariste_galois 4 жыл бұрын
i love you guys!!!
@madsgrams2069
@madsgrams2069 3 жыл бұрын
It's interesting how early ichtyosaurs looked a lot like how mosasaurs would come to look like in the Upper Cretaceous and how early whales, like Basilosaurus looked like in the Eocene. Perhaps, without the K-Pg event happening and thus if they had more time, the mosasaurs would have adopted the fish-like form as well, as it seems to be by far the most efficient for living in the ocean. But then again, marine corocodiles had that eel-like shape as well and they never went "full fish', despite being around for a longer period of time than ichtyosaurs were, sooo...who knows?
@karellen00
@karellen00 4 жыл бұрын
I find amazing the fact that fishes, marine reptiles and marine mammals look so similar even if they don't have anything in common!
@AifDaimon
@AifDaimon 4 жыл бұрын
It's called convergent evolution, which is when two or more unrelated animal species develop similar traits to fill environmental niches. The perfect example of this is flying around above us in the skies: birds and bats..
@karellen00
@karellen00 4 жыл бұрын
@@AifDaimon Yes, I know that, what I mean is that it didn't happen just twice, that will make you think that it's just an accidental case, but three times! And all three look a lot similar, not just vaguely!
@AifDaimon
@AifDaimon 4 жыл бұрын
@@karellen00 evolution works in weird but amazing ways
@tijanamilenkovic9442
@tijanamilenkovic9442 Жыл бұрын
@@AifDaimon also since they have similar body type, does this mean dolphins, ichthyosaurs and sharks have muscular bodies?
@AifDaimon
@AifDaimon Жыл бұрын
@@tijanamilenkovic9442 seems that way
@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt
@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt 4 жыл бұрын
I'm so grateful for these videos. Thank you.
@weberwoodshop
@weberwoodshop 4 жыл бұрын
I love this channel! I’ve been subscribed for over a year and have watched almost every video. I have a topic suggestion for a future video. Every time you mention various extinction events you follow it up with how we don’t really know what caused it. I want to know more about those extinctions! What DO we know? What are the major extinction events and what are the best theories on what caused them? Why are they so heavily debated? When is the next one scheduled to occur? (Haha) ...But seriously tell me mOAR. Thanks!
@steakslapn9724
@steakslapn9724 4 жыл бұрын
Nice, a new pbs eons, and its my favourite host! Edit, also more mega fauna vids! Lol please.
@tumbleddry2887
@tumbleddry2887 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent! Really love Eons...I learn a ton ever time I watch
@vassa1972
@vassa1972 4 жыл бұрын
Very cool video love getting the info on this time period thanks
@noriretherford
@noriretherford 4 жыл бұрын
Really interesting video! I've been loving all these Eons vids and I never knew much about ichthyosaurs so this was especially enlightening. But I'm having trouble reconciling these statements about their extinction: "The first to go were the generalists" . . . "Ichthyosaurs had just become too specialized" (around 6:50) I'm used to thinking of generalist species as being more hardy and versatile than specialists. Can someone explain why they'd be the first to go in this situation? Thanks!
@tborke
@tborke 4 жыл бұрын
Yaaay finally an episode on my favorite group of prehistoric animals :)
@sierra_2016
@sierra_2016 4 жыл бұрын
The art MVP this episode was Dmitry Bogdanov. Most of the art this vid was his, all beautiful
@HagridRKZ
@HagridRKZ 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for making this. I had been waiting for a video on ichthysaurs and this one didn't disappoint. This might seem like a nitpick but I was also hoping you'd talk about the Lilstock monster and the Aust colossus. Maybe in a future video, hopefully?
@tarryncooper4742
@tarryncooper4742 4 жыл бұрын
This is so cool! Why did he add the wrist jewelry? This guy is my favorite host, is he allowed to wear cool stuff now. Love your videos!!!!
@binky2819
@binky2819 4 жыл бұрын
Please make a video about the evolution of Pterosaurs! No flying creature today even comes close to how big those guys were.
@sergiogiacomosammartano7623
@sergiogiacomosammartano7623 4 жыл бұрын
Really nice episode! Thanks Blake! :D
@cheaterman49
@cheaterman49 4 жыл бұрын
Hahaha, Blake comparing himself to a filter-feeder was hilarious!
@lhdhtv4249
@lhdhtv4249 4 жыл бұрын
imagine all the types of seafood we could've had..
@gamedominatorxennongdm7956
@gamedominatorxennongdm7956 4 жыл бұрын
Would most likely taste the same as some other food
@johnathanblackwell9960
@johnathanblackwell9960 3 жыл бұрын
Well celocanths are still around, but apparently their flesh has a natural laxative, though you can eat it if it's been dries supposedly.
@Sciencerely
@Sciencerely 4 жыл бұрын
Evolution can be quite funny once strong selection pressures occur or vanish. There used to be a species from the genus Homo called Homo floresiensis about 100000 years ago. We also often call this species "hobbit" as remaining skeletons tell us that they were about 1 meter (3 ft 6 in) in size. Fun fact: In 2012, a New Zealand scientist due to give a public lecture on Homo floresiensis was told by the Tolkien Estate that he was not allowed to use the word "hobbit" in promoting the lecture. Although I am a human biologist and not a film maker you can ask me anything about human physiology in health and disease here and I'll try to answer!
@MusicMan-xu3ys
@MusicMan-xu3ys 4 жыл бұрын
Love the ocean themed ones
@ninakraus8528
@ninakraus8528 4 жыл бұрын
I would really enjoy a video on both the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate teeth, covering all kinds of theories about how teeth came to be, how placoderms show that teeth came before jaws and how all of this helps in our understanding of evolution!
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