Northern European countries such as Denmark, Finland and Norway are rated as the least corrupt in the world. In these countries there are cultural and social norms that make corruption unacceptable, so there is a high level of trust in the administration and public institutions. However, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index 2023, countries located in Eastern Europe have very high levels of corruption. So much so that this region is considered one of the most corrupt in the world. For example, countries such as Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Belarus or Hungary have transparency scores below the global average and other countries near the border of Europe located in Central Asia such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan or Kazakhstan, are also among the most corrupt in the world. According to a study by the University of Delaware, it was found that in Hungary children are taught to be clever in order to outwit the government. In North Macedonia they found that bribing to get what you want is common practice. That is, they engage in corrupt activities to gain access to something as common as getting care from a doctor. And in general, the study shows that corruption is common practice in Eastern Europe. So the questions are: why is this part of Europe so corrupt, does its communist past have something to do with it, and why has this led to a brain drain to Western Europe?
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