Why Are You Multicellular?
Рет қаралды 754,931
8 жыл бұрынViewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Start your Audible trial today: www.audible.com/ok
Tweet this ⇒ bit.ly/OKTBSmc Share on FB ⇒ bit.ly/OKTBSmcFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” • DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DIS...
“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: amzn.to/1SntUdG
Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27-36.
Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.
Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.
Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.
Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.
----
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: / itsokaytobesmart
Follow on Twitter: / okaytobesmart
/ jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: / jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) www.videoblocks.com
@TheOswald42 8 жыл бұрын
remember when you're alone.....actually you're not alone....there are millions cells support your decision... and of course...there are bazillion cells out there that against your decision
@Vertutame 5 жыл бұрын
and when your allies decide you're bad dictator, you're going to get cancer.
@confusedpotato7045 5 жыл бұрын
What if l told you... We are all related so we are fighting ourselve
@bills9346 2 жыл бұрын
@@confusedpotato7045 We should mashup to form a bigger animal.
@aetherian31 2 жыл бұрын
@@bills9346 we already do.. we form a collective called society or civilization
@K.S.Khunkhao 8 жыл бұрын
This channel deserves an Oscar.
@BeastOrGod 8 жыл бұрын
You wrote Nobel wrong.
@Hybrid10Prime_Creative 8 жыл бұрын
+Solitude Damn right!
@Lewa500 6 жыл бұрын
ขุนเขามีคำตอบ Emmys are for serialized content, not Oscars.
@quackadoodles5930 6 жыл бұрын
10/10 grammer
@MichaelSHartman 5 жыл бұрын
Madison, or the Grouch?
@bootblacking 8 жыл бұрын
"Dr. R. Kaya" What you did there, I saw it.
@besmart 8 жыл бұрын
+meadslosh Gotta show love to all the kingdoms
@summertime9332 5 жыл бұрын
Ikr. So clever
@bb-gb7jv 3 жыл бұрын
Timestamp?
@samoneill4286 8 жыл бұрын
I'm single cellular and I find this offensive
@pythor2 8 жыл бұрын
I'm U.S. Cellular and I found this wireless.
@FutureAIDev2015 8 жыл бұрын
+Matt Smith BEST JOKE EVER
@ofonildao 8 жыл бұрын
+Matt Smith I didn't get it ;-;
@Ra000leo 6 жыл бұрын
STOP dividing people into binary, singe or multicelular, it offends me.
@ramonapiercesalvatore5917 5 жыл бұрын
Being multicellular or single cellular is just a social construct
@agamkohli3888 8 жыл бұрын
Bestceller
@cs2d20 8 жыл бұрын
lol
@herbertkeithmiller 8 жыл бұрын
+Agam Kohli Cellf-Help
@masac2853 3 жыл бұрын
Get out
@Ekaekto 8 жыл бұрын
The single life Axe skit made my day :-D
@besmart 8 жыл бұрын
Here's why 1 + 1 = you… Lots of interesting reading in the description this week if you want to dig deeper! Be thankful for those evolutionary transitions…
@kallebanan1924 8 жыл бұрын
+It's Okay To Be Smart oke
@DorthLous 8 жыл бұрын
+It's Okay To Be Smart So mitochondria is next week?
@GoLee10000 8 жыл бұрын
+It's Okay To Be Smart So, I'm a bit confused. You seemed to have talked more about the benefits of being multi-cellular instead of talking about what actually caused it and why. The title is a bit vague in that regard. Like, have scientists observed some of the theories briefly mentioned, like cellular velcro you described and do they have an idea of what caused that velcro in the first place?
@mayok_5468 8 жыл бұрын
why we all look different
@RohitPatil_Tech 8 жыл бұрын
I usually dnt like much of Biology but I have to admit u made it pretty Interesting!!
@ericvilas 8 жыл бұрын
bestceller cellf-help books. joe, that's... ....wow. Just wow. (I love it. Keep 'em coming.)
@Piffsnow 7 жыл бұрын
I can't believe how good this channel is. Thanks for the good work !
@kierenvanderhaar6329 4 жыл бұрын
Oh my soul... I love these videos so much, keep up the great work guys... Nd thanks PBS you have alot of great channels
@lcfree89 8 жыл бұрын
Just finished teaching unicellular/multicellular to my 6th grade classes! This is great timing IOTBS!
@JazzyJacksJokeShack 8 жыл бұрын
Wow... this video was great! It had really easy to digest and fascinating information AND great subtle jokes, keep it up!
@stivcdl 8 жыл бұрын
Amazing video. I love this channel, and this is already one of my favourite videos. Very well crafted and animated, plus it's a very interesting topic. Congratulations! You nailed it!
@MrThis1dude 7 жыл бұрын
ok I've just finished a 3 hour binge of "it's ok to be smart" and this was the cherry on top that made me subscribe and yes sir I will always stay curious!
@kellydunn5261 8 жыл бұрын
I love your channel! Keep up the good work!
@Kleinbiology 8 жыл бұрын
Awesome video! I show your series to my biology students.
@AricDaNinja 8 жыл бұрын
7 creationists and 44 amoebas disliked this video.
@CaptIronfoundersson 8 жыл бұрын
But who cares what creationists think?
@AricDaNinja 8 жыл бұрын
God, obviously.
@irrilevante3950 8 жыл бұрын
+Owen McCauley creationist aren't able to think
@alphaamoeba 6 жыл бұрын
Im creationist and i don't believe in Evolution stuff But whatever, idk why, but i like this kind of vids AND DONT JUDGE ME HOSERS
@Nanamowa 4 жыл бұрын
@@alphaamoeba Not believing in evolution is like not believing the Holocaust happened. We know it happens, it's not really something you can believe or not believe, you can either accept reality, or deny reality.
@EugeneKhutoryansky 8 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the video.
@RXCodes 3 жыл бұрын
👍
@TheBookwormAlly 3 жыл бұрын
@@RXCodes 👍
@jacobnair6707 8 жыл бұрын
"Can you imagine if all cells were competing for survival. Oh wait, that's called cancer." So this is how DramaAlert was created
@RayRay-lo2wn 5 жыл бұрын
But Dr Joe, I currently have a Genetics class at university, and from what I've learned, cancer is just the result of the cell losing "control", 'cause of: mitosis without control, not answering to apoptosis signaling, gene's expression at wrong times... Why do you say it's because the cell is being "selfish"?
@abdullahalsubaiei9170 2 жыл бұрын
both are true
@chris_jones 8 жыл бұрын
This is the best writing so far. I literally lol'd at the fat cell on the scooter, and the cancer bit was perfect. It was a complicated topic explained expertly.
@dege13 8 жыл бұрын
I like all the little jokes and clips in the video. It makes learning more fun. Well done, as always.
@koopa5504 7 жыл бұрын
2:16 The "Bestcellers" made me laugh for some reason xD
@maxgreen6691 6 жыл бұрын
I love just watching these when I have nothing to do
@iinRez 8 жыл бұрын
Quite the education -as always! Thank you!
@ShutterAuthority 8 жыл бұрын
Great episode as always! Do you do all the animation and fx by yourself?
@vikramchavda3876 2 жыл бұрын
Jo@@BeBoBE
@heyitsalex99 8 жыл бұрын
i felt the pain of the sea slug when you cut of its tail, #mercyfortheseaslug
@zebracake69 8 жыл бұрын
I really really enjoy these videos. How long does it take you guys to make them?
@ViableJourneys 7 жыл бұрын
I just subscribed and I love this series
@sciblastofficial9833 6 жыл бұрын
All the puns in the library: 1) Best-cell-er 2) Cell-f help 3) The book's author is Dr. R. Kaya (Archaea) 4) Dr. R. Kaya wrote another book with Flagellum in it (Flagellum is bacteria tail)
@nutellafoxvideos7350 8 жыл бұрын
if you think about it, it makes perfect sense to think that the first multi-cellular organisms were plant-type animals. Some cells decided to start banding together, some focused more on helping with their structural advantages, others with their photosynthetic abilities, and others with their ability to make more cells. One question: So, basically, as these cells came together, did they start sending bits of DNA and Chromosomes to each other or something like making one cell that had enough genetic information to make a replica of every cell in the group? would make sense that somewhere along the line this happened either accidentally or on purpose with some development to the point where the cells would evolve into groups with more cells (because groups with more cells would have a higher fitness) as having one reproducing cell mutate to make more copies would eventually lead to more complex life. (and in a relatively short period of time too since some cell groups can reproduce quickly and some mutations happen over short generations...)
@OfficialDenzy 6 ай бұрын
No?
@WeissM89 8 жыл бұрын
What's been bugging me for years it's how millions of individual cells, each with its own function and lifespan, can give form to a single conscious individual. Plants and insects, they may behave like giant microorganisms so it's more understandable, but more developed animals, specially humans, who are aware of themselves... It's so weird.
@xelaboksan 8 жыл бұрын
Wonderful episode. Thank you 😃
@daniellombardi3670 8 жыл бұрын
You guys need more views!!!! the channel is great!
@Xeno455 7 жыл бұрын
I love these videos. Intellectual and full of memes.
@noriluka8325 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for all your videos!
@DeeRizz Жыл бұрын
How much work he puts in to these deserves him an Oscar
@evilcam 8 жыл бұрын
Another great episode, and timely for me in this case, as I have been thinking about this quite a bit lately. Though my issue comes more from a philosophical perspective, than a genetic one (though they are of course still intimately related), so I don't want to write a wall of text about it now. I have also wondered about how life first suddenly appeared on this planet (so I am happy to hear you're going to talk about that next), and also how prokaroyta became eukaroyta. What I tried to read about it suggested that something similar to what you discussed here happened, where what we call cell organelles may have been separate creatures, who just infected each other, through a random chance of nature found they survived better working together, and organelles being made directly by the host cell just started to happen. The organization principles some cells used to place their organelles caused some prokarotes to evolve through random mutations and they became bigger cells, with a nucleus. Though, I don't know how it worked. That is just what I thought the articles were saying...so who knows how off not only my interpretation of it could be, but also how off that theory could be.
@KohuGaly 8 жыл бұрын
+evilcam yes, the famous theory of endosymbiosis. We are pretty much certain it happened - chloroplasts and mitochondria are way too similar in DNA and structure to bacteria to come to be just randomly via normal evolution.
@MrLinguist88 8 жыл бұрын
Bestcellers....lol...
@kalikiter1 8 жыл бұрын
The next episode is going to be on how mitochondria came about isnt it?
@mikozieg 7 жыл бұрын
Actually, it is.
@yeetushmm6073 2 жыл бұрын
IAmJalex The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
@Qazmaxier 8 жыл бұрын
2:10 So much puns my heart stopped!
@firewolfhd7686 8 жыл бұрын
Haha "Cellf-help" . That pun 😂
@Bryjolf 8 жыл бұрын
Really liked the video one of the best you have done.
@GardeningInRaeford 8 жыл бұрын
Joe, I really like your show - I just wish it was longer! Space Time is usually well over 10 minutes long! I will keep watching regardless of how long your videos are though.
@xxbootywaterbanditboixx2169 3 жыл бұрын
And you my good sir, just saved me and my presentation.
@Master_Therion 8 жыл бұрын
Really, Joe? You're using bad puns for cheap laughs... such a cell-out. ;)
@tomato3280 8 жыл бұрын
youre so celly
@Master_Therion 8 жыл бұрын
Tomato Dorito Well, that esc-CELL-ated quickly.
@retak4110 8 жыл бұрын
+Master Therion Awwwh! You're so cell-fish....
@zeeotter100 8 жыл бұрын
+Master Therion no
@ianprado1488 6 жыл бұрын
nice
@Piffsnow 8 жыл бұрын
Good content, I like that. :) Thanks ! That cliffhanger though. ^^
@sonicthehedshot9789 8 жыл бұрын
I would really enjoy a video on how it is theorized that eukaryotic cells ate a prokaryotic and became mitochondria.
@voiceofaliens 8 жыл бұрын
Cool topic and I like how you mentioned the currently last stage of evolution: societies. I often think about how civilized societies compare to hermits in the wild in a similar way that cells in larger organisms compare to single-celled ones, and how it comes to be that individuals end up giving up their freedoms to live as part of a whole.. you become tame and dependent instead of independent, eventually losing the ability to survive alone.. but the whole can accomplish so much more than the individual.
@BenRollman 8 жыл бұрын
I hope the next episode deals with the idea that cellular life got larger because one had a hole in it and another cell "fell" into it. I love that idea.
@FroscoToppings 8 жыл бұрын
That was beautiful, man
@SuperNinjaTurtle7272 5 жыл бұрын
Just finished the vital question. Best book hands down nick lane is an amazing author read his life ascending and oxygen now vital question and on to the next.
@--6880 8 жыл бұрын
Love these videos 👍🏻
@gregoryashton 5 жыл бұрын
Loving the mobility-scooter-user reference ;)
@ihebchagra9332 8 жыл бұрын
your animator is very talented!
@alleenlettersengetal 7 жыл бұрын
2:14 = pure gold!
@MaxvanStraaten_0 8 жыл бұрын
Do we really have to wait a full week to see that next episode? ok, thanks for this episode, liked it.
@joshuaaguilar7187 8 жыл бұрын
Good episode.
@matthewtheobald1231 8 жыл бұрын
This was a very good epidode
@syzy1442 3 жыл бұрын
i love the narration and the jokes! 11/10!!
@mandanamovahedi3681 7 жыл бұрын
Hi Joe. I've subscribed before but this time it's for a different reason.This time I got an ideas for two awesome videos. The first idea is,WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE EARTH STOPPED SPINNING , and,WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THERE WAS NO MOON.
@Pandamasque 8 жыл бұрын
Nicelly done with all the puns!
@iamjijojohny 8 жыл бұрын
wonderful animation.....!!!
@ulilulable 8 жыл бұрын
Slimes are really, really cool, switching being single cell and multiple cell organisms. Just got reminded of that when viewing this video.
@YeahGetThaT 8 жыл бұрын
Will the Audible offer be available, say, a week or two from now? (I'd like to wait until school's over).
@obadanaim6174 8 жыл бұрын
7 creationists disliked the video
@nerdnation1076 8 жыл бұрын
Shhhh... Thats a secret.
@Rezkeshdadesh 8 жыл бұрын
+Obada Naim No, it was all the bacteria watching this video. Check your multicellular privilege.
@obadanaim6174 8 жыл бұрын
Rezkeshdadesh lol
@JeremyWS 8 жыл бұрын
+Obada Naim I'm a progressive creationist and I liked this video, not by mistake, but on purpose. I love this channel. So learn think better.
@gmike777hot2 8 жыл бұрын
No the dislikes came from the fact that this is KZfaq. And if nobody dislikes your video. You're not getting enough views.
@keira_churchill 8 жыл бұрын
That communication system you mentioned at 2:52 isn't telegraph poles. It's cell phones. :)
@Nors2Ka 8 жыл бұрын
Oh god the animations were on point!
@Kram1032 8 жыл бұрын
Can you list all ~30 known times this transition happened? I didn't know that and I'd love to hear more about this.
@besmart 8 жыл бұрын
+Kram1032 Numerous times in green algae (Volvox, Chlorococcum, sea lettuce to name a few), numerous times in fungi, numerous times in red algae, numerous times in brown algae, numerous times in different slime molds, but maybe just once for animals! Check the description for the article by John Bonner. Lots there
@Kram1032 8 жыл бұрын
interesting! I previously thought it was, like, once for plants (in forms of algae which then branched off and eventually turned into our plants today), once for fungi and once for animals.
@TheRedKnight101 8 жыл бұрын
+Kram1032 There are four main eukaryotic kingdoms still wrongly accepted. The amoebas, fungi, and animals split one way and the rest including plants split the other way. The kingdom protista commonly thought to be unicellular is mostly just a mash up of everything not concidered a plant, animal, or fungi. When in reality these organisms can be one cell or 60 meters tall. To keep it simple most schools teach 4 kingdoms or 6 for those who havent accepted the 3 domains. The improved taxonomy is newer so it has yet to be fully accepted and well known.
@speedwagon1824 Жыл бұрын
@@TheRedKnight101 a protist is any eukaryote that's not an animal, plant or fungi
@TheRedKnight101 Жыл бұрын
@@speedwagon1824 Well that is true, it is a collective term that doesn't take taxonomy into account. Protista is not a kingdom it a mix of all other eukaryotes that didn't fit neatly into the plants, animals, or fungi.
@sreagin88 8 жыл бұрын
Dr. R. Kaya... haha i love it!
@MrRperez10 8 жыл бұрын
I like the explanation
@elimalinsky7069 7 жыл бұрын
I thought that seaweed and trees had a common ancestor, which is the green algae, the ancestor of all plant life. IIRC, all plants evolved from a single species of green algae, meaning multicellular clustering happened only once in all plants.
@Slay1337pl 8 жыл бұрын
This should be shown in schools.
@BranDenhauer 8 жыл бұрын
1:53 What kind of rough neighborhoods have people shooting arrows at you?
@TeamMCDean 8 жыл бұрын
Great haircut man, looks good
@spidrluvr888 3 жыл бұрын
I'm baked and thinking about cells.. good video ,🙂👍
@burtonlang 8 жыл бұрын
Based on a Radiolab episode I listened to recently, I reckon the next video is gonna be about the origin of mitochondria.
@baruchbolinski6891 3 жыл бұрын
A normal bacteria with a mutation that made it clump together when it divided wouldn't be able to function normally and survive well. It wouldn't necessarily have it's cells cooperate and try to do the same thing either, and cell specialization would be a huge jump.
@Mauritz5 5 жыл бұрын
This is the best use of my cellular data
@naimimeraj379 8 жыл бұрын
He Is So Smart!!
@colinmaclaughlanweir9670 8 жыл бұрын
I could sit here all day just looking at you
@ForsakenPixel 8 жыл бұрын
2:17 "now is the time" ahaha thank you for a good laugh c: and 3:03 you took the laugh back :'c
@fredleept 8 жыл бұрын
That Titantic reference was hilarious.
@flexibledonut957 8 жыл бұрын
awesome!
@suelane3628 6 жыл бұрын
Lovely presentation. Actually bacteria do form colonies and some are able to communicate with each other by electrical wires. Multicellularity only evolved in the Eukaryotes as the mitochondria provided enough energy. Out of the multicellular eukaryotes, only three develop from embryos. (Plants, Fungi & Animals.) Animals in particular develop from a blastula. I have never come across any evolutionary significance of embryos, yet they did lead to three Kingdoms. Any ideas??
@MCC900 8 жыл бұрын
1:17 Okay... now I want an actual Evolution board game. xD
@hectorsantos4662 5 жыл бұрын
Loved the puns at 6:06
@TheLegoJungle 8 жыл бұрын
2:14 Dr. R. Kaya eh?I like it ;D
@ukkomies100 7 жыл бұрын
Why would any one prefer creation over this. Its so beautifull and exciting.
@Gothead420 8 жыл бұрын
1:18 : I want that game!
@curiouswind9196 6 жыл бұрын
where did the first cell/cells came to be? (not debating just wondering)
@SciStone 8 жыл бұрын
Have you ever read "The selfish Gene" by richard dawkins? great video btw.
@seraphinachristinepalmer6903 3 жыл бұрын
You deserve an Oscar.
@austinbyers4690 8 жыл бұрын
Do a video on tachyon particles
@EmeraldView 4 жыл бұрын
I've often asked myself this question. Being a single cell seems so much easier.
@MaartenZaagman 8 жыл бұрын
whats with the axe commercial? 0:23
@stormytheman4264 8 жыл бұрын
Cellf - help. really?
@evanhosley2360 8 жыл бұрын
Best cellers
@mikkicarr5717 8 жыл бұрын
Haha, the author of that book! Dr. R. Kaya. Good one.
@zachlochabay5803 8 жыл бұрын
I listened to a podcast that discussed this topic by Radiolab called "Cellmates". However, it doesn't seem like the theory you're explaining is the same as that. Is this true or are you just explaining different parts of that theory?
@besmart 8 жыл бұрын
+Zach Lochabay "Cellmates" is a great episode of Radiolab! But that event is a different one from what I'm talking about in this video. You might want to check in on Monday though…
@bigworldmemes 8 жыл бұрын
so what made the cell in the first place?
НОВОСТНИЧОК
Рет қаралды 6 МЛН
Anyaischuk LIVE
Рет қаралды 7 МЛН
НОВОСТНИЧОК
Рет қаралды 6 МЛН