I wish all ceos could talk like this about their products. Immensely liked.

I love this guy. He is like a Mr. Rogers for stereo dudes.

Man I love Paul, he’s such a down to earth normal person who doesn’t pretend to be high and mighty, and he’s also really funny. Keep up the awesome vids

Paul, Thank you for answering my question. I do appreciate the time you put into these responses and the knowledge you share with the community is priceless. Cheers, David. P.S. I did not go to Valencia High School, but I played against them in sports... :-P

Wow! What a great audio education I'm getting from these videos, Thank you Paul!

Here's my take: XLR is popular with most PRO audio and recording studios, due to long runs of very low output pickup devices like microphones. Hum and noise rejection is their greatest asset. Even interconnecting components with XLR virtually insures that the signal path is quiet and can reduce ground looping problems, etc. For most general home audio, cable runs are less than a few feet or so between components. With the exception of a magnetic turntable, your signal levels are fairly high anyway. Plus XLR connectors are huge in comparison to RCA's. It's just impractical IMO for using XLR at home! 😉

Love these videos Paul. If I could afford your equipment, I'd totally support your company. Especially one of your DACs.

This is great because it really goes into the nuts and bolts of Paul's strategic thinking on product definition. Thank you.

Banana Splitbrain has a valid point here too because we are not running Woodstock in our living room!

I just want to thank you Paul for being down to earth and easy to listen to. Most if not almost all CEO's do not sit down and take time to "explain" answers to questions from a bunch of nobody's .

I work with pro audio and can say, balanced is a necessity with mic lines where the signal is measured in milivolts. However, line level usually goes up to 1 or more volts. If your line level runs are more than 25 feet, balanced line level may be useful. Internal balanced electronics are usually used in high end recording mic preamps and mixers but live equipment usually is internally unbalanced or simply digital.

As always, this explanation was absolutely spot on 👌 Since i have a background as a TV and stereo repair guy here i Denmark, i can tell, that you are very, very good at explaining fairly complex circuits and listening observations in a way, that most people understand you 🙏 I very much enjoy both your calm way, and your content on this channel 👍 I feel your company spirit and family very strongly... your passion....everything.....love it! P.S. Let go of the past. You are such a nice person 😊🙏 Happy holidays ☃️🎄🇩🇰

Excellent video! Thanks for sharing the perspective of a manufacturer regarding design choices that you need to make to achieve end goals for a product. I found it very informative as a consumer and audio entusiast. 😀

I understand Paul, and thanks for being honest....

I just found your channel and subscribed right away You are so enjoyable to listen to and i pick up a lot of great info Keep up the great videos

You are such a charming guy! As always a pleasure to hear your comments!!! From another video... your explanation of MQA is unbeatable! We really need a limited link in a chain streamed audio when today bandwith is almost unlimited? You touched the key!!!!

Muy simpatico Paul! I got suspended for 2 weeks for throwing a snowball. But hey, it was a one-in-a-million throw from 150' that exploded on the steering wheel of a UPS truck traveling about 35 mph.. And no one was injured. I have no regrets either. I hope you the best ditch day that day!

"Oh, we don't need to get into all of that . . ." That's actually what I was wondering about; I've been trying to look this up, all day. Bill Flannery tells me I can actually use both xlr and rca simultaneously on the back of this Sunfire, and I'm trying to figure out what's going on there and how that works.

I really appreciate your pricing scheme and your transparency about it. This is what advise new makers and producers instead of the "as-much-as-we-can-get-away-with" model. What if we could make that normal for the housing market? Way more people would be able to afford nice PS Audio systems!

We ARE proud of you!

perhaps 2 sentences as to xlr's better grounded connection & less electrical interference, etc would help us understand xlr. Love Paul's very effective teach a little, soft marketing sell a little. Just reinforces the feeling that his ps audio products are made with less compromise but with the tradeoff of a much higher price. Great leader, great channel- just must find a way to save enough for his products.

Great question and great answer!!! 👍🏼🍻

Superb answer

Haha, thanks for the humble "disclosure" Paul. That just makes you more human amongst all the KZfaq audio celebrities 🙂

One of the reasons I bought my new Emotiva amp and preamp was that I could use Mogami cables to connect them. Emotiva also offers a CD player with XLR outputs. I mostly listen to records in that room but still, that CD player is tempting.

beautifully explained. cheers.

I'm sure someone makes a (relatively) affordable standalone switching box with a bunch of XLR inputs and 1 or 2 outputs that you could put before your Preamp. And if they don't, someone should.

Great answer...!!!

You got rewarded with time away from school for skipping school

There are two parts to balanced: Balanced interfaces: Good for lowering noise floor with especially long cables. Balanced circuit topology: Can potentially lower distortion if the matching is good, and makes DC offset easier to manage as the drift is common mode on the amplifier output. Balanced volume controls are more expensive and less straightforward to implement. For short interconnects in fixed installation and with more common amplifier topologies single ended is just easier. XLR’s connectors take up more space on a back panel. The relays also have to be doubled up for every balanced input.

Southern California is awesome. My brother lived there for 15 years....moved due to job reasons to Allentown PA....was in Allentown in 5 years and just recently moved back to San Diego.....all just in time the pandemic hit.

I prefer XLR balanced input/output, if possible on all audio equipment.

Hi Paul, You may be correct about some pro audio equipment doing a cheap balanced in that is not actually balanced, but most equipment designed for XLR is also intended for microphone inputs and a cheap solution just will not work there at all due to the signal levels involved. Sounds like a pro audio mixer with several XLR in and an XLR out to your preamp would work, provided you can deal with the hassle of selecting the inputs on the mixer - maybe not the ideal solution but certainly better than single ended in long runs to the preamp.

Hi Paul! There are so many integrated duel supply analog switches available, from SPST, DPDT, through multi-IO mux/demux devices. Even the expensive parts are 'relatively' cheap. Have you not found any that were good enough THD+N to use on your products? I've used many of these in different product designs over the years and they've worked great, but then again I've never designed something that most hardcore audiophiles would consider high-fidelity. Great video as always!

“Inter-product cannibalism” is another important underlying factor. This occurs when products with similar utility or within the same product group from a company compete with each other. This can be particularly challenging for niche product lines and manufacturers; especially when a manufacturer “doesn’t compromise” on their entry-level products. Prioritize the wrong mix of features in your $2000 entry-level product and then many of your high-end customers and professionals stop buying your $6000 flagship product opting for the over-speced entry-level model. Suddenly, you find yourself in a position where it may no longer be profitable to keep making the $6000 model for those who want it. In an ideal marketplace perhaps this wouldn't happen, but these are real-world dynamics. Often factors likes these are directly taken into account throughout the engineering and development of a product; Regardless I think it can provide a good lens in retrospect.

I can confirm that relays are way more costly compared to the other components on a circuit board. Not to mention the cost of extra pcb board that they would need.

My whole sound system has XLR connections. Including the Focusrite audio interface has the balanced outputs but only on TRS because of dimensions. There is such a huge difference between balanced and unbalanced sound, I could not turn back to RCA or other crappy connections.

Great videos! How can I post a question to you Paul? I'm just starting to put together my first home turntable audio listening set up and have a question. Thanks for the informative and helpful videos!

I love revisiting the Clock Works and Fundamental of Audio episodes by Paul👨‍🎓📜

6:01 I'm not an engineer of any kind, but I'd like to think in an alternate universe I went to CalTech on a whim and it just worked out. I love this kind of stuff. Unfortunately I don't have the time for it. What I *do* know is watching roughly half this video, I might never buy anything from PS Audio, but if I am in the market for something they sell (okay, I'm doing research for my dream set-up, which would be a Thorens TD 1600, with upgraded SME M2-12R Tonearm and Ortofon 2M Black LVB 250 cartridge on an Ortofon SH-4 Headshell.) But after that, I'm lost. Ideally, I would have a high-end pre-amp with Balanced XLR inputs and a TOSLINK digital out. That way, I could be sending a purely analogue signal to the pre-amp, which would send a purely digital signal to the receiver (and speakers) which would hopefully reproduce the exact sound coming from the source (the vinyl record.) 9:31 WOW. He's basically saying "Buy our less expensive model, since it's engineered the same as the more expensive one." What CEO says that? That alone has sold me. The GainCell DAC $1900 doesn't have the TOSLINK out (unfortunately,) but knowing what they put into their products, I would be willing to buy a separate amp that had Balanced XLR ins to use with my system (not really sure how that would work, I would probably have to look at a home theater receiver that had those *plus* everything else I'm looking for.) Either way, if I'm looking at a spending some serious money on upgrading my vinyl set-up, I will definitely consider the GainCell DAC...

I knew I liked you, just couldnt figure out why. Now I know!

Well said file1 man

Glad somebody out here explains this shit for us newbies! Hahahahaha Thanks for your time Paul!

An extra $100 for more XLR inputs would be very reasonable and could possibly sway a buyer to purchase the item.

I love this guy..

Nah, balanced in for live pro audio equipment definitely makes use of the cold signal. It must, otherwise your mics would feedback too much in a live situation, especially if you have a monitor pointed at your face. Anybody who works with live audio day in day out would know the second they plugged a mic or instrument into a high-impedance input. However I realize it's different for recorded music because it's not as hot, so the noise isn't as apparent. Anyway, if I needed more XLR inputs, I would just get a mixer. Problem solved and it's a handy device to have around anyway for all audio gear fans.

Mr.Paul How good is the samsung s8 tube amp pro mode in the setting? To my opinion they sound pretty good with my headphones.

This guy is awesome

On the basis that circuitry is cheaper than super quality relays I would suggest: At each XLR input socket attach a circuit that converts the balanced input to unbalanced and have the usual switching relays on their outputs. Then you are back to the same number of relays as unbalanced sockets.

Outlaw audio has a full 7.1 system for under $1000, all balanced xlr out along with rca.

LOL, Great start of the video

Do you guys make plug and play plate amplifiers? I want to build my own three way Monitors.

My cousin says 97 degrees in your old homestead today. Boulder has to looking good right now! I play in hi-end and work in pro-audio. Not just cost of connectors and relays, but the cost of the “pretty” chassis. If really needed, could get a pro XLR patch bay. It won’t be pretty, but it will be clean, quiet, and rugged.

But can't the DPDT relays be swapped with 4PDT relays? Or are they not used in audio or unreliable? The best part I like about XLR is the shielding, unfortunately I can't afford XLR home stereo equipment. So I make my own shielded twisted pair RCA's with grounding pigtails

would it be more important to have XLR from a source to the preamp, or between the preamp and amp due to the difference in output levels on the different connections (i.e. preamp out is higher than the source outs)? Can an amp like a GFA-555 be "easily" modified to take an XLR input since there is no switching?

Every time he says Stellar, I can't help but think of Stanley Kowalski from Streetcar Named Desire. "Stella"!

Thanks Paul, I enjoy your videos. It's too bad that a pair of old telephone relays could not be used, they would look sharp on nice pedestal stands clicking away besides an exposed tube, tube amp. An enterprising person could put 5 or 6 relays, clean PS, micro-controller with WiFi in a box, write a phone application and start a business like you did with Phono pre-amps, I will take .5% for the idea :).

Paul 'Bad Boy' McGowan. Mild-mannered audio electronics designer, at your service.

The Yamaha A-S3000 Integrated amp has two sets of XLR's!

It seems to me, with XLR interconnects we get slightly more gain in the signal compared to a standard RCA connection, and with the volume control untouched. If that is true, what is the reason for it? Is it because XLR transfer is expected to deliver signal over longer distances and therefore more voltage is needed at the output of the source?

Balanced inputs are primarily used for microphones which are subject to noise and hum do to longer cable runs. In home stereo the common inputs are almost always unbalanced. Magnetic phono, tuner, tape and aux.

I'm considering a good preamp, but it will have to have at least one pair of balanced XLR inputs and outputs. This is where you could compromise, by at least offering one set of balanced inputs and outputs.

Love that guy .....🤩😍🤩

bbut but but but but.... i like your engineering rants :)

I use balanced TRS. I suspect that the shielded ground in XLR wouldn't make a big a difference in my setup. I don't run power cables near signal cables, use short cables, and minimize RFI. I keep switched supplies, CFL and LED lamps off the power circuit. It would be fun to get a used power conditioner and rebuild it someday.

Quick question not related with the issue at hand... do you deliver to Europe and what are your channels of distribution. Thank you

What do you think about Emotiva preamps which includes multiple XLR connectors on their differential preamp.

Paul, how long before a ps audio return customer comes back to do another purchase? Every new product cycle? On average every 6 years? I look at the PWT transport. For its time, an evolutionary product to improve music listening from cd"s. But my 23 year old son can't understand why we would keep 200 cd's around the house, costly, up & down to put in a new cd, & taking a lot of storage space when he(we) can just go on spotify or tidal($240 per year) with instant access to thousands of titles. You note, correctly, that quality products are made to last. as you said 20 to 30 years and/ or survive repetative use to serve us well long term. True, build it to serve well for life, but seems our hobby has a 6 to 8 year product lifespan. Yes, many of us use old & dear equipment, old friends, but I would not want to play my 8 track tapes or my cassettes, but do say yes to a few vinyls(at great expense). So I must find a way to save up $2k for that next Jr Dac down the road.

Krell krc 3 has 2 if I am not mistaken? Could get used for a decent price if you look around

Using unbalanced wiring is also a performance compromise compared to balanced wiring. So in that way the performance compromise is moved from inside of the amp to the outside, to the wiring.

Hi Paul, I'm aware that you can't possibly answer all 'ask Paul' questions. The question I submitted a while ago is related to this one and maybe you can post a short comment? I'm concerned about balanced headphone outputs. I have seen those on many preamps with an headphone amplifier. However psaudio although huge balanced fans does not provide balanced headphone outputs. Is this simply not necessary or bs or too cost intensive? Thank you for your great effort in making these videos. o7

If the issue is simply the number of connections on the back, is there an outboard unit that can be bought, that takes several balanced inputs and provides one balanced output? A basic selector switch.

Have a 90's NAD 106 with XLR output, but for the life of me can't find a similar vintage NAD amplifier with XLR input.

Balanced also means extra circuitry, so not necessarily better. Relays also don’t break the bank, I bet those rotary switches are more expensive when of serious quality. In case you put a Jensen transformer in to balance the inputs we’re talking. Quality and money.

I got a county wide record of 230 demerits in the first month of school. I ditched the first 3 weeks of my first year at a new school. Truant officer picked me up hitch hiking LOL. I am sure the record no longer stands these days.

Paul, perhaps explain what is wrong/bad about RCA/RCA interfaces

I recall buying quality cables from a reputable cable manufacturer and their tech person said if all of cables are under 30ft, there is no need for balanced.

I have a very expensive locally (New Zealand) designed and manufactured pre-amp and it doesn't have any balanced XLR inputs or outputs, just rows of RCA sockets. It feeds a pair of class A monoblock amplifiers (home built) that only have unbalanced inputs and the system has an exceptionally low noise floor so low level detail is remarkably clear. I've never felt that having XLR inputs would improve matters, but I could be wrong.

My new pre has a balanced source input and a balanced pre out, and its modestly priced, if you are getting married might as well marry rich,if buying new gear might as well buy with at least a few balanced options, my ext amp will have balanced in's.

Is it bad I use a XLR cable adapter to an RCA connection? I realize there may be so Sonic benefit, but is safe/okay? Or it it just bad practice....

How about an external junction/switching box? Say six XLR sources in and one out? I've seen these for HDMI...

Hello Paul, I have a question on RIAA equalization. We all know (most of us) how with basic analogue elements a circuit can be put together to create a low-pass or high-pass filter. But with this we always get a phase shift. I am wondering how RIAA eq is done in the analogue domain. Could you explain this?

what? quality cost money? no.... :P I wish more people value the cost of quality.

There is also another reason besides costs, and that is of course manufactory decission, where some manufactories wanna keep it simple, so their circuity design doesen't get "polluted". At least that's what iv'e heard, and my own Pre-Mono combo from Lavardin (French High-End amps) is a good ex on that perspective. They from the very start decided NOT to use Balanced inputs and/or remotes, and they keep that "rule" the first 15 years of the companys exist. Now they finally deliver remotes for some of their amps, as costumers keeps coming back, asking for that. Maybe there is way much more too this, and i guess there is, but i'm not an engineer ;-) Cheers from Denmark

I'd love to buy a preamp/integrated with at least two balanced inputs. To save money manufacturer's could go the Accuphase route-- empty slots for input upgrades.

imo once you hit a particular price bracket, far below, it is well worth it for balanced. I don't see it as a compromise. I see it as a downgrade. Or what I should say is, it should be a requirement to have the option to specify at purchase time that you want full balanced.

Can I replace my CD player RCA output jacks to XLR ?

Could you just make a switch? like 4 inputs / 2 outputs for example?

Balanced outputs tend to suck compared to unbalanced, and to do it right is even more expensive than what you're talking about with input switching and at best is only going to equal good, cheaper unbalanced, anyway. It's a utility connection for long runs around sources of noise and RFI/EMI, not an audiophile connection.

For PS Audio a slimness is more important than a number of inputs, because exterior sells better than functionality these days. It really does not matter that $5000 will become $5100. A customer is going to pay. But if their candy looking preamp will appear an ugly brick (because of increased number of XLR inputs that need a bigger chassis), this will cost them much more than $100 per unit.

TLDR : We sell you 1 XLR-in ,because is cheap, or 6 ... because is expensive 🤣

The main reason is most sources are RCA. These days you only need 1 XLR and 1 RCA input because all switching is done with DAC.

Expensive preamps out there for xlr balance. Geeks get a singer sa1 balanced headphone and preamp. 600$. Nothing comes close to the cost performance. Class A sounds spectacular

Okay. Many a beer and too little a thought!

Can't you just use solid state switching like what's used in motorsports power distribution modules (PDM) ? Why rely on relay's (which have moving parts which are a point of failure?) Or is there an electrical noise issue?

I find it hard to believe a $1700 pre amp even with silver/gold relays would leave you with anything less than a 80% margin, correct me if I am wrong.

I'll take some passive advertising if that's the small price for some good knowledge transfer. All mfgs. should be this transparent.

The KRELL showcase processor can be had cheap

Hegel has XLR And Hegel is really good.

Yes, I would pay $200 for six balanced inputs