We're aware of the map placeholder at 4:28 and are working to have this video exchanged on KZfaq! We try our best, but sometimes things slip through.

By May 1945 the Germans had "shortened their lines" significantly Down to about 50 metres long

Given how many times Kharkiv/Kharkov has been invaded and seized in World War I, the Russian Civil War, World War II, and now the Russo-Ukrainian War, it might be the most fought-over city in the past 120 years.

Now that we're getting close- I hope you guys cover the Tientsin and Italian embassy incident where Japan and Italy fought in China after the Italian capitulation/side switching in September.

I have a cool story from a US WW2 bomber man in my neighborhood. He was in the lead bomber of a formation, and they got pounded by flak. One of the guys had luckily moved from that spot just moments before. Their hydraulics were busted and they couldn't land. The formation went higher in elevation and avoided the flak. This neighbor of mine went on the outside of the bomber to fix the hydraulics. They would have to lower in elevation so he could breathe. He fixed it and they were able to make it back and land just fine.

17:58 A sidenote this week on August 27 1943 is that the first successful sinking on a warship by a guided missile attack occurs when the Royal Navy sloop HMS Egret is sunk after being hit by a German Henschel Hs 293 radio-guided glide bomb. However, this was actually not the first time it was used, as there was another successful attack two days earlier on HMS Bideford but it did not sink. The Henschel Hs 293 radio-guided glide bomb kind of reminds me a bit of the Wasserfall surface-to-air missile that the Germans were developing but never used it in combat due to teething problems with control. Still, at least it did made it in the 2003 video game *Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII* .

Liberation date, August 23 is an official day of the city in Kharkiv. It's hard to tell how we celebrated it this week still being under enemy siege. But also it is a huge feel of pride everyone of us feeling today. In this war Kharkiv hasn't been taken even once, and will not be.

17:15 During the war my grandmother was living in Watten, next to the Eperlecques blockhaus. She worked as a town hall clerk and was so jaded about the repeated bombing raids against the blockhaus that after a while she didn't go to the bomb shelter anymore. So many bombs fell on civilian areas that after a while there was no more room at the municipal morgue and the bodies had to be kept in the town hall basement. Some of them were blown to literal pieces, so the remains were shoved in a canvas bag with just the head sticking out for identification. She insists to this day (she'll turn 102 next month) that she could tell British from American bombers by the accuracy of the aiming.

It could be argued this week marked a turning point in the war: that last clip of the Germans launching what is in essence an air-to-surface cruise missile is that point in history where the current war changes from using technology that came out of the previous war (WWI) and starts using technology that will mark future wars.

I don’t write often but I gladly admit that after every episode I’m left surprised by the clarity and skill with which these small history lessons are created and delivered. Supremely awesome. Excelsior!

"Soviet steamroller on beast mode" Hearing "beast mode" on a serious history documentary made me chuckle

U-Boat Hunt in Mediterranean , Bay of Biscay and Atlantic On the night of August 22, Royal Navy destroyer HMS Easton and the Greek destroyer Pindos (ex-HMS Bolebroke), escorting convoy MKF 22 off Sicily, found German submarine U-458 , commanded by Kurt Diggins, age twenty-nine, by passive hydrophone near the island of Pantelleria. The warships blew U-458 to the surface with thirty depth charges and hit her with gunfire, then HMS Easton rammed and sank U-458. Twelve Germans were killed in this action; the warships fished out thirty-nine of the U-458 crew, including Diggins. Two U-boats that had sailed on August 1 from Bordeux but returned to France, resailed in company to American waters on August 16. These were the famous old Drumbeat boat, the Type IXB submarine U-123, and Type IXC submarine U-523, commanded by Horst von Schroeter and Werner Pietzsch, respectively. In the dark early hours of the seventh day out, August 22, a Leigh Light-equipped Wellington bomber of RAF Coastal Command Squadron 179 caught and bombed U-523 while leaving Bay of Biscay. Pietzsch dived and escaped, but the Wellington’s report alerted surface ships passing in the vicinity, including Royal Navy close escort of a convoy en route from the British Isles to Gibraltar. Unaware of the proximity of enemy surface ships, on the night of August 24-25 Pietzsch ran on the surface off Vigo , Spain. Royal Navy destroyer HMS Wanderer and the corvette HMS Wallflower of the convoy escort got U-523 on radar and caught her by complete surprise. Shaken, Pietzsch dived to elude, but HMS Wanderer, commanded by Reginald F. (Bob) Whinney, immediately found the boat on sonar and commenced a dogged depth-charge attack, which HMS Wallflower soon joined. Pietzsch went so deep (to 880 feet, some crewmen asserted) that the hull “groaned” and the interior wood trim “splintered” from the immense sea pressure. Finally Pietzsch gave up and surfaced to scuttle, taking gunfire from both warships that fatally damaged U-523. That fire killed about a dozen Germans before they could jump from the sinking U-boat. The destroyers HMS Wanderer and HMS Hurricane, the corvette HMS Wallflower, and the convoy rescue ship Zamalek fished thirty-seven Germans from the water, including Pietzsch. Near Cape Finisterre, Allied surface ships also found and depth-charged von Schroeter in U-123 but he got away. Control assigned the boat to patrol the Trinidad area, but later modified the orders to include the “bauxite route” farther south, if von Schroeter chose to go there. He did and on September 21, he found and attacked a convoy of tankers and Liberty ships off French Guiana that had a powerful sea and air escort. He claimed two definite hits and three maybes, but these have not been confirmed in Allied records. Another Type VII U-Boat returning from American waters, the U-134, commanded by Hans-Günther Brosin, who had shot down a blimp in the Florida Straits, also ran into fatal trouble. On August 21, a Wildcat-Avenger team from US Navy “jeep” carrier USS Croatan, escorting convoy UGS 14, attacked U-134 but Brosin escaped. Three nights later, on August 24, a Leigh Light-equipped Wellington bomber of RAF Coastal Command Squadron 179, piloted by a Canadian, Donald F. McRae, found and attacked U-134 in the face of heavy flak at Bay of Biscay. McRae dropped six depth charges that destroyed U-134 with all hands. The loss of U-tankers also led to the deletion of a Type IXD2 U-cruiser from group Monsun, the new foray to the Indian Ocean. This was the U-847, commanded by Ritterkreuz holder Herbert Kuppisch, who sailed from Kiel on July 6, struck ice in the Denmark Strait, and aborted to Norway, arriving on July 20. After repairs, Kuppisch resailed on July 29, but Control reassigned him to serve as a provisional tanker for the boats returning from the Americas and West Africa. Kuppisch reached his refueling area in mid-August. His first task was to replenish some inbound boats from the Americas that had been assigned to refuel from the XB minelayer U-117, herself a provisional tanker that, as related, was sunk on August 7. On the morning of August 27, Kuppisch in Type IXC40 U-tanker U-847 refueled six more homebound boats. These were Paul Siegmann in Type VII U-230, returning from a mine-laying mission off Norfolk; Kurt Neide in Type VII U-415, returning from a barren patrol in the Trinidad area; Eberhard Dahlhaus in Type VII U-634, returning from a fruitless patrol in the Caribbean; Gerhard Feiler in Type VII U-653, also returning from a luckless patrol in the Caribbean; Heinz Rahe in Type VII submarine U-257, returning from a barren patrol to the Freetown area; and the new Ritterkreuz winner Georg Staats in Type IXC submarine U-508, returning from the Freetown and Gulf of Guinea areas. Like Emmermann in U-172, the first watch officer on U-230, Herbert Werner, believed that Kuppisch was insufficiently prepared to cope with enemy air. Several days later, US Navy “jeep” carrier USS Card relieved the “jeep” carrier USS Core, which had developed turbine-vibration problems. On the morning of August 27, two Wildcat fighterss and an Avenger dive bomber from USS Card found Kuppisch in U-847 in mid Atlantic. The two Wildcat fighters, piloted by Jack H. Stewart and Frederick M. Rountree, strafed and forced the boat to dive. Pilot Ralph W. Long in the Avenger bomber dropped a Fido acoustic homing torpedo just ahead of the swirl that hit and sank her target. Nothing further was ever heard from U-847. She was the sixth IXD2 U-cruiser to be lost, the fifth within the 104-day period from May 16 to August 27. Hitler's U-Boat War - Clay Blair Jr.

Who else is freaking out because the new episode hasnt been posted yet?

It is really interesting to see how they themselves thought of the war as not something without the final that it does. We think of things like Italy being invaded as obvious, as opposed to a large plan to invade through the Balkans like they did in WW1 which ultimately crippled the Central Powers. They thought the war could last a lot longer than it did in our timeline, people putting plans for 1947 making the war a decade long, or that it could come through completely different fronts. Seeing the war from this perspective is really something our way of thinking with the hindsight that we do doesn´t offer. They didn´t even know for sure how the world was going to operate with the Cold War split or that Germany was going to be divided and if so into how many ways. Poland still looked like it had about half of Belarus on maps that didn´t acknowledge the German and Soviet attack, or that Germany still had Silesia and Köningsberg even before the war. Fascinating!

I find myself when I'm teaching my high school economics classes, I find myself saying "however" and "see you next time". Do I owe Indy some royalties?

Once again, well done team !

I am continually amazed by the quality of these, amazing work!

4:27 it just says MAP, maybe a placeholder which went unnoticed?

Oh I love this channel! The eloquence of the speakers, and how dapper they are. Beautiful channel. Thank You ❤️

This was an excellent video. Very nicely done. Have a nice day or night wherever you are.

Kharkov. Still in he news today. Man, this guy does a damn good review of historical events.

Very cool episode

Another great one. Thanks Indy!

"Messina is the same distance to Berlin as the Russians." Is it though? It makes you wonder if the Allied leadership had topographic maps. There are A LOT of mountains going that route to Berlin.

As always, very well done and very informative.

Just saying... One of the best-offs regular episode in the series. Cheers Indy, Sparty & team!

This episode was amazing thank you so much

Indy wow, your cadences and diction are amazing in this one.

Great video again

Excellent effort.

I love your channel keep up the great stuff!

Thanks!

I have finally caught up! Thank you very much for this excelent Journey far. I will be watching closely for the next few years

Top notch content as usual.

Where is episode # 210? Should be visible by now?

Great video. I find most documentaries or videos on the eastern front never talk much about the period between the end of Kursk and Bagration.

Hi Indy Another exciting week. At this stage of war, It looks like war changing and going towards end. But on another hand it looks like it will prolong for another two years. Seems like more bloody war ahead. Thanks for another wonderful episode.

Just 18 months ago the evil seemed infallible. Quite amazed at how times change.

So excited for this episode since I just finished running through this mission in Sudden Strike 4

As long as the Soviet steamroller is still in beast mode- greatest line of the year?

boy this Douglas guy is a piece of work.

I do believe I forgot to comment when I watched this episode this morning. Ouch. 😱 Somehow, the memory of forgetting just came to me. Hehe. Every time I hear about Kharkov on this channel, I think of the modern war going on today.

👍Lot of detail this week.

Awesome as always 😀😀😀

The Italian armour spectacularly charged the Americans on Sicily felton does a good video on it.

All my life I never thought I’d hear Indie say the words “beast mode” What a timeline

Every time Indy says Kharkov, I hear Krakow (Polish for Cracow) :)

I've been waiting for this ep for a while. Merrill's Marauders, enter stage left.

Telephone dude/dudette should co-host with Indy. Can't wait to see them.

Best birthday present is having a new episode

Love the intros of this series, each episode really makes my day, keep up the amazing content

Gotta love how Conrad is still featured in the background

I'm excited to see the start of the cold war and the Korean war coverage from you guys. Do you have any plans to cover the Korean war after this?

German General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin (4 September 1891 - 9 January 1963) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Germany during World War II. After the war he was introduced by Britain's Sir B. H. Liddell Hart to the military historian Michael Howard. Howard, who had fought in Italy during the war, recalls him saying, "May I give you a word of advice? Next time you invade Italy, do not start at the bottom."

I feel like the camera work on this episode was a bit different. Do you have a new director on staff? Whatever you did, I liked it.

The videos about Sicily but there wasn't any mention of air drop Patton ordered (I think it was in early August). It was one of the worst in the war, something like half of the paratrooper were killed from friendly fire. Rick Atkinson had a story in The Day of Battle of a major who survived the drop was running around ordering every tank crew he could find to stop shooting.

A small point. Mountbatten's first name Louis is pronounced loo-ee in the French way.

Incredible

Love the show as always, however the video title has the wrong date, August 28 instead of 27. Just wanted to point that out before the main release and a hundred other people notice and comment. Anyway, love you all, keep up the great work!

As soon as I graduate school, I will join the TG army!

1:45 Claude Auchinleck looks like you Indy

My uncle William St John ran aviation fuel into Trieste. He said they were under radio silence and ships were not clearly marked. He said everyone was! shooting at them! He survived as a Canadian Naval Officer and repaired TV's, radio's, and other electronics in Ottawa running from his house.

Field Marshal Kliest has the remnants of Army Group A ,sequestered and in the Kuban Pocket with only the 17th Army ? I guess its a group much as a Battle detachment bigger than a bread box ,smaller than a pantry?. I heard through research that Army Group A( or Kuban ?) had upwards to 700,000 soldiers in 1943. I guess the 13th Panzer wasn't being of any help there,in a defeensive capacity ,and with the loss of 2,000 or more tanks since Kursk ,it couldn't hide down in the Kuban for too much longer !. The great movie by Samuel Penkinpah ,the ""Iron Cross '' with Mason,Coburn,the great Maximilian Schell was depicting the Kuban Front in the film, reports or rumours that there was a followup to the first, though I believe Sam didn't do another one ! A great novel also. Kliest did a excellent performance causing 5 times to his 1 ,in the Pocket,

Hope you guys present a good coverage of Battle of Denipr, which was the actual climax of the eastern front, yet most people only know Babarosa, Stalingrad, Berlin etc.

The bad thing about these vids is that they only last 20 minutes. In these days where television is no longer relevant we need more ... ever more...

Don't know if I'm happier for this episode or football starting back up today

Todays' intro was definietly a better one. If I ever wanted ti introduce someone else to this series I would show them this one as an examaple of high quality intro. Just a random thought that I had while watching.

Tour de berlin! Not betting on the 7th panzers to win this time around.

It's weird to think that in little over a year you'll be discussing operation Market Garden which seems to be so close to the end of the war, yet at the same time you still have so much of the war to cover.

Hello there! Great show! I was wondering, since the Campaign in Sicily is pretty much over, can you do a special about the Allies management (or mismanagement to be more precise) of the collaboration with the Mafia and the consequences it had on Italy in the future? Considering that under Mussolini the criminal organisation kept a low profile and after the arrival of the Allies they came back to buisness as powerful as they never had been. As an Italian, I am deeply curious about it.

This week in French politics. On the 24th of August, the Law on Craftsmanship is signed in Vichy. It is however never applicated because no decree were enacted. The project was a regional corporatism for each profession or community of workers. Because there is no Assembly, this law, as all the laws passed during Vichy time, goes only through the Council of Ministers and Petain because as of July 1940, they are the only legitimate legislative power in fonction (The Assemblies are still legaly there but are indefinitely deferred). (More information about some other corporatist laws passed by Vichy, in response to this comment) The 26th, the CFLN is officially recognized as a government by the USSR, the United-Kingdom and the United States, the latter made a dubious proclamation on what exactly this government is, in order to leverage the possible “occupation” of France in 1944 (the CFLN would be the same as the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories, AMGOT, in Italy). For the next few months, 37 countries will follow them (with China for example). The 27th, Albert Lebrun, former president of France, under surveillance in Vizille by Italians who previously told him to escape, but Lebrun refused, and André François-Poncet, ex-ambassador in Berlin and then in Rome, are arrested by the Gestapo with the help of Klaus Barbie, on order of Hitler when Italians withdraw from France. They are sent to the Castle of Itter, with other French personalities.

Rather a lot going on with this tie, but easy to miss due to subdued colours. Pretty cool. 3.5/5

Required Sunday viewing

a wonderful introducing

5 hours in, 300ish comments and 5.3k likes. This is a channel doing very well.

It is now down to grinding it out. Sounds like a lot of the big decisions have been deferred.

Operation Husky proved a resounding success. The Allies landed on the southern and south-eastern coasts of Sicily on 10 July 1943 and within a month the Germans and their lacklustre Italian allies had been driven back to Messina, in the north-eastern tip of the island. The Germans then evacuated the island, pulling over 80,000 German and Italian troops to safety. Finally on 16 August Messina was captured, and the campaign brought to an end. However, the fighting didn’t stop there. In May Churchill had persuaded Roosevelt that Eisenhower should try to knock Italy out of the war, as a continuation of Husky. Inevitably this meant an invasion of the Italian mainland. While the fighting was raging in Sicily, Eisenhower’s staff was busy drawing up plans for this next stage of the conflict. During the next few weeks several schemes were developed, all involving landings either around Naples and Rome, or else on the southern coast of Italy. The more northerly invasion sites offered the most substantial strategic rewards if the landings succeeded, but conversely they also involved the greatest risk. By contrast, a landing on the southern coast was virtually risk-free, but the strategic advantages were minor. While a landing around Rome was discounted early on because the beaches lay beyond the reach of Allied air cover, other invasion plans were developed that gave Eisenhower a range of options. Operations Barracuda, Gangway and Mustang all involved landings in the Bay of Naples. However, these were eventually considered to be too risky, as the Germans would be able to reinforce the battlefield far more rapidly than the Allies could, while the beaches lay too far from the airfields in Sicily to permit all but the most minimal air cover for the operation. A far safer option was Operation Slapstick, which involved the landing of General Clark’s Fifth Army at Taranto, supported by a drop by the US 82nd Airborne Division. This too was discarded, as the whole operation was considered too cautious. For the same reason Operation Goblet, a landing by General Montgomery’s Eighth Army at Crotone in Calabria was also abandoned, as was Operation Buttress, the landing of Fifth Army’s 10th (British) Corps in the same area. Next came the drafting of plans for an independent parachute drop by the 82nd, either around Naples (Operation Giant I), or around Rome (Operation Giant II). Both were designed to block the flow of German reinforcements to the main landing area to the south, but both operations were rightly considered too perilous. In the end these plans were adapted by the Airborne commander when General Clark asked the 82nd to carry out a drop in support of the Salerno landings. By the end of August it was clear that although the Germans still held southern Italy, their troops were in poor shape, and the Wehrmacht needed time to replenish the men and equipment lost during the Sicilian campaign. The normally cautious Montgomery urged an immediate landing in Calabria to take advantage of this - to establish a foothold on the Italian ‘toe’ before the enemy could recover. His aggressiveness was encouraged by the favourable political situation in Italy. After a string of military disasters the Italian leadership was anxious to make peace with the Allies. A new government was formed under the leadership of Marshal Badoglio, who promptly entered secret negotiations with the Allies. Meanwhile Eisenhower and General Alexander, commanding 15th Army Group, decided to launch a two-pronged invasion. The first element involved the landing of Montgomery’s Eighth Army in Calabria and Apulia: the British commander would then push the Germans back as his men advanced northwards. Meanwhile Clark’s Fifth Army would land further up the western coast of Italy, in a bid to secure the vital port of Naples. By the time the two armies met, the Allies would have secured the whole of Southern Italy, and would be able to use Naples as a supply base and conduit for reinforcements. Salerno 1943 - Angus Konstam

When I see these titanic battles on the eastern front, I wonder: what is the true figure for Soviet and German losses? I've read that the USSR lost 8.6 million military personnel and almost 20 million civilians, but I've read about 10 to 13 million military personnel. I don't think we'll ever really know. And Germany and its allies were over 5 million. It's almost surreal to think about the level of violence on this front. It almost makes the western front a picnic.

Reminds me of the "long chalk" statement..

Indy great haircut

You know , when you check the Axis casaulties in Sicily it is really interesting how popular history narrative of WWII in West was written especially biased to the favour of German military or German army commanders/operations (since after same German generals were employed in West Germany under NATO they gave first hand resources which put themselves under favorable light and shaped the Western military tactical and operational doctrine according to their perspective afterwards) In Sicily , Germans lost %80 of their panzers and almost halft of their artillery , left behind back in Sicily along with %20 of their troops killed and captured hors de combat permenantly. I mean can you imagine if any Allied operation after 1942-43 winter era , resulted %80 of tanks lost ? In post war critism of popular historians , those Allied generals involved , would be torn apart mercilessly. Instead Allied post war writers over praise German evacuation from a mere three mile water barrier in Strait of Messina (almost like a river crossing width) that was extremely well defended by anti aircraft fire and shore batteries/mines but downplay the difficulties of Allied armies race to Messina over a mountain terrain that was easy to defend and suitable to delaying rearguard action. There is an emphasis on Western history summary that over emphasize Allied failures , missed oppourtunities , "what might have beens" with decades of hindsight that never takes the conditions , limitations , inexperience of Allied armies (still learning their trade) and predictions / priorties of Allies commanders and decision makers into account but overpraise German military too much.

With Anzio on the horizon the war in the med is not even close... yet...

For betrayal of the Motherland: Death! Words that still ring true today.

Another great episode. Kharkov changed hands how many times? "That ain't nothing. Located in the Shenandoah Valley, Winchester was the most contested town in the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861-1865), changing hands more than seventy times and earning its reputation (in the words of a British observer) as the shuttlecock of the Confederacy." -- Encyclopedia Virginia Still very rough for the people of Kharkov. If Gorillas are irregular feed them more bananas. Do you think the US and UK considered The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic as the unwanted ally. Looks like it. Obviously one must choose between the lesser of two weevils. A lot was learned by the disastrous air drop for the 82nd Airborne in Sicily. Markings for the Allied aircraft carrying paratroopers and supply drops prevented the same disaster from happening again thereafter including Normandy and the Nederlands operations.

Kharkov - my home town. So many years have passed, and it's kind of under siege again.

In 1943 German AFV production was 11,601 and it's total plane production was 20,599, fighter production was around 8,000.

Sounds like people living in Kharkov have been through enough, hope that city stays perfectly safe forever after this war.

After the Quebec conference Roosevelt visits Ottawa on the 25th. For security reasons the visit is only announced a few hours in advance. Roosevelt's personal train arrives at the Nicholas street platform and he makes the short trip to Parliament Hill by limousine. There he makes a speech in front of many dignitaries and crowd of over 30,000 Ottawa residents. Close to 200 reporters are there to cover the event. He speaks about the recent victories in Sicily and Kiska to which Canadian troops had taken part and of the discussion with Canada and Britain at the recent conference, likening it to meeting with members of the same family. He also likens the Axis powers to a "band of gangsters". After the speech an aide lays a wreath at the war memorial while Roosevelt looks on and the RCMP band plays the hymn Abide With Me. He and the PM, Mackenzie King, lunch with the Governor General at Rideau Hall. From there they visit Kingsmere, King's estate in the Gatineau Hills north of the city. They end the day with a private meeting at King's residence, Laurier House.

3:24 I didn't know Steve Carell played someone in World War 2.

there is a lack of northern front activities here. the 3. defensive battle south of lake ladoga (3. Abwehrschlacht südlich des Ladogasees) ends for my great grandpa on the 24th. his duty there was for 1 month, starting 27 of july. now his wehrpass only reports about defensive battles before leningrad.

_Comrades, today you have achieved great glory! Because of your courage and strength, the German army has been driven back and the city of Kharkov is once again ours! From this day forward we shall not take another step back until this war is won! Fight on!_ - Commissar 11:05 This week on August 22 1943, the twelfth and thirteenth mission of the 2004 video game *Call of Duty: United Offensive* , the *Kharkov 1 & 2 levels* under *Private Yuri Petrenko* begins at Kharkov in the Soviet Union. In both missions, you will engage in urban combat against German positions in the city as part of the Fourth Battle of Kharkov. The train station section in particular is somewhat notorious for being very difficult to complete at Veteran difficulty.

"And it is certainly not downhill from there for anyone...." - I like that anti-foreshadowing!

ANNNNND,...set timer!

So little ground being made but ground none the less being made in the hell that is New Guinea. Well done Aussies!

Unrelated to the war, but very related to Churchill, on 24 August, John Christie, a War Reserve Policeman, starts a second job - as a serial killer. He is eventually caught in the 1950s and hanged for his crimes, but not before getting Timothy Evans sent to the gallows in his stead (for murders of his wife and baby daughter no less). (spoilers) The Churchill connection comes from his government launching an inquiry into the Timothy Evans case after Christie was caught - it seemed rather coincidential that both Evans *and* Christie both killed people in the same way in the same house and buried their victims in the same backyard (Christie also found/made an alcove in the walls of the house, where more bodies were found) without knowing of each other. However, that's exactly what the inquiry found. A second inquiry in the 1960s absolved him of killing his daughter, which seems strange since she was buried alongside his wife. This case became a major focal point in the later abolition of the death penalty in the UK

At That point Where Roosevelt Says to Churchill we must get to Berlin before the Russians do I wonder just how Astutely then will he still be regarding this in say 12 months time from now!?? Cheers Indy ..You can already feel the Postwar World looming round the corner!

Hi Y'all, This should be on the Cold War Channel, but I am here, so here it is. How the failure of a bank in a mall in Oklahoma City caused the fall of the Berlin Wall. In about 1970, a gallon of gasoline sold for about $0.30 per gallon in the US, about twice that in Europe. In 1973, for a whole lot of reasons, the price would double, then in 1979, it would double again, so it was about $1.00 per gallon. Among other things, this made Saudi Arabia very rich. They had to invest it somewhere, Europe seemed safe. Europe had to invest it somewhere, New York seemed safe. New York (Wall Street) had to invest it somewhere, Chicago (Commodities) seemed safe. Chicago had to invest it somewhere, the price of oil was thru the roof, Oklahoma had lots of oil, lets invest in Oklahoma. This little bank, Penn Square Bank, would loan out money on a whim, no documents, then upstream the loans to banks in Chicago and Seattle, among other places. There is a small book "Funny Money" which I have read, and a giant one which I have not. One of the side effects of this was massive over production. In 1985, the retail price of gas drops in half in the US, and the wholesale price of a barrel of oil goes from about $28 to $12 in about six months. Investments that made a lot of sense all of a sudden made no sense. Over a hundred banks and savings and loans would fail in Oklahoma alone. In 1987, the whole stock market crashes, big surprise, but then it rebounds reasonably well. Oklahoma and Williston, North Dakota were destroyed, but everyone else who was paying half as much to fill their tank was happy. Most of the stock market back then was not directly connected to the price of oil, or if it was, it benefited from a lower price. What did this all do to the Soviet Union? Exporting oil and natural gas were a much smaller part of the total economy for it, but it was still important. Assume 40% of foreign exchange was from oil and natural gas, a wag or wild ass guess, and it fell by over half. That is still 20% of the total foreign income of the Soviet Union. We refer to anything over 10% income drop as a recession, 20% is scary territory. This is real money, it never came back, or at least not for about 20 years, which is another story. So, the failure of a small bank in Oklahoma City was instrumental to the fall of the Berlin Wall. As the late Paul Harvey would say, the rest of the story. Thanks for your time, take care.

what are you doing, stepfront commander

No Time Ghost Army recruitment video at the beginning?😢

Hey Indy and team. I don't know if you guys noticed, but your map shows the Hague as a different dot/city than Rotterdam and Amsterdam, but similar to other cities which host their nation's government. So what I want to know from you if it's actually correct that that different 'dot' actually shows where a national government is located rather than a capital?