•-----[ Stanza 1 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)-----•_ •---------[ Stanza 1 ]---------• 1 [ 0:31/0:39/0:47/0:55 ] *我从大山走来* (6) I came from the great mountains, (7) *肩头扛着.. 扛着大山的色彩* (11) My shoulders are loaded with hues of this land prominence. (14) *回首自己 走过的 道道山路* (11) Looking back at the paths I have trekked, (9) *忘不了大山 给我的情爱* (10) The love from the mountains I'll never forget. (11) •----[ Stanzas 2, 4 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)----•_ •--------[ Stanzas 2, 4 ]--------• 2 [ 1:03/1:11/1:19/1:27 ] 4 [ 2:41/2:49/2:57/3:05 ] *我从大山走来* (6) I came from the great mountains, (7) *风雨轮回 格桑花开* (8) Winds, rains, flowers... come and go as seasons turn. (11) *耳畔回响阿妈 温暖的话语* (11) Ama's warm talks still ring in my ears, (9) *句句话语让我 - 难以忘怀* (10) Every word of it I am holding dear. (10) •--[ Stanza 3 • Interlude ] _(Rhyme : abab)--•_ •------[ Stanza 3 • Interlude ]------• 3 [ 1:37/1:46/1:54/2:02 ] *哦 , 我是大山 走出的孩子* (10) Oh, I'm the kid from the great mountains, (9) *面对茫茫路途 往事不再细数* (12) With long road ahead, I won't dwell on the past. (11) *山顶上唱歌.. 唱歌的星星* (10) Those stars singing over the top of mountains, (11) *是指引我 回家的北斗* (9) Are the north stars that lead me on my home-path. (11) •----[ Stanzas 5, 6 ] _(Rhyme : aaaa)----•_ •--------[ Stanzas 5, 6 ]--------• 5 [ 3:15/3:24/3:32/3:40 ] 6 [ 3:49/3:58/4:06/4:14/4:22 ] *哦 , 我是大山 走出的孩子* (10) Oh, I'm the kid from the great mountains, (9) *像大山一样强悍 , 也有大山的情怀* (14) Tough as the mountains, and loving as the mountains. (12) *大山里有我 悠悠的眷恋* (10) In the mountains is my unending attachment, (12) *千里之外 有我思念的 泪眼* (11) Far away from the mountains are my teary eyes of yearn. (14) .. [6] *千里之外 有我思念的.. 思念的泪眼* (14) Far away from the mountains are my teary eyes of yearn. (14)
欣赏+翻译《巴拉格宗》 齐旦布, 兰卡措, 根呷, 多哇才吉, 扎西尼玛: •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/g7GifKlnkrulqqM.html 地理 : 巴拉格宗 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/Y52Redd1qsDaiWQ.html 《巴拉格宗》 Balagezong* 词 : 昂旺文章 (Lyrics : Angwang Wenzhang) 曲 : 秋加措 (Music : Qiujiacuo) 唱 : 齐旦布, 兰卡措, 根呷, 多哇才吉, 扎西尼玛 (Singers : Jinthan Po, Namkha Tso, Kunga, Dowa Tsekyi, Tashi Nyima) 1 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/g7GifKlnkrulqqM.html 2 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/f55xpcSJsbG6oYk.html 谱 : •www.jianpu.cn/pu/15/153543.htm •www.sooopu.com/html/379/379730.html Lyrics : (Translation with singability in mind.) •----[ Stanzas 1, 4 ] (Rhyme : abab)----• 远远的巴拉格宗 The far-off Balagezong, 在高高的雪山顶上 is high on the peaks of snow. 近近的巴拉格宗 The near-by Balagezong, 在我心灵深处 is deep in my heart and soul. •----[ Stanzas 2, 5 ] (Rhyme : aaaa)----• 当我轻轻地走进你 When I walk into you softly, 就怕打破你的寂静 I'm afraid to disturb your peace. 当我轻轻地触摸你 When I touch you gently, 就怕碰碎你深藏的秀丽 I'm afraid to break your hidden beauty. •--[ Stanza 3 • Interlude ] (Rhyme : abcc)--• 噢 , 静静的巴拉格宗 Oh, the serene Balagezong, 我心中的圣地 The holy place in my heart. 在不知不觉中 Without me being aware, 已把我紧紧拥抱 You have me tightly embraced. •-----[ Stanza 6 ] (Rhyme : abcab)----• 噢 , 静静的巴拉格宗 Oh, the serene Balagezong, 我心中的圣地 The holy place in my heart, 让我默默地叩拜你 Let me quietly bow to you. 圣洁的巴拉格宗 The sacred Balagezong, 我心中美丽的家园 Beautiful homeland in my heart, .. 心中的家园 .. homeland in my heart. Translated by ck 2020-03-19 •===================================• * Balagezong : a Tibetan hamlet in a deep valley with breathtaking scenery, located in the northwestern region of Yunnan Province. “Bala” denotes the people there were originally from Batang county in western Sichuan province. “Gezong” in Tibetan means holy mountains. This place has been settled more 1300 years ago. •en.balagezong.com/ •www.sichuantravelguide.com/garze/bala-gezong.html ---------------------- Suggested English syllable allocation in the sentence corresponding to the Chinese version is noted below. Number at the end of a sentence denotes syllable count. I keep it close to the original such that it may be sung in the translated verse. Lyrics: •--------[ Stanzas 1, 4 ]--------• 远远的 - 巴拉格宗 (7) The far-off - Balagezong, (7) 在高高的 - 雪山顶上 (8) is high on the - peaks of snow. (7) 近近的 - 巴拉格宗 (7) The near-by - Balagezong, (7) 在我 - 心灵深处 (6) is deep in - my heart and soul. (7) •--------[ Stanzas 2, 5 ]--------• 当我 - 轻轻地 - 走进你 (8) When I - walk into - you softly, (8) 就怕 - 打破你的 - 寂静 (8) I'm a - fraid to disturb - your peace. (8) 当我 - 轻轻地 - 触摸你 (8) When I - touch you - gently, (6) 就怕 - 碰碎你 - 深藏的秀丽 (10) I'm a - fraid to break - your hidden beauty. (10) •------[ Stanza 3 • Interlude ]------• 噢 , 静静的 - 巴拉格宗 (8) Oh, the serene - Balagezong, (8) 我心中的 - 圣地 (6) The holy place - in my heart. (7) 在不知 - 不觉中 (6) Without me be - ing aware, (7) 已把我 - 紧紧拥抱 (7) You have me - tightly embraced. (7) •---------[ Stanza 6 ]---------• 噢 , 静静的 - 巴拉格宗 (8) Oh, the serene - Balagezong, (8) 我心中的 - 圣地 (6) The holy place - in my heart, (7) 让我 - 默默地 - 叩拜你 (8) Let me - quietly - bow to you. (8) 圣洁的 - 巴拉格宗 (7) The sacred - Balagezong, (7) 我心中 - 美丽的 - 家园 (8) Beautiful - homeland in - my heart, (8) .. 心中的家园 (5) .. homeland in my heart. (5) •===================================•
@ck.youtubeКүн бұрын
*== Lyrics Translation ==* *218. (2020-07-16)* *《天边的天边》* *Beyond the Horizon* 词 : 于启翔 (Lyrics : Yu Qixiang) 曲 : 绍兵 (Music : Shao Bin) 唱 : 根呷 (Singer : Kunga) 1 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/orWpqsqUqp6leX0.html 2 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eeB4Y7tm2NK5dIU.html 谱 : •m.qinyipu.com/jianpu/jianpudaquan/25387.html *Lyrics:* (Translation with singability in mind.) •-----[ Stanza 1 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)-----•_ *去阿里的路 还有多远?* How much further the road to Ngari¹ ? *我分明已看见 你遗失的宫殿* I beheld your palace² which lost in history ; *看见迁徙回来的 候鸟划过湖面* Saw the returned migrating birds gliding on the lake³ ; *转山的人们 匍匐天地间* On the horizon, Kora⁴ pilgrims prostrate. •----[ Stanzas 2, 5 ] _(Rhyme : abab)----•_ *去阿里的路 还有多远?* How much further the road to Ngari? *我分明已看见你 描摹的画卷* I beheld the scenery which you had described ; *看见赶着羊群的姑娘 走过草原* Saw the shepherd girls driving the sheep through the prairie ; *前世的缘分 今生来成全* Karma of the past, be fulfilled in this life. •---[ Stanzas 3, 6, 8 ] _(Rhyme : abab)---•_ *梦中的阿里 梦中的你* The Ngari in my dreams, the you* in my dreams, *就在那天边的天边* Are right there beyond the horizon. *我在思念里 找了一遍又一遍* Time and again I searched for them in my memories, *往事飘散 在阿里高原* But they'd dispersed on Ngari highland. •---[ Stanzas 4, 7, 9 ] _(Rhyme : abcc)---•_ *梦中的阿里 梦中的你* The Ngari in my dreams, the you in my dreams, *就在那天边的天边* Are right there beyond the horizon. *我在时光里 等了一年又一年* I've been biding my time year after year, *只为有一天 能和你相见* Waiting for the day to pay you my honor. •-..[ Stanza 9 ]-• *我在时光里 等了一年又一年* I've been biding my time year after year, *只为有一天 能和你相见.. 相见* Waiting for the day to pay you my honor.. honor. Translated by ck 2020-07-16 •===================================• Notes : 1. *Ngari* , (Chinese : 阿里, “Ali” ), is a region in the western part of Tibet. Ngari is best known for Mt. Kangrinboqê (冈仁波齐峰)/Mt. Kailash and Lake Mapam Yumtso (玛旁雍措)/Lake Manasarovar. The sacred mountain and lake are associated with a number of religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, and Bon, among others, attracting numerous domestic and international religious pilgrims and tourists. The region was once the heart of the medieval kingdom of Guge. •en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture •www.chinahighlights.com/nagri/ 2. The *lake* here refers to the sacred Lake Mapam Yumtso (玛旁雍措)/Lake Manasarovar. Area 412 km². •en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar 3. The *palace* relic here refers to the medieval kingdom of Guge, which lasted from the 10th~17th century AD. •en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guge 4. *Kora* is the Tibetan term (བསྐོར་བ།, Chinese 转山) for “circumambulation” - walking around something. It is a form of pilgrimage and meditation shared by both Tibetan buddhist and Bon traditions. It is believed that through this ritual, religious merits will be obtained, and an enlightened mind will result from purifying negative karma by taxing the body. Kora is fundamentally simple, the pilgrim walks in a circle around a né (holy site). A holy site may be as small as a simple shrine or temple, or as huge as a mountain or lake. A pilgrim may chant mantra and hum prayers, count rosary beads and spin prayer wheels. Some pilgrims also repeatedly prostrate along the circumambulation path in hopes of achieving extra merits or blessings. •en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_(pilgrimage) •www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-advice/kora.html * The “ *You* ” here refers to Mt. Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ, Chinese: 冈仁波齐峰), also known as Mt. Kailash. Elevation 6638 m. It is the most sacred mountain in Tibetan Buddhism, the home of the Buddha Demchok, who represents supreme bliss. It is believed by Hindus to be the home of God Shiva - the Destroyer of Evil and Sorrow. In Kora pilgrimage, devotees make the 52 kilometer trek of the mountain by walking, which may last one to three days ; or a series of over 30,000 prostrations, which lasts at least four weeks. Mt. Kangrinboqê/Kailash is the source of tributaries of three of Asia’s most significant rivers: the Ganges, the Indus and the Brahmaputra. Surrounding the mountain are four ancient and famous monasteries: Zhabura, Chiu Gompa, Zheri and Zhozhub. Ref : •en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash ---------------------- Suggested English syllable allocation in the sentence corresponding to the Chinese version. Number at the end of a sentence denotes syllable count. I keep it close to the original such that it may be sung in the translated verse. *Lyrics* : •---------[ Stanza 1 ]---------• 1 [ 0:41/0:46/0:51/0:57 ] *去阿里的路 - 还有多远?* (9) How much further the - road to Ngari? (9) *我分明 - 已看见你 - 遗失的宫殿* (12) I beheld - your palace which - lost in history ; (12) *看见迁徙 - 回来的 - 候鸟划过 - 湖面* (13) Saw the returned - migrating - birds gliding on - the lake ; (13) *转山的人们 - 匍匐天地间* (10) On the horizon, - Kora⁴ pilgrims prostrate. (11) •--------[ Stanzas 2, 5 ]--------• 2 [ 1:03/1:08/1:13/1:19 ] 5 [ 2:45/2:50/2:55/3:00 ] *去阿里的路 - 还有多远?* (9) How much further the - road to Ngari? (9) *我分明 - 已看见你 - 描摹的画卷* (12) I beheld - the scenery - which you had described ; (12) *看见赶着 - 羊群的 - 姑娘走过 - 草原* (13) Saw the shepherd - girls driving - the sheep through the - prairie ; (13) *前世的缘分 - 今生来成全* (10) Karma of the past, - be fulfilled in this life. (11) •-------[ Stanzas 3, 6, 8 ]--------• 3 [ 1:26/1:31/1:36/1:40 ] 6 [ 3:07/3:12/3:17/3:22 ] 8 [ 3:47/3:52/3:57/4:01 ] *梦中的阿里 - 梦中的你* (9) The Ngari in my dreams, - the you in my dreams, (11) *就在那 - 天边的天边* (8) Are right there - beyond the horizon. (9) *我在思念里 - 找了一遍 - 又一遍* (12) Time and again I - searched for them in my - memories, (13) *往事飘散 - 在阿里高原* (9) But they'd dispersed - on Ngari highland. (9) •-------[ Stanzas 4, 7, 9 ]--------• 4 [ 1:46/1:51/1:56/2:00 ] 7 [ 3:27/3:32/3:37/3:42 ] 9 [ 4:07/4:12/4:17/4:21/4:27/4:31 ] *梦中的阿里 - 梦中的你* (9) The Ngari in my dreams, - the you in my dreams, (11) *就在那 - 天边的天边* (8) Are right there - beyond the horizon. (9) *我在时光里 - 等了一年 - 又一年* (12) I have been biding - my time year - after year, (11) *只为有一天 - 能和你相见* (10) Waiting for the day to - pay you my honor. (11) •-.. [ Stanza 9 ]-• *我在时光里 - 等了一年 - 又一年* (12) I have been biding - my time year - after year, (11) *只为有一天 - 能和你相见.. 相见* (12) Waiting for the day to - pay you my honor.. honor. (13) •===================================•
Google Translate: "Clear Jade Lake Water" - Ma Yongliang (hulusi solo)
@PracticaProphetica7 күн бұрын
Google Translate: "Awa People Sing a New Song" Luo Yongjuan This is a version I hadn't heard before...very interesting!
@ck.youtube8 күн бұрын
*== Lyrics Translation ==* *《爱的部落》* *The Tribe of Love* 词 : 余启翔 (Lyrics : Yu Qixiang) 曲 : 绍兵 (Music : Shao Bing) 唱 : 根呷 (Singer : Kunga Phuntsok) 1 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/b9yXfbJ7ut7XYZs.html 2 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/a5eEa7yAnb3Gimg.html 3 •kzfaq.info/get/bejne/mZuhm7SWz7K3lIE.html 谱 : •www.jianpuw.com/htm/pz/19024.htm *Lyrics :* (Translation with singability in mind.) •----[ Stanzas 1, 6 ] _(Rhyme : aaaa)----•_ *在雄鹰落脚的彩云深处* Deep in the rainbow clouds where eagles alight, *唱一首自己的牧歌* I sing a pastoral song of mine. *马背上的我 , 世界辽阔* On the horseback the world is so wide, *来去自由是我的生活* Freely come and go, that is my life. •----[ Stanzas 2, 7 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)----•_ *爬上我身后的那座山坡* I climb up the mountain slope behind me, *放一朵白云去漂泊* And set a white cloud adrift free. *这里是巴拉 , 爱的部落* This is called Bala*, the tribe of love ; *和神一起住 , 我心不寂寞* Living with gods, my heart is not lonesome. •----[ Stanzas 3, 8 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)----•_ *耶.. 耶咿耶...* Yea.. Yea Yi Yea... *耶咿耶.. 哒哒拉哒* Yea Yi Yea.. Da Da La Da *耶.. 耶咿耶...* Yea.. Yea Yi Yea... *耶咿耶.. 哒哒拉哒* Yea Yi Yea.. Da Da La Da •----[ Stanzas 4, 9 ] _(Rhyme : aabb)----•_ *是谁写下一个英雄传说?* Who had written down this epic legend? *从此把我的心全部征服* Henceforth my heart has been wholely taken. *我的祖先迁徙出爱的路* My forebears moved here on a road of love, *每一次的轮回不愿错过* I wouldn't want to miss it on every rebirth. •---[ Stanzas 5, 10 ] _(Rhyme : aabbb)---•_ *做过的梦留下山的轮廓* In every dream I had, mountains linger ; *起风下雪我都清楚记得* Every wind and snow day I remember. *谁不渴望一个爱的部落?* Who would not yearn for oh.. a loving tribe? *住下我美满一生的幸福* Where in happiness I could live my life, *住下我美满一生的幸福* Where in happiness I could live my life. [10] *住下我美满一生的幸福* Where in happiness I could live my life. Translated by ck 2020-06-29 •===================================• Notes : * *Legend* has it that more than 1300 years ago in the Batang region of western Sichuan Province, there once was a powerful Tibetan chieftain by the name Sina Dorje. His beloved wife Rinchen Lhamo was tired of the never-ending tribal warfare, went off with a monk to find a more peaceful place to live. Upon knowing this, out of love for his wife, the chieftain decided to abandon all his possessions and the territories he had conquered, and followed the track of his wife. Hundreds of miles to the south, they settled in a deep valley far away from the outside world and wars. A paradise on earth, a Shangri-La, the tribe has lived there happily ever after for generations. Today, the place is called “Bala Gezong”, located in the present day northwestern Yunnan Province. “Bala” denotes the people there were originally from the Batang region, “Gezong” in Tibetan means holy mountains. *巴拉* : “巴拉格宗” 的缩写,位于云南 西北部的迪庆藏族自治州。“巴拉” 一词源于藏语音译,意为自四川巴塘迁徙而来的藏族村落。巴拉村 坐落在 香格里拉大峡谷 中部的 格宗雪山 下海拔2900米的山腰上,沿岗曲河谷垂直而上700米左右的地方。“格宗” 藏语意为神山。 相传1300多年前,一位叱咤风云的藏族部落首领 斯那多吉,为了追寻他因厌倦了战争而随老喇嘛离家的妻子 - 仁珍拉姆,他放弃财富、放弃了权利、放弃了广茂的疆土,只为寻找一个远离战争,与世无争的人间圣地,于是 斯那多吉 带着他的部族,循着 仁称拉姆 的步伐,从遥远的巴塘一路南下,来到巴拉并定居下来。从此,巴拉村便成为 斯那多吉 家族理想的家园,在历经祖祖辈辈后成为原住居民。千百年来,巴拉人在这里日出而作,日落而息,世世代代过着与世隔绝的世外桃源般的生活。 ---------------------- Suggested English syllable allocation in the sentence corresponding to the Chinese version is noted below. Number at the end of a sentence denotes syllable count. I keep it close to the original such that it may be sung in the translated verse. *Lyrics:* •--------[ Stanzas 1, 6 ]--------• 1 [ 0:32/0:38/0:44/0:49 ] 6 [ 2:40/2:46/2:52/2:57 ] *在雄鹰 - 落脚的 - 彩云深处* (10) Deep in the - rainbow clouds where - eagles alight, (11) *唱一首 - 自己的 - 牧歌* (8) I sing a - pastoral - song of mine. (9) *马背上的我 ,- 世界辽阔* (9) On the horseback the - world is so wide, (9) *来去自由是 - 我的生活* (9) Freely come and go, - that is my life. (9) •--------[ Stanzas 2, 7 ]--------• 2 [ 0:57/1:03/1:08/1:14 ] 7 [ 3:05/3:11/3:16/3:22 ] *爬上我 - 身后的 - 那座山坡* (10) I climb up - the mountain - slope behind me, (10) *放一朵 - 白云去 - 漂泊* (8) And set a - white cloud a - drift free. (8) *这里是巴拉 ,- 爱的部落* (9) This is called Bala, - the tribe of love ; (9) *和神一起住 ,- 我心不寂寞* (10) Living with gods, my - heart is not lonesome. (10) •--------[ Stanzas 3, 8 ]--------• 3 [ 1:22/1:27/1:33/1:38 ] 8 [ 3:30/3:35/3:41/3:46 ] *耶.. 耶咿耶...* Yea.. Yea Yi Yea... *耶咿耶.. 哒哒拉哒* Yea Yi Yea.. Da Da La Da *耶.. 耶咿耶...* Yea.. Yea Yi Yea... *耶咿耶.. 哒哒拉哒* Yea Yi Yea.. Da Da La Da •--------[ Stanzas 4, 9 ]--------• 4 [ 1:46/1:49/1:52/1:55 ] 9 [ 3:54/3:57/4:00/4:03 ] *是谁写下 - 一个 - 英雄传说?* (10) Who had written - down this - epic legend? (10) *从此把我 - 的心 - 全部征服* (10) Henceforth my heart - has been - wholely taken. (10) *我的祖先 - 迁徙 - 出爱的路* (10) My forebears moved - here on - a road of love, (10) *每一次的 - 轮回 - 不愿错过* (10) I wouldn't want to - miss it on - every rebirth. (12) •--------[ Stanzas 5, 10 ]--------• 5 [ 1:57/2:00/2:03/2:05/2:11 ] 10 [ 4:06/4:08/4:11/4:14/4:19/4:27 ] *做过的梦 - 留下 - 山的轮廓* (10) In every dream - I had, - mountains linger ; (10) *起风下雪 - 我都 - 清楚记得* (10) Every wind and - snow day - I remember. (10) *谁不渴望 - 一个 - 爱的部落?* (10) Who would not yearn - for oh.. a loving tribe? (10) *住下我美满 - 一生的 - 幸福* (10) Where in happiness - I could live - my life, (10) *住下我美满 - 一生的 - 幸福* (10) Where in happiness - I could live - my life. (10) [10] *住下我美满 - 一生的 - 幸福* (10) Where in happiness - I could live - my life. (10) •===================================•
bài hát này tuyệt vời hơn cả món đồ cổ mà một ông trùm đồ cổ đang sở hữu
@phamhuutuOficial10 күн бұрын
hay tuyệt
@lanyang462411 күн бұрын
妙哉音符 适心安神
@lisachong333111 күн бұрын
降央卓瑪磁性的歌聲非常獨特,歌声動听。讚!謝謝!🌹
@shanyupiao376312 күн бұрын
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉 唱歌 很好
@user-tj6vg8mm5k12 күн бұрын
这不是田震唱的,不过还真有功底。好听🎉🎉
@fangliu899913 күн бұрын
无人能超越的原唱
@xaphung34014 күн бұрын
Bình luận đầu tiên về một huyền thoại âm nhạc bài hát hà nhì trung quốc
@caumac753315 күн бұрын
min
@jipujiang58615 күн бұрын
不能和王庆爽比,唱的让人掉鸡皮疙瘩
@potai-rs4kj16 күн бұрын
忘記不甘願
@hoanhothe930417 күн бұрын
你唱很好听
@qinyahua469917 күн бұрын
好听,感谢分享
@olasa789418 күн бұрын
0
@user-qg4xe3mb7z18 күн бұрын
好聽的歌,降央卓瑪我喜歡他唱的歌。
@user-vq3kf4yi3t19 күн бұрын
The love story is a symbol of that era, ending in tragedy in everyone who lived at that time. In the eyes of men, the beautiful and self sacrificed lady is the guide and beacon for men to establish themselves and be successful. These virtues are overwhelmingly missed nowadays but deeply cherished by young men in 80s. She lives under the shadow of her family, unconsciously influenced by her family. Those self inflicted sacrifice chronically killed her with the result of cancer. This song resonates with the movie and novel's theme well. It is an afterthoughts of memorable and idealistic 1980s.