A Conversation with Aaron T. Beck

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Annual Reviews

Annual Reviews

12 жыл бұрын

The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology presents Aaron T. Beck, President Emeritus of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania and his daughter Judith S. Beck, President of the Beck Institute and Clinical Associate Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. In this interview, they talk about his life and career, and how he went from having no interest in psychiatry to creating Cognitive Behavior Therapy. This method, initially developed for patients with depression and anxiety, challenges the subject to question his own negative beliefs, which act as prisms and cause distortions in the way events are perceived. Later, research showed that Cognitive Behavior Therapy was also effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. In the future, Aaron T. Beck says, psychotherapy must be firmly rooted in scientific evidence. The interview was conducted December 7, 2011.
Read a transcript of this interview at Annual Reviews online: bit.ly/AaronTBeckTranscript
A related review by Dr. Beck and Dr. Dozois is available from the Annual Review of Medicine. Read "Cognitive Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions" online: www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/....

Пікірлер: 149
@KNKLDK
@KNKLDK 4 ай бұрын
Thank you Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. You both were my rock support. ❤
@missladybug319
@missladybug319 Жыл бұрын
The best therapist is the therapist who truly want to help!!
@firouzehbuller14
@firouzehbuller14 Жыл бұрын
Dr. Beck and his work is the reason I entered the field of psychotherapy. Many thanks for this video.
@ronaldowilliams7456
@ronaldowilliams7456 2 жыл бұрын
Rest in peace this wonderful human being.
@theotherview1716
@theotherview1716 8 жыл бұрын
Such a calming presence. Must be a terrific therapist.
@jburckhardt
@jburckhardt 5 жыл бұрын
He recalls every memory with such detail 😲
@marylouhemann5906
@marylouhemann5906 2 жыл бұрын
What a brain in every sense of the word…incredibly down to earth .. but remains totally cognitive in every way at his age.
@786DaveD
@786DaveD Жыл бұрын
Amazing interview. Set in digital stone the legacy of the man who gave the world a different approach to solving some of the deepest and most troubling malaise of mind. Cheers from India. CBT saved my life like many others out there.
@robertkelly9801
@robertkelly9801 9 жыл бұрын
This has man has done more good for mankind than anyone imaginable. I never thought I would be able to overcome my anxiety and depression. I tried everything from psychoanalysis to Zen. Thank you sir for your great work.
@hol-upLIL-bit
@hol-upLIL-bit 5 жыл бұрын
Him and other psychologists.
@enlaotrapuntadelmund
@enlaotrapuntadelmund 4 жыл бұрын
@@hol-upLIL-bit uhm, jealous? Man, of course he did, and many others, and many others singers, nurses, scientists, cookers... Etc.
@LordJasonKing
@LordJasonKing 3 жыл бұрын
What book did you use?
@reusablecatmilk.2325
@reusablecatmilk.2325 2 жыл бұрын
I am very happy for you. Great to read you overcame your anxiety and depression! :)
@Dr_Lucozade
@Dr_Lucozade 2 жыл бұрын
How did you overcome it? :) How are you now?
@happygucci5094
@happygucci5094 3 ай бұрын
I love Dr Beck’s voice- it has put an involuntary smile on my face 😊 You can hear his heart- if that makes sense.
@rootdeep
@rootdeep 8 жыл бұрын
class act. and full of life at 90. What a beautiful person
@HariKrishnan-pf1ec
@HariKrishnan-pf1ec Жыл бұрын
Aaron Beck , Albert Ellis , David Burns ...... Greatest of all time .....
@ToYobee
@ToYobee 11 жыл бұрын
Super. This man has changed millions of lives, truly helped mankind.
@AnsaIthalSaysHi
@AnsaIthalSaysHi 2 жыл бұрын
He looks an an adorable grandpa. I feel so much warmth emanating from him.
@vanderkarl3927
@vanderkarl3927 3 жыл бұрын
I have had severe depression, and was a hair's breadth away from suicide at several points. I never had any therapy, but I have generally gotten better over time since my lowest point. Listening to this interview makes me realize that a lot of the ways that I improved are seemingly fundamental to the cognitive approach to treating depression, and that if I had had therapy, I could have gotten to where I am now a LOT sooner. In other words, even without ever having personal experience with cognitive therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy, I can attest that Aaron T. Beck is a life saver.
@1960702
@1960702 9 жыл бұрын
what a wonderful interview daughter with father.... and she allows him to speak unfettered .. she doesn't interrupt him as he generously does that walk down memory lane as he so lovingly recalls it. VERY informative and enjoyable
@mick7698
@mick7698 3 жыл бұрын
This man is a master!
@WeightLossPrimer
@WeightLossPrimer 7 жыл бұрын
This is a remarkable resource for anyone who wants to hear about CBT from its own founder.
@mr.anindyabanerjee9905
@mr.anindyabanerjee9905 3 жыл бұрын
Very true.
@vikramtalreja9
@vikramtalreja9 3 жыл бұрын
Is CBT still relevant even after cognitive revolution?
@pedrosansoldo431
@pedrosansoldo431 2 жыл бұрын
Having this account on how cognitive behavioral therapy was borne made me a lot more lucid on what it actually is. Thanks a lot for the video and to Mr. Beck for the amazing work. Could hear him for hours.
@randybailin4902
@randybailin4902 4 жыл бұрын
The automatic, subterranean thoughts, which largely drive depressives, that Dr. Beck speaks of is one of the great insights in the history of psychology. Sheer brilliance.
@ksianti
@ksianti 2 жыл бұрын
Happy Birthday Dr Beck. May you live another 100 years
@psicologiajoseh
@psicologiajoseh 2 жыл бұрын
Even with my humanistic bent and my appreciation of the criticism of the non-directive approach to directive approaches, I find his spirit charming and his theory evidently useful. There is an interest and passion when he talks about his theory that rejuvenates him when he begins to speak, and one can see his passion for helping people who are suffering. A gift to humanity, no doubt.
@77goats
@77goats 11 жыл бұрын
I would think that irrational fear of women could be addressed in CBT with successes. This a gem of an interview.-- This mans analytical mind and his discoveries and rational's should be Nobel Prize Awarded.
@terencebytheway2740
@terencebytheway2740 2 жыл бұрын
Very interesting, it's the first time I stumbled upon this gentleman. Glad I did. Thanks for uploading.
@youngmedlion8631
@youngmedlion8631 3 жыл бұрын
He is such a legend! Truly inspiring!
@mr.anindyabanerjee9905
@mr.anindyabanerjee9905 3 жыл бұрын
Immensely fulfilling therapeutic discussion. Remarkable therapeutic nuances traced throughout starting from inception till His present practice. Thanks Dr. Beck❤😊🙏
@MsFrancoesmeralda
@MsFrancoesmeralda Жыл бұрын
Amazing to live until 100 years old and 100% lucid with an extraordinary memory. He coined the term “cognitive therapy“ being the pioneer of cognitive behaviour therapy.
@77goats
@77goats 11 жыл бұрын
You captured this guy Judith, "Congratulations", magnificent work.
@Turissss
@Turissss 3 жыл бұрын
I would love this to have english subtitles at least, for non-native speakers would be helpful. Thanks for the upload, this is gold.
@drelectric9795
@drelectric9795 3 жыл бұрын
So insightful, a talk by the master of CBT. Recounting research and past memories and knowledge with such profundity and detail.
@danish20
@danish20 8 жыл бұрын
yes, this man has really very good to humankind. thank you for your great contribution
@spiritualstars
@spiritualstars 10 жыл бұрын
Amazing video, thank you for sharing a special interview between father and daughter. Your dinner conversations must have been awesome!! xx
@Dinosaurwithfivehundredteeths
@Dinosaurwithfivehundredteeths 3 ай бұрын
This guy literally saved millions of lives with his therapy method What a legend...
@alex27sharp
@alex27sharp 10 жыл бұрын
Thank you for the video. I think in the past I used to resist cognitive-behavioral approach because it seemed to me that people who used it tried very hard to change the behavior or reduce the symptom without propperly addressing the belief/cognition 1st. I think that cognitive therapy can achieve great results when beliefs addressed properly at the beginning. I think that's what emphasized by Aaron Beck in his interview and it makes sense to me
@br7564
@br7564 2 жыл бұрын
Can you help me discuss this
@ElishevaSchwartz
@ElishevaSchwartz 7 жыл бұрын
Bow tie on point. [great interview!]
@MJ-nr4is
@MJ-nr4is 5 жыл бұрын
So excited to be going to the Beck Institute for cognitive youth training this month. Going to be amazing to meet and learn from the GREAT Dr. Aaron Beck! Love CBT.
@masoudkhademifard5600
@masoudkhademifard5600 2 жыл бұрын
Rest in peace great man♥️
@adwaitapandey9042
@adwaitapandey9042 3 жыл бұрын
This video is a gem.. Thank you so Much for uploading this.
@sonygeorge8112
@sonygeorge8112 6 ай бұрын
‘’the consumers’’….???!! after all that talk,it sums pretty much the attitude ,regarding the patients …BRAVO!!! Such an Empathy
@boogaloo2316
@boogaloo2316 10 жыл бұрын
It's worked for me, very well. I had 6 months of CBT at university for crippling anxiety that was ruining my life. It helped so much that now I am really calm and experience just an average amount of anxiety, maybe less! it's improved my wellbeing beyond belief. I also really enjoyed the process, i found it so valuable to have someone listen to me and want to help me get better.
@Canyoudigityesyoucan
@Canyoudigityesyoucan 4 жыл бұрын
Boogaloo that’s wonderful
@urbanlegendsandtrivia2023
@urbanlegendsandtrivia2023 4 жыл бұрын
Aaron Beck is a living legend, and considered one of the greatest psychologists in history. However, this video has less than 200,000 views. Meanwhile, other KZfaq videos have billions of views.
@peaceoutrawkon
@peaceoutrawkon Жыл бұрын
I wish we learned more about him than Freud.
@urbanlegendsandtrivia2023
@urbanlegendsandtrivia2023 Жыл бұрын
@@peaceoutrawkon Sigmund Freud actually did some good things though. He helped soldiers with PTSD in World War I.
@wolfeyesnarina777
@wolfeyesnarina777 Жыл бұрын
Thank you as I am a BPD patient.☑️
@martinmullan3661
@martinmullan3661 2 жыл бұрын
I love Tim Beck.You have given us so much!
@polymathpark
@polymathpark 2 жыл бұрын
Aaron Beck's hairline is a clear exemplifier of the sage sanity he's sustained through his work.
@TheAlexanderfamily5
@TheAlexanderfamily5 12 жыл бұрын
what a valuable and interesting interview. Thank you so much for sharing this with all of us.
@kyungheebeatton
@kyungheebeatton 8 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for sharing this video. what a valuable and interesting interview for any mental health professionals. Wonderful to see father and daughter working together enhancing lives of the people. xxx
@12tragicshots
@12tragicshots 2 жыл бұрын
Rest In Peace sir..
@ToYobee
@ToYobee 11 жыл бұрын
Once inventing zero was a big deal no matter how small and obvious it appears to you and me now. This man proved that what makes people unhappy, depressed, or miserable is mostly what he/she thinks at present not how his/her past was. I think you misunderstand him, he does not ask you to act like anyone. CBT asks you to observe your own thoughts and judgement, be aware of it and then (you) decide if it is rational or not. You change life by changing how/what you think. Thanks.
@lesibatloubatla9176
@lesibatloubatla9176 2 жыл бұрын
This is profound and transcendental
@Aussie1276
@Aussie1276 3 жыл бұрын
My hero. An amazing man
@suuummmsuuummmliu394
@suuummmsuuummmliu394 6 жыл бұрын
Really great interview of a great personality! I think his basic motivation of altruism he has been bearing in his heart formulated his career and research path. And he has a thinking and talking style of a 40year old person.
@TheJakobandersen123
@TheJakobandersen123 7 жыл бұрын
Thank you sir!
@SKTWeAre
@SKTWeAre 6 жыл бұрын
It's a given that great theories develop from other historical or concurrent ideas but the champion can be the genius. Thank you for posting this great video.
@deepanidias4060
@deepanidias4060 7 ай бұрын
Thank you very much ..
@drjosephmetoyer8404
@drjosephmetoyer8404 11 жыл бұрын
Very helpful in teaching and gives insight into the mind of the Father of Cognitive Therapy.
@Sk1lloz4vr
@Sk1lloz4vr 2 жыл бұрын
rest in peace, great man
@leanncclick7216
@leanncclick7216 8 жыл бұрын
I learned from this video the relationship between clinician and patient re a major factor in the recovery process of the addicted individual. My understanding of the use of CBT is not just beneficial for the patient but for the professional as well. thank you.
@charles360
@charles360 2 ай бұрын
I was exposed to CBT via the Strength at Home VA program for veterans with PTSD. My only question is WHY is this not TAUGHT IN SCOOLS, CHURCHES, PRISONS and CONGRESS ?
@MichelePearl
@MichelePearl 2 жыл бұрын
He was so ahead of his time.
@venkat19811
@venkat19811 Жыл бұрын
Best Hour spent !!! You are an asset to Human kind.
@JanStue
@JanStue Жыл бұрын
Thank you for the interview!
@rod4530
@rod4530 Жыл бұрын
Great film - such a good man. Thanks for posting.
@deadlypalms
@deadlypalms 11 жыл бұрын
Great stuff! Fantastic in providing a real cultural & human context to the development of such widely used set of techniques today. Fascinating bit right at the end on dependent/autonomous client types in relation to the therapeutic alliance.
@2245JC
@2245JC 6 жыл бұрын
Very academic and a legend in Cognitive Behaviour research investor.
@antoniocalhau4711
@antoniocalhau4711 6 жыл бұрын
Annual Reviews, Thanks a lot for this absolutely excellent talk, and the must see links, they are absolute keepers!... I am also fascinated by the other talks, it was in fact my interest Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza that took me here, all because of Spencer Wells, and the "Journey of Man". Thanks a lot!
@lyndadoerner5341
@lyndadoerner5341 7 жыл бұрын
Wow. Very nice work, thank you!
@jerrybear6440
@jerrybear6440 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you. Great job....
@michaelpound9608
@michaelpound9608 6 жыл бұрын
great interview ...the last bits about the therapeutic relationship I found most interesting. Michael Yapko favours the earliest therapeutic intervention to provide immediate relief and so a stronger alliance where other CBT sources will suggest many sessions of assessment before any therapy at all It is an interesting debate in which I favour the Yapko argument and see that Aaron T beck explains why this could work
@pablovalenzuela9089
@pablovalenzuela9089 3 жыл бұрын
incredible human!
@sharonbolton5482
@sharonbolton5482 5 жыл бұрын
Recently my therapist recommended reading Albert Ellis. I was doing that and found that while I saw value in his therapy, I just couldn't stand the man and his "philosophy", which I put in quotes because he is a terrible philosopher. I understand his value to the theraputic world. Just too authoritarian and dogmatic for me. In my research on Ellis I kept coming across the name Aaron Beck. This interview is educational even on a level for a reasonably educated layperson. I am impressed and will tell my therapist that we will be doing CBT rather than REBT! Now on to reading Beck instead of Ellis.
@boogaloo2316
@boogaloo2316 10 жыл бұрын
Absolutely!
@venrakkhita
@venrakkhita 2 жыл бұрын
with all due respect, the Transcript misses the key word 'Id' out... in the sentence ; The transcript reads: ''That’s why psychiatry is so aversive to you, because it is bubbling all over and you get into all your defenses and the defenses prevent you from really understanding what’s going on.” Should read ''That’s why psychiatry is so aversive to you, because your Id is bubbling all over ....' @4:16 . I am benefiting and enjoying this interview immensely, my humble gratitude.
@annualreviewsscience
@annualreviewsscience 11 жыл бұрын
Hello, Emerson, we've added a link to the transcript in PDF form in the description above. Click on it to expand and you'll find it lower down. Hope this helps!
@Daniela-vw4lj
@Daniela-vw4lj 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much!! I don't know English and finding the written interview allows me to translate it.
@claudrebille178
@claudrebille178 Жыл бұрын
Lo puedo traduir en frances , si quires En francais , si tu veux
@smackdoogles1
@smackdoogles1 10 жыл бұрын
Awesome.
@mamborickyclassicalmusicac4733
@mamborickyclassicalmusicac4733 Жыл бұрын
Wonderful
@mooneycfx1
@mooneycfx1 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent interview with Dr. Beck. I have one question, is CBT of any assistance with the treatment of Bipolar disorder, specifically Bipolar type 2. C. Mooney.
@outpizzathehut6056
@outpizzathehut6056 6 жыл бұрын
He knows what's up
@RLifestyle453
@RLifestyle453 2 жыл бұрын
1.30 - research - THANK YOU
@omarthearab81
@omarthearab81 9 ай бұрын
What a genius like Ellis was to look at the dreams of patients of depressed and non-depressed and develop CBT
@strife10301
@strife10301 11 жыл бұрын
Genius/ inspirational
@marilucearaujo-cox5438
@marilucearaujo-cox5438 6 ай бұрын
Beautiful
@emersonlysianthus
@emersonlysianthus 11 жыл бұрын
Was it here before and I hadn't seen it? Sorry. It will surely help a lot!
@bitterfuck12
@bitterfuck12 Жыл бұрын
A legend
@JudoMateo
@JudoMateo 6 жыл бұрын
He basically describes reverse engineering Stoic rational dialectic in a scientific clinical setting!!! These techniques DO work, and have for millennia!
@intrusive-th0t
@intrusive-th0t 4 ай бұрын
I did a lot of CBT with lots of medication and it never helped me. It’s hard to convince yourself that your negative thoughts are just cognitive distortions when your living situation is objectively negative and the “negative self-talk” is coming more from outside than inside. I think depression is not always motivated by poor self-image. Sometimes it’s about having a negative view of the world and very often that view is quite justified.
@Carlos-qs8xf
@Carlos-qs8xf 4 ай бұрын
Agree
@NilmoArquen
@NilmoArquen 2 жыл бұрын
Rest and peace
@amranebelkessa5439
@amranebelkessa5439 2 жыл бұрын
One of the kings of psychology
@br7564
@br7564 2 жыл бұрын
هل تستطيع مساعدتي في ترجمة
@AlphaNumeric123
@AlphaNumeric123 11 жыл бұрын
This is redolent of the article "The Doctor is IN" by Daniel B. Smith, is there any relation? When was this interview recorded?
@An_Abandoned_Forest
@An_Abandoned_Forest Жыл бұрын
2023 Here and alone
@user-xn7lf7qv6p
@user-xn7lf7qv6p Жыл бұрын
I wouldl be grateful if someone write me a sum up or titles of the video I'm not native english speaker and I can't identify all the words i can't heard them well I mean..
@DrMic2112
@DrMic2112 4 жыл бұрын
So weird he carries the same name as those popular tests; the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, etc. Strange coincidence!
@marygpsy
@marygpsy 7 жыл бұрын
Какой же лапочка!
@rahelmehari1
@rahelmehari1 8 жыл бұрын
His left middle finger and right index finger probably come with an interesting story.
@Canyoudigityesyoucan
@Canyoudigityesyoucan 4 жыл бұрын
zeudi_zora that is arthritis. The tendons become swollen and push against the bone, forcing it to become deformed. I have a small red bump on my index finger and it is this...
@emersonlysianthus
@emersonlysianthus 11 жыл бұрын
Could anyone "kindly" provide me with the transcript of the interview? I'm interested in translating it, but once English is not my first language I could miss something in trying to do so. Thank you all. Emerson - Brazil
@solarhydrowind
@solarhydrowind 9 ай бұрын
The "annualreviewsscience" about 4 comments down from your comment says: "Hello, Emerson, We've added a link to the transcript in PDF form in the description above. Click on it to expand and you'll find it lower down. Hope this helps!
@ducanhvu9658
@ducanhvu9658 7 жыл бұрын
i drop at 51 min, will watch later
@nkrokha
@nkrokha 3 жыл бұрын
Спасибо за это видео! Кто из русскоговорящих ещё смотрит ?)
@nikitakulikov1099
@nikitakulikov1099 2 жыл бұрын
Я
@bronni9178
@bronni9178 5 жыл бұрын
a biblical concept indeed.....proverbs 23:7 for as a man thinketh in his heart; so is he.......but where do the negative thoughts come from? subconscious, unconscious? another entity like a spirit talking? repressed trauma?
@ivansavachenko7321
@ivansavachenko7321 6 жыл бұрын
In my experience depression is mostly caused by infectious disease, and the mistreatment of people with psychiatric drugs is misfocused. I was mistreated for 7 months with SSRIs until I took matter in my own hands and did MRIs, EEGs, colonoscopys and checked for bacteria/viruses. All in a rigorous protocol of what constitutes a rigorous differential-diagnosis. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(differential_diagnoses) Findings were* Heliobacter Pylori infection in my gut, causing massive inflammation, and hurting my duodenal mucosa* Toxocara Canis, a parasite spread from cats* Lyme disease* Gluten-intolerance* Simultaneously I was excluding psychosocial factors, by intensive CBT-therapy, and surely, I've had traumas that Beck speaks off, but these were not a causative factor in triggering my depression, as my depression started with a pervasive insomnia, suddenly, which then spiraled to crippling anxiety and depression. I've now been treated for some of these diseases and feel better, but I am still not there as it takes time to heal the gut, and reduce levels of cytokines which interact with all neurotransmittor systems that exist and reduce neurotrophic factors, causing cell death in the hippocampus & prefrontal cortex, which causes depressive thoughts.
@assassinxlegacy_7683
@assassinxlegacy_7683 4 жыл бұрын
God speed.
@br7564
@br7564 2 жыл бұрын
من فضلكم هل من ترجمة
@johnhunter8896
@johnhunter8896 Жыл бұрын
Taking into account Aaron Beck's cognitive model, dealing with perceptions of negative schemas (or schemata), along with other models Albert Ellis, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and (ABC) Activating event, Beliefs that are irrational, and the Consequences that come from the belief. All contributed to influencing approaches to therapy and therapists who use this approach state that some of their patients report they have wonderful experiences and their CBT was very effective for treating their particular disorder. As with any type of treatment, everyone will have a unique response. However, it is not a cure all In some cases cognitive behavior therapy stresses the therapy technique over the relationship between therapist and patient. In other cases combined behavioral and pharmacological interventions are considered best practices. However, systemic review and meta-analysis found that CBT did not perform better than another evidence-based modality in this context or as an add-on to combined usual care and pharmacotherapy. One cannot always "think" oneself better. The assumption that changing one's thinking patterns can improve one's mood or decrease the symptoms of a mental disorder. Unfortunately, this is not valid in all cases. Assuming thoughts precede emotions, isn't always true Also labeling all "negative" thoughts as pathological or dysfunctional isn't always true. In a landmark 2009 review published in the journal Psychological Medicine, the study authors concluded that CBT is of no value in treating schizophrenia and has limited effect on depression. The authors also concluded that CBT is ineffective in preventing relapses in bipolar disorder. In a 2009 study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry researchers compared depression treatment in adolescents over a period of 28 weeks. The study authors compared treatment with SSRI antidepressants versus the use of a combination of SSRIs and CBT. At the end of the 28 weeks both groups showed improvement but there were no significant differences between them. It was found that CBT did not add any benefit to the antidepressant treatment. The experts on PsychCentral agree that CBT has limited potential for helping those with Histrionic Personality Disorder. The authors state that: "Cognitive-oriented approaches are generally largely ineffective in treatment of this disorder and should be avoided." The reason, they share, is that people with this disorder are often incapable of examining their thoughts and motivations. I personally found that Beck's student David D. Burns in his book Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy, popularising a list of Cognitive distortions often thought provoking and interesting but a book Straight and Crooked Thinking, first published in 1930 and revised in 1953, a book by Robert H. Thouless that I read before Burn's book was published already made me aware of a list of fallacies and a list of List of cognitive biases that was well know before then.
@djhandlez
@djhandlez 11 жыл бұрын
It's more than just replacing irrational thoughts. That is only the first step. Next is changing behavior, as in having the 42 year old virgin actually stop playing video games in the basement and going out to meet these women. Replacement of cognition is just the first step.
@alandynin1087
@alandynin1087 2 жыл бұрын
Absolutely - That's the "behavioral" part of Cognitive Behavioral .
@firuzea5871
@firuzea5871 5 жыл бұрын
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Хотела заскамить на Айфон!😱📱(@gertieinar)
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