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The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is a rather remarkable period in the history of Eurasia. At the turn of the first millennium BC, changes in archaeological records throughout the steppe, from the Altai to the Northern Black Sea region, indicate the rise of several nomadic cultures, whose representatives, based on common features in material culture, are collectively called Scythians.
Previous genomic studies have identified large-scale genetic changes associated with significant human migrations to the Bronze Age steppes, which eventually led to the formation of a homogeneous and widespread Middle and Late Bronze Age (LBA) gene pool that characterized the sedentary pastoralists of the western and central steppes (“steppe_MLBA”). Among the most significant factors that led to the rapid decline of these cultures and the rise of the Scythians, scientists highlight the humidification of the climate and socio-economic pressure from neighboring agricultural crops, which are associated with the Bactrian-Margian archaeological complex. At the same time, the genetic data obtained so far from the nomads of the Iron Age steppe indicate their heterogeneous structure and genetic diversity.
In the new work, to understand the genetic structure of various Iron Age nomadic cultures, as well as demographic events related to their origins and decline, the researchers obtained genomic data from 111 ancient people found in 39 different archaeological sites across the Kazakh Steppe, spanning Kazakhstan ,Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, and 1 sample was obtained from the burial of the Huns elite in modern-day Hungary. The resulting DNA data was combined with previously published genomes of modern and ancient people. This new dataset tightly covers the time span from the eighth century BC to the fourth century AD, and also includes three people from the Middle Ages. In addition to the ancient genomes, genetic data was obtained from 96 modern Kazakhs from all three Zhuzes to better understand how recent historical events shaped the genetic structure of modern Kazakhs.
#history #Scythians #archeology #genetics #science
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Sources:
1. Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone, Elmira Khussainova, Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy et al. Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians // Science Advances 26 Mar 2021: Vol. 7, no. 13, eabe4414, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
advances.sciencemag.org/conte...
2. Reassessment of the Scythian lifestyle: isotopic analysis of nutrition and mobility in Iron Age Ukraine
Ventresca Miller AR, Johnson J, Makhortykh S, Gerling C, Litvinova L, Andrukh S, et al. (2021) Re-evaluating Scythian lifeways: Isotopic analysis of diet and mobility in Iron Age Ukraine. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0245996. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone....
Content:
00: 00 Introduction
05: 32 Transition to the Iron Age in the Kazakh steppe
09: 52 Modeling of Iron Age steppe population admixtures
12: 51 Dating of an ancient impurity
13: 35 The gene pool of modern Kazakhs
14:52 Results
21: 09 Sedentary Scythians (ter.sovr. Ukraine)
Sources of illustrations:
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=(number from the list)
Dmitry Koshelev - 24314105
Zamunu45 - 57705993
Vladimir - 45057754
Alfiya75 - 100524668, 100524697, 100524668
Togzhan Ibrayeva - 43777946
Ken and Nyetta - Eagle and Friend, 69168770, Kazakh Guards Keeping Us Safe At Nowruz, 69168845, Kazakhstani Cowboy Herding His Sheep, 69168686
Davide Mauro - 83716954
Altaihunters - 25994679
Kyzylkayyn - 86635861