Also a very interesting fact about Alberta... The only rat-free area in the world! We actually have a provincially funded rat patrol squad to help keep it that way.

I'm Southern Alberta born & bred, and they covered several important places and activities. They missed "Head-Smashed-In-Buffalo Park", "Frank Slide", and "Waterton National Park", but that's a day trip in and of itself. Great video, nonetheless.

I am a born & bred Edmontonian. We have more than just a mall in the city. The river valley is the largest urban park in North America. It is 22 times larger than New York's Central Park, with more than 150 km of trails providing endless opportunities to explore all Edmonton has to offer, on foot, bike or cross country skis. We also have Fort Edmonton-a walk into the past with the fur trade.

I lived in Alberta for 11 years. A Wildlife Photographer's dream Province! Prairies, Badlands, Boreal Forest, and gorgeous Rocky Mountain forests, Lakes and Rivers. Wildlife everywhere!

Tyler ~ those 2 RED CHAIRS are in EVERY Canadian park - in the Arctic, and every province and territory. There, now you know the “mystery” behind all the RED chairs!☺

Well, as an Albertan, I’ve been waiting for this one.

The cowboy culture in Alberta is absolutely genuine. There are still plenty of huge cattle ranches in the province, and plenty of working cowboys and rodeos. The Calgary Stampede is big and very commercial, but it attracts genuine rodeo stars and the core of it is real. I am disappointed that they didn't mention Alberta's pow wow scene. With a large First Nations and Metis population, Alberta has some of the best pow wows, especially the ones held in Cardston, south of Calgary. You will see the top dancers and drummers there, and the various plains tribes are famous for their fancy regalia. You can get the genuine feeling of the Old West from the cowboy songs of Ian Tyson ["Springtime in Alberta", "Four Strong Winds", "Land of Shining Mountains", "This Is My Sky", etc.] Unlike most "cowboy" singers, Tyson grew up as a working cowboy and rodeo rider. At the northern end of the province is Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada's largest. Covering 17,300 square miles, it is larger than Switzerland. It exists primarily to preserve a herd of about 3,000 free-roaming bison. It is rather hard to get to, and has limited facilities, the intent being mostly to preserve everything wild and provide the world's largest accessible "dark-sky preserve" for astronomers, and for naturalists to do their science.

Those *Must Do Canada* videos were "well produced" because they were made by the Canadian government as promotional films, highlighting various attractions across the country, as part of the festivities leading up to Canada's 150th birthday back in 2017.

The Calgary Stampede isn't just "a rodeo", it's "the Rodeo!!"

tyler the calgary stampede isnt just a random rodeo. its a massive ten day event, one of the largest and most renown rodeos in the world, and attracts a million visitors every year. Honestly you should do a full video just on the stampede. its kind of a big deal to a lot of people and everyone in canada at least is aware of it. if youre trying to learn about canadian culture, learning about the stampede needs to be on your list.

As for Edmonton, it's also known as a festival city from street performers to the Fringe, a theatrical cornucopia. And the Muttart Conservatory is stellar.

Gosh, we Canadians are so fortunate to live in such a beautiful country! I'm Nova Scotian but love every province I have lived in and travelled to. Alberta is wonderful! Every province is so unique in its beauty and culture!

Tyler, it's likely you may have also heard of Calgary because it hosted the 1988 Olympics, as well. The iconic ski jumps, bob sled and luge tracks are prominently visible within the city, and are also a very recognizable landmark. There are also lots of interesting things further surrounding Calgary that weren't touched on in that video that bear mentioning. Some include the historic site at Head Smashed in Buffalo Jump (yes, that's the real name of a real place) and the Highwood Pass, which is the highest elevation paved roadway in Canada at about 7600 feet, just west of Calgary. It's good to watch videos like this to remind us what a fantastic area it is in which we live. Sometimes we tend to forget...

How can they NOT mention the NHL sized ice rink in the mall!!!!!!

Writing on Stone in southern Alberta has amazing hoodoos with ancient native art.

They sadly missed Waterton Lakes National Park.

Just a suggestion, but ignore "SilvanaDil". It's a new year, but he/she/it still suffers from the same old insecure jealousy of Canada. Thankfully there are Americans like Tyler who realize there's a whole world beyond his own borders and enjoys exploring it. Thanks, Tyler! You are one awesome American!

i live in Alberta, i chose to live here, although born in Canada i lived in England since i was a baby. we looked at all factors and overall Alberta has the best standard of living, we think we made the right choice coz we love it. We live in Edmonton. West Edmonton mall was the biggest mall in the world when built. It gets very cold in the winter so was very much built as an indoor city, if you stay in the hotel for two weeks you never have to go outside.

It’s a common joke in Edmonton; “West Edmonton Mall has more submarines than the Canadian Navy”.

Drumheller Alberta is called The Badlands and it is known as Canada's largest number of digs for the dinosour time period.

Born and raised in Alberta. 56 years later….. there’s no place I’d rather be to work, raise a family, and simply enjoy everything this province has in abundance to offer. It’s magical ❤❤❤.

I’ve been living in Alberta for the past 37 years and can honestly say that they only scratched the surface of attractions. There’s still so much that I haven’t seen yet! 🇨🇦✌🏽

Loved this ☺️. You gotta do the Stampede 🤠 sometime- it’s world renowned! But the best here are the people. I lived elsewhere for 20 years, and when I returned, that’s what stood out to our family. Better healthcare, more volunteerism, and huge oilmen holding doors open for us 😉😁🏔❄️⛸ 🐎

So many movies are filmed here because of our natural beauty . The new Last of us show, The Revenant, the new Ghost Busters, parts of Game of Thrones , and many many more .

Hey Tyler, loved the reaction. I just moved here to Calgary this past December 30th from Hamilton, Ontario the city that until two weeks ago that you hadn’t heard of before. As you will recall Hamilton being the home of the first Tim Hortons and it’s located 45 minutes one way to Toronto and 45 minutes the other way to Niagara Falls. That being said, if you ever fly to Alberta to check out Banff etc, Calgary is the city you would fly into. It’s around 2 hours to Banff and around 4 hours to Jasper. Pictures and videos do not do the mountains and lakes justice. Plus, they didn’t mention the wildlife that you are almost certain to see when traveling in and between both national parks. Moose, bears both grizzly and black as well as big horned rams, mountain goats etc. You’ll have to check it out for yourself, trust me. Again, great reaction and maybe we’ll see you here sometime. 😊

The comparison between Scientists looking at fossils and watching through the glass of Crispy Cream had me almost in tears XD XD Most American thing I've ever heard but I love it

That quick Google search didn't even scratch the surface of the Calgary Stampede - worth a video all on its own for sure. It's a "fair", a rodeo, concerts, agricultural exhibition, and truly a way of life in Calgary for 10 days every July. EVERYONE in the city wears western gear during that time. Even City Council!

When it was first built in the 1980s, West Edmonton Mall was the largest shopping mall in the world, and the builders later went on to build the Mall of America in Minneapolis. It has since been eclipsed in size by a couple of malls in Asia, but it now labels itself the world's largest entertainment and shopping complex in the world, and with its huge assortment of entertainment options (waterpark, amusement park, go-kart track, mini-golf, VR centre, casino and other minor attractions), it's not far off. Oh, it also has 700 or so stores and restaurants to visit too.

I’m a born and raised Calgarian and been all over the province. Some things not touched on Dinosaur Provincial park. I found dinosaur bones. Drumheller is just one valley this is as far as you can see badlands some places it’s like Mars. Writing on Stone lots of hieroglyphs and petroglyphs. Nice place to camp.

They left out so many amazing things in Alberta. Elk Island National Park, Foothills, Calgary Stampede, Largest Farmer's Market, Wolfdog Park etc

Born in Edmonton, grew up in northern Alberta. Small towns are the best and Alberta full of so much natural beauty it can't be easily described. So much to see beyond the places highlighted in the video. Sunshine in the winter to keep everyone sane when its 40 below!

My Great Great Grandfather CT ran the bakery at Heritage Park

I am born and raised in Alberta and yes it touched on some good points but it left out probably 75% of the province

The red chairs are placed by Parks Canada at scenic viewpoints throughout Canada's National Parks.

Tyler, you should watch the three part series narrated by Dan Aykroyd called The World Without Canada. It really puts in perspective how different the world would be without my beautiful country. Thanks for being an awesome American who wants to learn about Canada and if you haven’t visited us yet, then you’re most definitely invited. God bless😊

I LOVE Alberta! I spent the 1980’s there, in Calgary and High River, and both my daughters were born there. Sick parents sent me scurrying back to Ontario and I got “stuck” there for 30+ years. But now, as a retiree, I live in British Columbia (I retired 10 yrs ago at 55 - it pays to be fiscally responsible!)

You know when a mall is big, when it takes 40 min to drive around it

I am from Ontario but have to say I love Alberta. Such a fantastic province. Very proud to have it part of Canada. Most of my friends here in Ontario feel the same.

A travel across Canada six times and over summers and I currently live in Alberta. Most of the province's you reviewed really cover off the majority of things; despite how amazing this video is and how many things they did they actually didn't even put a dent in the list of things to do out here. As other commenters have mentioned you have Waterton National park, smashed-in-head-buffalo jump, to the best ski resorts plus many others in the world, heli-skiing, all of Northern Alberta which is a whole other landscape, the Northern lights, epic River and Lake skating, floating down rivers on paddle boards in the summer, the Calgary stampede of course, the entire cowboy and Prairie Life... It just doesn't stop out here.

Aye, let's go. I'm in Edmonton, Alberta myself. :) Been enjoying your videos, Tyler.

The "pirate ship" I believe is a scale replica of the Santa Maria. There is a pool at WEM but what you say was one of the many fountains (fun fact: the money tossed into the many fountains goes to charity if I remember correctly). The restaurants area is called "Bourbon Street". It used to be modelled after Mardi Gras in New Orleans but it was remodelled to look more modern or something. Now it looks like every other mall you see on TV. What you saw are Sea Lions. You can get your picture taken with the Sea Lions. A long ass time ago there WERE dolphins but they're long gone. I was very young when that happened. All I can really remember is that the last one lived out the remainder of its life in a marina type thing in BC. I was waiting for you to see Galaxy Land when you compared the mall to an amusement park.

I grew up in Quebec but moved to Calgary after I married. Raised our kids there; they now both live in Edmonton. It's a beautiful province -- and the Calgary Stampede is the Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth and has been for over 100 years. Then again, as you acknowledged, there's beauty from coast to coast to coast in Canada. Thanks for showing off the province in which I've lived for almost 50 years.

I was going to mention Frank Slide and Head-Smashed-In-Buffalo too lol. And yes, more dinosaur skeletons have been found in Alberta than anywhere else in the world. Also, you were right the first time you said it, Tyler, it is pronounced bad-lands (almost like it's two separate words) and those striated bands of sedimentary rock in the various colours come from millions of years of temperature changes, with massive glaciers expanding and retreating and then expanding again. Montana also has a region of very similar Badlands. And the reason you've heard of Calgary is because it's the oil capital of Canada and between that, the Calgary Stampede, and generally Conservative politics (at least for Canada, probably more equivalent to the US Democratic Party tbh) Alberta is basically the 'Texas' of Canada.

I lived in Calgary for a year, beautiful city, beautiful people. We always especially loved going to Heritage Park.

Honestly this video did not do the WestEdmonton Mall justice. If I could recommend the video called "24 Hours in North America’s Largest Mall - West Edmonton Mall" I believe you would enjoy it a lot! Love your reactions Tyler. Cheers from Toronto! ❤🇨🇦

I am so happy about this video, I've lived in Alberta my whole life and its still my favorite place to be, i spent a few years on Vancouver Island and have visited Saskatchewan but no matter what Alberta is my top pick still

lived in Alberta since 1980...LOVE IT! Moved from Ontario.

Heritage park in Calgary is one of the best things I've seen, I was transported into the past and loved every second of it.

It's a shame they didn't hit Fort Edmonton Park. It's the largest living history museum in Canada by area. I mean there are so many places that I think should have had a mention all over the province, I do think they did hit some good spots.

Hi, from Edmonton, Alberta. I've been to most of these places, and this video is only scratching the surface. Cowboy culture is big in Alberta, sometimes called the Texas of the North. I am proud to be an Albertan 😊. Hope you watch more about Alberta.

The Calgary Stampede is the largest Rodeo in the world. Cowboys from across America come to compete for world honours and big purses.

I live in Vancouver BC and my wife and I have travelled extensively in Canada by car. These 2 provinces are blessed with the most amazing scenery and an abundance of things you can do. I have a ski hill I can see from my backyard that has toboggan run nearly a mile long. Amazing place to live and explore. We do not go to Mexico or Hawaiil because we have so much to see and do here.

Tyler ~ quick note - if you want to see an abundance of wildlife EVERYWHERE… and I do mean everywhere…Then I would recommend going in the summer or late spring! They likely travelled during the FALL, because there’s less people around when trying to capture video footage! There a so many grizzly and black bears, Elk, Deer, Moose, Timber Wolves, the occasional Mountain Goat and sheep (in the higher altitudes eating grasses), and of course, tones of BISON…all of them block the roads, highways, trails, etc., so there are wardens and Park Patrols everywhere…throughout the year…as Canadian parks and land outside park boundaries, can be dangerous, so ensure you are prepared for, and accustomed to the terrain and weather, along with the incredible beauty and wildlife! Bring it on!!!!☺

The Stampede is probably one of the BIGGEST Rodeos in the world! Calgary does it up in style! Been a few times, from Manitoba 👍. Been in and through Alberta at least 40 times! Family still there. Alberta is one of the most diverse and interesting provinces!🥰🍻🥰

Born in NB, but our family is now posted to Alberta. It's a really nice place, don't love the extremes in temps, but there's so much to do and see.

I live in Nova Scotia and had the best trip of my life travelling from Jasper to Banff. We stayed in a beautiful hotel and our room overlooked the glacier field in this video. We didnt get to ride the Glacier bus as it was out for service that day, but the view itself was worth it. We would be travelling along this scenic route, and would have to stop for bears, or sometimes herds of rams blocking the road, as they licked the salt off the pavement. Ive been on many vacations in my lifetime but this trip was by far the best. And seeing the Northern Lights.... indescribable!

As a girl from Toronto, I always think that one of Alberta's biggest selling features is how Sunny it is, I'm surprised Calgary's status as sunniest city didn't at least get a mention. I agree with everyone who has mentioned the importance of the Stampede (and let's not forget how cool the White Hat Ceremony is, second only to being Skreeched In, in my experience) and the Iconic Red Muskoka (similar to what Americans call Adirondack) Chairs that are at every Park's Canada location. Also, yes, you paddle a Canoe (not row).

West Edmonton mall is like the number 1 attraction in the prairies. Largest mall in North America. 800 stores, 100+ restaurants, bars, clubs, cinemas, there is even a 3 level New York themed go kart place. There is even an unbelievable theme room hotel. I visit Edmonton from the UK regularly as my family lives there and we always end up at this mall. Endless shit to do definitely the craziest mall I have ever seen.

The last time I was in West Edmonton Mall (a decade or so ago), they didn't just have a McDonald's outlet. They had FIVE McDonald's outlets. That's how freakishly large that place is :) When it was built it was the largest mall in the world. It's now #2 in North America (behind Mall Of America) and #14 worldwide

And yes, you did watch a video on Banff recently; I actually watched it this past week.

What isn’t spectacular but is really what most of the province is about is farming. Wheat and other cereal crops make up a lot of the landscape. It is beautiful in a quieter way. They also didn’t do more than touch on,the Oil and Gas Industry which has been tremendously important to Alberta’s economy and shaped the province. I’m from Alberta and it made me want to go see more of our fantastic province.

My forefathers came to Alberta between 1885 and 1898. Many descendants remain in Alberta, and I am glad you have finally seen the beauty of this wonderful province.

Grew up in Canmore and Banff. Growing up in Canmore was amazing. My mom was an artist and she would pack 6 to 8 kids in the car and drive up the mountain when it was only a single lumber road cut into the side of Rundle Mountain. We would play at the lakes while she painted. She also took us to Lake Louise in the winter and at that time the Château was closed for the winter. We were the only people there most days and she would paint the lake and we would walk around exploring the outside of the Château in absolute silence except for ravens calling. It was, and is, magical! Come on up!

The thing that blew my mind the first time I went to the West Edmonton Mall... The indoor shooting range ! In a mall !

I am a typical French Canadian who really enjoy your videos.

I've experienced literally everything in this video and it is really cool. Alberta is probably the most interesting province that nobody really talks about.

Born and raised in Edmonton, live in Calgary. This video is indeed a good reminder of how lucky we are to live here. ❤ Those two people who make the 'Must do Canada' videos have the best job in the world!

I love my province. To go from mountains to desert in only 4 hours is truly wild. The Royal Tyrell is a magical place. I worked there during university. The number of fossils are amazing. To put your hand of the on the cretaceous boundary layer, the point where the dinosaurs died out brought me to tears. There is also the only dinosaur with soft tissue fossilized. The beautiful scenery of Alberta can be seen in movies and TV shows, like Ghostbusters Afterlife and Netflix Black Summer. Thank you for reviewing this video.

Lived in Alberta most of my life its wonderful. took a week trip once from Edmonton to the Columbia Ice fields to the Bad Lands, will never forget the trip. If u r interested Canada has some awesome and fantastic cave systems u can explore. enjoy ur vids a lot, thank u 4 sharing.

There is a lake for about every 4 canadians

I am from Calgary !!!! I currently live in Sylvan Lake Alberta !!! Love it . Good video

I'm lucky enough to have lived in Alberta my whole life. Another beautiful highway is the cowboy trail, where you can watch the wild horses run free. Glad you're doing a video on my favourite province!

you need to do a whole video on Stampede!! There is so much! place in the cities give out free pancake breakfast, there is a huge parade, fireworks every night, concerts atleast 3 big headline concerts plus free daily concerts, rodeo and chuckwagon racing and a huge amusement park. it last 10 days and is a huge attraction to the city. you should prob do a whole video on the West Edmonton Mall, so much was left out!! like the Olympic size skating ring!

As someone who has lived in Alberta for 45 years, I've been waiting for this. This really is the best province in Canada. When my daughter was in Girl Guides we took a trip to Drumheller(the badlands) It was a trip to remember. There were about 12 different troops from different regions, we arrived at our scheduled time, they fed us supper, took the kids through 4 different activities( fossils, astronomy, dinosaurs and reptiles) afterwards we got to sleep in the dinosaur exhibit right underneath the dinosaurs in our sleeping bags. The next morning after breakfast we toured the museum, then went to The Hoodoos, and into town to visit the Reptile Center. Such a cool trip. Also the skytram in Jasper is amazing! If you ever come to Canada, you must come to Alberta!

Hi Tyler...great video about Alberta...I live in Edmonton, the capital. There is so much more to see in the province that would take 2 more videos to get it all in. But I have to tell you, one of the best parts of your videos is your reaction to what you are seeing. Because we live here Albertans sometimes take our beautiful home for granted...thank you again for a great video.

The house my father lived in is in Heritage Park!

The videos don’t even come close to what it is like to experience the beauty of the lakes and mountains of Banff and the drive up to Jasper. It truly takes a persons breath away.

I'm a proud Albertan born and raised and I love it here! You hit 3 of my favorite Jasper, Banff and Drumheller. I live just outside Edmonton so it's easy to visit those places and there is so much to explore. I loved your reaction to West Edmonton Mall

I'm surprised they didn't talk about the wildlife in Jasper and Banff. It is not unusual to spot bear, elk, long horn sheep and goats while driving the icefield highway. Especially at dusk when the animals come down to the highway to lick the salt off the roads. We have been stuck waiting for these animals to dissipate because there were so many of them. Definitely a highlight of our trip.

The sulfur in the water gives it the mountain lakes a bright turquoise blue color. Very beautiful to look at.

That huge canoe at the beginning is either original or likely a replica (stunning nonetheless) is called a voyageur canoe. It’s what indigenous and Canada’s first voyageurs ( French Canadians, among others) used to seek new lands, trade furs and goods using the waterways throughout Canada. They are amazing to see. We have two art prints of voyageur canoes in our home - both depicting and painted by famous artist Francis Ann Hopkins en route in 1869.

Hey Tyler, it’s great that you got to see what Alberta has to offer. BTW, Texas is the Alberta of USA. Often it’s been said here in Canada that Alberta is Texas North but, I prefer saying Texas is Alberta South. West Edmonton Mall also has a open view hockey rink. Whether kids minor hockey even the Edmonton Oilers NHL team practices there occasionally for fan experience opportunities.

As a born and raised Albertan here are a few notable things. You probably heard about Calgary because of the Calgary Stampede that happens once a year. Everyone dresses up as cowboys. Just outside of Calgary is Callaway Park, amusement park. It to used to goe Every year as a child. There is Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump, Writing On Stone, and Waterton Park. Waterton Park has the historical Prince of Wales Hotel that sits on a big almost canyon, if will, over the water. I have been all over this province my whole life. I've heard many people compare the culture here as a Canadian Texas. We love our Cowboys.

Well done!I was born and raised in Alberta, I wouldn't change it for any other province! Please tell the viewers that Toronto and Quebec are NOT the center of everything! As you can see there are many (9) other provinces,each one has something special about them. Feel free to come see all Canada 🇨🇦 you'll be happy you came 😊

Been waiting for an Alberta video!! Alberta born and raised, here. You should come visit sometime!

I am from Alberta. Both Edmonton and Calgary and I can confirm as a photographer that Alberta is beyond beautiful. I even see mountains from my livingroom window and take it for granted. Alberta is amazing and probably the most beautiful province overall in Canada. (even though British Columbia is a near a dead tie)

The red chairs are a thing in Jasper. You can find them at remote spots all over. My favorite are the ones between 3rd and 4th Lake at 5 lakes.

Tyler, I love how you have taken this sincere interest in our beautiful country!!!! Thank you

Some of the other parks that were not mentioned are also within this list of best. If you want to go deeper into Dinosaurs, a visit to Dinosaur Provincial Park is a must. While The Tyrell Museum is a great exhibit (and some fossils can be found in that valley), Dinosaur Provincial Park has the greatest density of dinosaur fossils in the entire world and even boasts more hoodoos. Then to continue on the past, Writing on Stone Provincial Park and Head smashed-in Buffalo jump ties Alberta to pre-colonial Alberta and current (Southern Alberta) first nations culture. All I have mentioned has spectacular scenic views to go along with them.

Tyler, thank you for doing these. It is fun to see our beautiful country through your eyes.

i love these videos !!! thank you for randomly showing up on the youtube suggestion page ☺️☺️☺️☺️ i’m canadian and love to see the reactions !!

I forgot the winter Olympic site in Calgary where you can do so much stuff yourself

Also Newfound, my home so many hidden gems just in my hometown alone. Hidden swimming spots with natural water slides and pools, miss my home

I'm from Calgary, born and raised. Love this Province. Banff is beyond amazing. It's literally in Calgary's back yard only being about an hour away. The Calgary Stampede is based off of the rodeo but it's also a massive 10 day party in Calgary. Alberta is beautiful no matter where you go in the Province, just breath taking.

I'm not sure but the glacier bus's look like the buses they use in Churchill, Manitoba.

I lived in Calgary Alberta for 6 years - it's a great city. There is more to see in Calgary & Alberta. There is a big amusement park just outside of Calgary, also many nature trails, rivers you can bike along or fish, a lake to go swimming, and the stampede, of course. From there towards the south, there is Head Smashed in Buffalo Jump & Lethbridge, which has a beautiful Japanese Garden, Owl Sanctuary, and an iconic train Bridge. Then towards BC, there is Waterton National Park, a 600-750 year old Burmis tree, waterfalls, and you can go to the Frank Slide interpretive centre with views & info about a huge mountain slide that buried an entire town. It's a great province. We take our scenery for granted a lot in Canada - like you said, maybe overloaded at times, lol. I live in BC surrounded by 3 mountain ranges, including the Rockies. Every once and awhile, the scenery still takes one's breath away. :)

Welcome to the Mindbender, the worlds largest indoor, triple loop roller coaster. During the ride you experience many sudden drops, sharp turns and a very sudden stop at the end. For you safety and the safety of others, please keep your head against the headrest and your hands and arms inside the car at all times. Thank you for riding the Mindbender. Its been over 25 years since I worked there and I still remember that spiel...lol

Haha! They showed you all the touristic places. There’s so much more to see. Waterton Parks, Head-Smashed-In-Buffalo-Jump (yes it’s a real name), The Frank Slide, Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park… the bridge in Lethbridge is amazing. It’s like they stopped in the middle of Alberta and missed the south

Thanks Tyler! I have been waiting for you to do a video on my home province!!!! Alberta is majestic ❤️

They also have ski hills for winter sports - snow boarding and skiing. The Calgary Stampede is known worldwide and is a huge attraction.