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Pancreas Anatomy: Relations, Neurovascular supply, Venous & Lymphatic drainage, Development, Histology
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that lies posterior to the stomach and is anatomically related to key structures including the duodenum, spleen, aorta, and inferior vena cava. Its head is nestled within the C-shaped curve of the duodenum, its body lies behind the stomach, and its tail extends towards the hilum of the spleen. Neurovascular supply is primarily from branches of the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery, and it is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers via the celiac plexus and the vagus nerve. Venous drainage occurs through pancreaticoduodenal veins which ultimately drain into the portal vein, while lymphatic drainage is towards the celiac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes. Developmentally, the pancreas arises from the endoderm, specifically from the fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds. Histologically, the organ is divided into exocrine acinar cells responsible for digestive enzyme secretion and endocrine islets of Langerhans, which contain alpha, beta, and delta cells critical for glucose homeostasis.
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